Transdiagnostic treatment of depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis
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Abstract Background In the past 10 years an increasing number of randomised trials have examined the effects of transdiagnostic treatments of patients with depression or anxiety. We conducted the first comprehensive meta-analysis of the outcomes of this emerging field. Methods We used the searches in PubMed, PsychINFO, Embase and the Cochrane library of an existing database of randomised trials of psychological interventions for depression to identify studies comparing a transdiagnostic treatment of patients with depression or anxiety with a control group (deadline 1 January 2022). We conducted random-effects meta-analyses and examined the effects on depression and anxiety at the short and longer term. Results We included 45 randomised controlled trials with 51 comparisons between a psychotherapy and a control group and 5530 participants. Thirty-five (78%) studies were conducted in the last 10 years. The overall effect size was g = 0.54 (95% CI 0.40–0.69; NNT = 5.87), with high heterogeneity ( I 2 = 78; 95% CI 71–83), and a broad PI (−0.31–1.39). The effects remained significant in a series of sensitivity analyses, including exclusion of outliers, adjustment for publication bias, for studies with low risk of bias, and in multilevel analyses. The results were comparable for depression and anxiety separately. At 6 months after randomisation the main effects were still significant, but not at 12 months, although the number of studies was small. Conclusions Transdiagnostic treatments of patients with depression or anxiety are increasingly examined and are probably effective at the short term.
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Transdiagnostic psychotherapies are effective for depression and anxiety and are increasingly favored by the clinical community.
“Transdiagnostic psychotherapies are effective for depression and anxiety and are increasingly favored by the clinical community, as these psychotherapies target the shared symptoms, causes, and maintaining factors of co-occurring disorders, such as depression and anxiety [8-11].”
From Needs and Expectations for the myNewWay Blended Digital and Face-to-Face Psychotherapy Model of Care for Depression and Anxiety (Part 2): Participatory Design Study including Mental Health Professionals (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
The Discussion reports moderate effects on depression and anxiety and concludes that transdiagnostic treatments are probably effective in the short term, while longer-term effects remain uncertain. The Introduction describes shared processes targeted by these treatments, and the Discussion documents growing research interest, but neither establishes that the clinical community increasingly favors them. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe results are in line with meta-analysis studies demonstrating effectiveness of transdiagnostic interventions for emotional disorders in group format.
“These results are in line with meta-analysis studies demonstrating the effectiveness of transdiagnostic interventions for ED in group format (Cuijpers et al., 2023; Schaeuffele et al., 2024).”
From Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a blended transdiagnostic group CBT for the treatment of emotional disorders (2025) · cites this paper as Cuijpers et al., 2023
ACT's approach is consistent with the broader concept of transdiagnostic treatment, which aims to address common underlying processes across various disorders, making it potentially more generalisable compared to disorder-specific approaches.
“ACT's approach is consistent with the broader concept of transdiagnostic treatment, which aims to address common underlying processes across various disorders, making it potentially more generalisable compared to disorder‐specific approaches (Cuijpers et al. 2023; Dalgleish et al. 2020).”
From Internet‐Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy With Interoceptive Exposure for Panic Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial and Working Alliance Analysis. (2026) · cites this paper as Cuijpers et al. 2023
Transdiagnostic approaches are acceptable, feasible, efficient, and effective for treating multiple symptoms and diagnoses within 1 treatment program.
“The DMHI will be transdiagnostic rather than diagnosis specific, as transdiagnostic approaches are acceptable, feasible, efficient, and effective for treating multiple symptoms and diagnoses within 1 treatment program [5,40].”
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- Authors
- Cuijpers, P., Miguel, C., Ciharova, M., Ebert, D., Harrer, M., & Karyotaki, E.
- Affiliations
- Babeș-Bolyai University (RO)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Cuijpers, Pim
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2023-01-06
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 6535-6546
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC10600931
- OpenAlex
- W4313655529
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 10
- FWCI
- 4.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- transdiagnostic treatment, depression, anxiety, psychotherapy, treatment effectiveness, short-term outcomes, long-term outcomes, treatment effect heterogeneity, publication bias
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Psychotherapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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