The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies.
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“Interestingly, the response time for intervention in the three naive subjects case was considerably longer than the single subject case, indicating 1) that individuals in groups did pay heed to social proof before acting, and 2) that in many cases (38%), social proof from only two peers was not enough to preclude intervention.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“With 2 confederates in the room, only 1 in 10 naive subjects intervened.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“The classic 'smoky room' experiment of (Latané and Darley, 1968), specifically designed to test the hypothesis of the second step of the explanation of the bystander effect (see p. 2), has served as a strong guide for the construction of the models, and provides data which allows the rejection of three of them.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“[m]ost emergencies are, or at least begin as, ambiguous events”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“but only 38% of the 8 groups did so.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“Of the subjects that were alone, 75% reported the smoke, a number high enough to warrant the rejection of the City Dweller model, which would have it that all evade.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“As the possible accident will have dire consequences for the subjects themselves, the experimenters assumed that no diffusion of responsibility arose.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
Citations
Cites
Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.
Darley, J. M., & Latane, B. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025589 · Cited by 3,083
Self-citationGoffman, E. (1963) · Cited by 2,151
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Gregariousness and fear in laboratory rats
Latané, B. (1969) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(69)90006-7 · Cited by 169
Social and nonsocial attraction in rats.
Latané, B., & Glass, D. C. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025843 · Cited by 90
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“that the actual or perceived presence of others could inhibit individuals from helping others (8, 9).”
BackgroundAttraction and altruism: With a little help from my friends
Kelley, K., & Byrne, D. (1976) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(76)90082-9 · Cited by 17
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“Most of the situational effects described in studies of bystander effects (e.g., Latane & Darley 1968; 1970), priming (e.g. Bargh 1994, Dijksterhuis, Chartrand, and Aarts 2007), conformity (e.g. Asch 1951), helping behavior (e.g. Darley and Batson 1973; Isen and Levin 1972; Cann and Blackwelder…”
BackgroundOnline experiments and regression analysis of evacuation decisions in response to fire alarms
Balboa, A., Cuesta, A., González‐Villa, J., Ortiz, G., & Alvear, D. (2023) · Fire Safety Journal · doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103954 · Cited by 15
Mapping bystander intervention to workplace inclusion: A scoping review
Jennings, L., Kun, Z., Faulkner, N., & Smith, L. D. G. (2024) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2024.101017 · Cited by 20
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“The social hierarchies and peer relationships that evolve with each grade level can also influence awareness of cyberbullying behaviors and the likelihood of engaging in positive bystander behavior [11, 12].”
BackgroundInvisible Mind: Flexible Social Cognition and Dehumanization
Harris, L. T. (2017) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 15
Bots Mind the Social-technical Gap
Lee, M., Frank, L. L., Beute, F., de Kort, Y. A. W., & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (2017) · TU/e Research Portal · doi:10.18420/ecscw2017-14 · Cited by 15
The suffering company: Consumer compassion towards companies exposed to negative events
Meyer, F., Huber, F., & Huber, S. (2019) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21181 · Cited by 17
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Workplace Bullying in Healthcare: A Qualitative Analysis of Bystander Experiences
Thompson, N. J., Carter, M., Crampton, P. E. S., Burford, B. C., Illing, J. C., & Morrow, G. (2020) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2020.3525 · Cited by 17
“…identified that bystanders must assess three factors: whether they perceive the event as an emergency situation, whether they feel personally responsible for dealing with it, and whether they possess the skills and resources to act (Latane & Darley 1968; Latane & Darley 1969; Latane & Nida, 1981).”
BackgroundAn exploratory analysis of leakage warning behavior in lone-actor terrorists
Rose, M. M., & Morrison, J. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression · doi:10.1080/19434472.2021.1900325 · Cited by 15
“…been examined in social psychology, and refers to the idea that ‘ … an individual’s likelihood of helping decreases when passive bystanders are also present in a critical situation’ (taken from Fischer et al., 2011, p. 517; Darley & Latane, 1968; Latane & Darley, 1968; 1970; Latané & Nida, 1981).”
