Positive upshots of cortisol in everyday life.
Open accessAbstract
Cortisol, the major physiological end product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, is usually associated with stress and negative affect. However, a new body of research highlights the complex, adaptive significance of elevated cortisol within individuals in everyday life. Whereas most studies do not have the power to test the dynamic transactions between cortisol and affect within a person throughout the entire waking day, we employed an intensive study protocol analyzing hourly diary reports of affect in relation to hourly salivary cortisol samples among 24 healthy adults from morning to bedtime, across 2 consecutive weekdays (N = 862 total samples). Utilizing multileveling modeling and focusing on within-person effects, we examined whether momentary increases in cortisol could be mood protective, or energy enhancing, in everyday life, supporting the cortisol boost hypothesis. Results revealed no significant associations between cortisol and current affective state; however, within-person increases in cortisol were significantly associated with subsequent rises in activeness, alertness, and relaxation, and trend-level reductions in stress and nervousness. This study adds to growing evidence that cortisol plays a positive role in regulating affect in everyday life. (PsycINFO Database Record
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The increase in fGCM may serve an adaptive function by enhancing alertness, engagement, and social bonding, possibly due to direct effects on metabolic processes, such as increased blood glucose levels.
“The increase may serve an adaptive function by enhancing alertness, engagement, and social bonding, possibly due to direct effects on metabolic processes, such as increased blood glucose levels [73].”
From Socializing a group of male Asian elephants in a semi-captive facility in Lao PDR (2025) · cites this paper as [73]
The Discussion (page not supplied) proposes that elevated cortisol may increase alertness and activeness, perhaps through metabolic effects such as increased blood glucose. The paper studied salivary cortisol in adults, not fGCM, and the cited passages do not support the claimed effects on engagement or social bonding. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredModerate CORT stress responses may facilitate coping whereas hypo- or hyper-responsiveness of the HPA axis may increase vulnerability to suicide during periods of stress.
“Therefore, moderate CORT stress responses may facilitate coping [21] whereas hypo-or hyper-responsiveness of the HPA axis may increase vulnerability to suicide during periods of stress [10].”
From HPA axis response and psychosocial stress as interactive predictors of suicidal ideation and behavior in adolescent females: a multilevel diathesis-stress framework (2018) · cites this paper as [21]
The Abstract says elevated cortisol during stressful situations might help people cope by reducing negative emotional responses, and the Discussion reports that cortisol increases were followed by greater relaxation. The paper does not establish that specifically moderate responses have this effect. The suicide-vulnerability clause is attached to a different citation and is not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCortisol levels can temporarily rise during stimulating and rewarding social experiences, not just in response to stress.
“This fits with the hypothesis of a cortisol “boost,” suggesting that cortisol levels can temporarily rise during stimulating and rewarding social experiences, not just in response to stress.”
From Socializing a group of male Asian elephants in a semi-captive facility in Lao PDR (2025) · cites this paper as [73]
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Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Eugênio, C. S., Viola, T. W., Lumertz, F. S., Daltrozo, A. V. H., Saraiva, M. E. R., Casagrande, J. B., Zanin, R. F., & Boniatti, M. M. (2024) · Critical Care Science · doi:10.62675/2965-2774.20240043-en · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Katkam, B. S. (2019) · Journal of the Gujarat Research Society
Sherman, B. J., Brasher, Z. E., Baker, N. L., McRae‐Clark, A. L., & Froeliger, B. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110830
Insights into Biomarker Correlations in Relation to Stress: A Preliminary AnalysisPreprint
Lundström, A., & Mandalios, C. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.16.557862
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0034
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0021
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0007
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0005
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0029
Levin, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0007
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0033
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0009
Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0023
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0024
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0020
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0026
Disease Prevention, Detection, and Treatment
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0030
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0019
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0004
Personality Traits and Disorders
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0011
Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0009
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0004
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0018
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0003
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0013
Koh, H. K. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0006
- Authors
- Hoyt, L. T., Zeiders, K. H., Ehrlich, K. B., & Adam, E. K.
- Affiliations
- Fordham University (US)
- University of Missouri (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hoyt, Lindsay T.
- Adam, Emma K.
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 431-435
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- PMC
- PMC4868668
- OpenAlex
- W2333380424
- Semantic Scholar
- fd1aea392876fa4a68c03b3e57255b9e1e040182
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 5.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Northwestern University
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- Sponsor name not included (HD76563)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- cortisol, mood regulation, affective states, salivary cortisol, within-person effects, alertness, relaxation, stress, anxiety, energy, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, diurnal cortisol rhythm
- MeSH terms
- Optimism, Adolescent, Adult, Emotions, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Middle Aged, Saliva, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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