BackgroundHust, S. J. T., Rodgers, K. B., Cameron, N. O., & Li, J. (2019) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2019.1604911 · Cited by 16
“They must then decide on the best course of action to take and then act accordingly (Berkowitz, 2009; Burn, 2009; Latané & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundHarada, J. (1985) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.27.177 · Cited by 15
“In a review of researches following Latane and Darley (1970)'s study, Latane”
BackgroundEmpathy Gaps Between Helpers and Help‐Seekers: Implications for Cooperation
Bohns, V. K., & Flynn, F. J. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0113 · Cited by 15
“If a potential helper is not certain that an individual needs his help, he may fear appearing foolish by offering superfluous help (Latane & Darley, 1968; Latane & Darley, 1970; Miller & McFarland, 1987; Sabini, Siepmann, & Stein, 2001).”
Carlyle, K. E., Conley, A. H., & Guidry, J. P. D. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1726924 · Cited by 14
“According to Latane and Darley’s model of bystander behavior, a potential bystander will intervene if they notice something happening and interpret it as requiring intervention.(5) A bystander must assume responsibility for intervening, which may be inhibited by the presence of other bystanders.”
MethodMulla, M. M., Haikalis, M., Orchowski, L. M., & Berkowitz, A. D. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520933035 · Cited by 14
“In the context of situational models of bystander behavior (Burn, 2009; Latane and Darley, 1968), the processes of abuse perceptions and risk recognition relate directly to the steps of noticing a situation and recognizing it as problematic.”
BackgroundWeenink, D., Dhattiwala, R., & van der Duin, D. (2021) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azab042 · Cited by 14
“Latane and Darley (1968) paved the way for the prolific social-psychological research tradition on the bystander effect: the finding that individuals are less likely to help people in need when more others are present as each tends to feel less responsible.”
BackgroundNickerson, A. B., Manges, M. E., Casella, J. N., Huang, Y., Livingston, J. A., Jenkins, L. N., Bellavia, G. M., & Feeley, T. H. (2024) · Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/26320770231200230 · Cited by 14
“The bystander intervention training included educational, motivational, and skill-building components, emphasizing the five-step bystander intervention model (Latané & Darley, 1968).”
MethodThe time has come for psychology to stop treating qualitative data as an embarrassing secret
Masaryk, R., & Rogers, W. S. (2024) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12938 · Cited by 17
“Papers by Darley and Latané, 1968; Latané and Darley, 1968, both included substantial amounts of qualitative data—in particular what was said and observed during debriefing interviews.”
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Grechyna, D. (2024) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108374 · Cited by 14
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McMahon, S., Treitler, P. C., Peterson, N. A., & O’Connor, J. (2018) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000165 · Cited by 14
“The decision to intervene in these different situations likely involves varying levels of awareness and knowledge that would allow individuals to recognize situations as intervention appropriate (Banyard, 2015; Burn, 2009; Latané & Darley, 1968).”
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“According to the bystander effect, the responsibility to provide support is distributed among all the people involved, leading everyone to rely on others to help instead of providing help themselves [32].”
BackgroundThe impact of social features in an online community on member contribution
Tep, S. P., Aljukhadar, M., Sénécal, S., & Dantas, D. C. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107149 · Cited by 18
Gender-related traits and helping behaviors.
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“Originally, the situational model of bystander intervention determined whether a bystander would intervene in an emergency by estimating the likelihood that a victim will receive help when in need (Darley & Latané, 1968).”
BackgroundReasons Things Happen for a Reason: An Integrative Theory of Teleology
Scott, M. J. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691621995753 · Cited by 15
“Researchers continue to find that people act on the beliefs that they perceive as common within a salient group of others (e.g., Asch, 1951; Cialdini & Trost, 1998; Jetten et al., 2002; Latane & Darley, 1968; Mead, 1934; Paluck, 2009; Sherif, 1936).”
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McLaughlin, L., Laux, J. M., & Pescara‐Kovach, L. (2006) · Professional School Counseling · doi:10.5330/prsc.10.2.u4r784873j6h8t87 · Cited by 14
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“A century later, Darley and Latane (1968) published their findings regarding the influence of group inhibition on bystander intervention in emergencies.”
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“This effect was present in a situation where the subjects themselves could be in danger as well from non-acting (Latané and Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundInfluentialBovill, H., & White, P. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520916267 · Cited by 13
“Pluralistic Ignorance and False Consensus Latané and Darley (1968, 1970) represent the origins of exploring bystander help: Their research into barriers and facilitators of individual helping led to the articulation of the broader situational model of bystander intervention: (a) notice the event,…”
BackgroundAzimi, A. M., Fleming, J. C., & Hayes, B. E. (2021) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-020-09586-6 · Cited by 13
“Intervention is a complex process and several considerations are made before one intervenes (Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1968; Burn, 2009).”
BackgroundCORRELATES OF GAY-RELATED NAME-CALLING IN SCHOOLS
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Get lucky: situationism and circumstantial moral luck
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“Latané and Darley (1968) also examined whether the presence of other bystanders may impact on reporting a non-medical emergency (smoke filling up a room).”
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“The theory is grounded in Latane and Darley’s [24] situational model, which described aspects of the local context that could inhibit intervention (i.e., the presence of other passive bystanders who promote a diffused sense of responsibility and a norm that action is not needed).”
BackgroundKim, Y., & Gonzales, A. L. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107235 · Cited by 12
Caste and Workplace Bullying: A Persistent and Pervasive Phenomenon
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Neural sensitivity to helping outcome predicts helping decision in real life
Gan, T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., & Gu, R. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108291 · Cited by 12
Pessimistic assessments of ability in informal conversation
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BackgroundByrnes, H. F., Miller, B. A., Bourdeau, B., Johnson, M. B., & Voas, R. B. (2016) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000142 · Cited by 12
“Based on bystander theory (Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1970; Latané & Nida, 1981), we also expected participants in smaller groups to be more willing to intervene.”
BackgroundThe lonely bystander: ostracism leads to less helping in virtual bystander situations
van Bommel, M., van Prooijen, J., Elffers, H., & Lange, P. A. M. V. (2016) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510.2016.1171796 · Cited by 13
“The presence of others diminishes helping in criminal situations (van Bommel, van Prooijen, Elffers, & van Lange, 2014) and accidents (Latané & Darley, 1968), but it also influences KEYWORDS Bystander intervention; helping behavior; ostracism; social exclusion; bystander effect ARTICLE HISTORY…”
BackgroundHow the “Truth” Self Relates to Altruism: When Your Problem is Mine
Cornwell, J. F. M., Franks, B., & Higgins, E. T. (2017) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2017.35.2.204 · Cited by 12
“But it should also be noted that our findings also resonate with research on helping behavior conducted in the latter half of the 20th century, in particular, the bystander effect (Darley, Teger, & Lewis, 1973; Latane & Darley, 1968).”
ResultFord, J. H., Gaesser, B., DiBiase, H. D., Berro, T., Young, L., & Kensinger, E. A. (2017) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3377 · Cited by 14
“…there times when people neglect to help others in need (Allport, 1954; Cikara, Bruneau, & Saxe, 2011; Cuddy, Rock, & Norton, 2007; Harris & Fiske, 2006; Latané & Darley, 1968), but there are cases in which individuals commit heinous acts of aggression and terror (Clauset, Young, & Gleditsch, 2007).”
BackgroundAiello, M. (2018) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2018.1428195 · Cited by 12
Yablowitz, M. G., Dölle, S., Schwartz, D., & Worm, M. (2019) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/13414 · Cited by 11
“Studies discussing helping behavior between strangers suggest the dual effect of diffused responsibility and shared identity as a potential explanation [16-18].”
Endogenous group formation and responsibility diffusion: An experimental study
Brütt, K., Schram, A. J. H. C., & Sonnemans, J. (2020) · Games and Economic Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.geb.2020.02.003 · Cited by 17
Banyard, V. L., Edwards, K. M., Rizzo, A. J., Rothman, E. F., Greenberg, P. J., & Kearns, M. C. (2020) · Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/2632077020966571 · Cited by 12
“Green Dot is grounded in principles of actionism and promotes proactive diffusion of prevention messages (Latane & Darley, 1968; Rogers, 2002).”
BackgroundThe responsive bystander in emergencies: Some preliminary data.
Lay, C. H., Allen, M., & Kassirer, A. (1974) · The Canadian Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0081755 · Cited by 12
Perceived social influence in a conformity situation.
Wolosin, R. J., Sherman, S. J., & Mynatt, C. R. (1972) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033041 · Cited by 12
Predicting Whistle-blowing Intention in Malaysia: Evidence From Manufacturing Companies
Ghani, N. A. (2013) · eSpace (Curtin University) · Cited by 12
Williams, T. (2020) · Rutgers University Press eBooks · doi:10.36019/9781978814332 · Cited by 14
Zhao, X., Cai, F., & Yang, Z. (2022) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2022.11.003 · Cited by 12
Chamberlin, K. G., & Plant, E. A. (2023) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12976 · Cited by 12
Krauss, A., McDonald, R., Cascardi, M. A., Grych, J. H., Banyard, V. L., Rosenfield, D., & Jouriles, E. N. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231173939 · Cited by 12
“…who engage in bystander behavior to prevent violence have been found to have a greater sense of efficacy that they can intervene effectively and to express greater responsibility to intervene than those who do not engage in bystander behavior (Banyard, 2015; Burn, 2009; Latane & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundKaasa, S. O., Cauffman, E. E., Clarke‐Stewart, K. A., & Loftus, E. F. (2013) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2075 · Cited by 11
“By contrast, participants who were assigned to a condition where confederates ignored the smoke and therefore offered social proof that it was not an emergency only reported the smoke to researchers 10% of the time (Latane & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundBasu, S., Aulakh, P. S., & Munjal, S. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.02.061 · Cited by 11
Rovira, A., & Slater, M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07872-3 · Cited by 11
“For proprandom we have a linear logistic model: (1) respi ∼ BetaBinomial(N ,αi ,βi)”
MethodImage-based abuse: gender differences in bystander experiences and responses
Flynn, A., & Cama, E. J. (2022) · Australian Institute of Criminology eBooks · doi:10.52922/ti78672 · Cited by 11
“This supports previous research which suggests that if bystanders do not feel they have any personal responsibility to intervene when witnessing harmful behaviour, they will be less likely to do so, especially where other bystanders are present (Darley & Latané 1968; Latané & Darley 1968).”
Berkowitz, R., Sowan, W., & Winstok, Z. (2022) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2022.2146556 · Cited by 11
“This tragic case became a milestone in the work of Latané and Darley (1968), who inquired into what became known as the bystander effect: that an individual’s likelihood of helping decreases when other bystanders are present in a critical situation.”
BackgroundThe Impact of Three Different First Aid Curricula on Emergency Helping among College Students
Hawks, S. R., & Egan, M. (1998) · Health Education · doi:10.1080/10556699.1998.10603354 · Cited by 11
van Bommel, M., van Prooijen, J., Elffers, H., & Lange, P. A. M. V. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00128 · Cited by 12
“The bystander effect has since the early studies (Latané and Darley, 1968) been described in terms of how likely people are to engage in helping behavior, and how quickly they help.”
BackgroundAmbiguität und Ambivalenz in der Psychologie
Ziegler, R. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik · doi:10.1007/bf03379838 · Cited by 11
Student-athlete concussion disclosure and coach communication within collegiate athletics
Milroy, J. J., Wyrick, D., Sanders, L., Refisteck, E., & Beamon, E. R. (2019) · Journal of Concussion · doi:10.1177/2059700219894104 · Cited by 11
“The idea of looking out for the wellbeing of others is known as bystander intervention behavior and is built on the processes of diffusion of responsibility, audience inhibition, and social influences.(36) In the context of concussion disclosure, findings from this study suggest that coach communication impacts studen…”
BackgroundCounting on my vote not counting: Expressive voting in committees
Ginzburg, B., Guerra, J., & Lekfuangfu, W. N. (2022) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104555 · Cited by 2
Prediction and Explanation in a Postmodern World
Krueger, J. I. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.597706 · Cited by 9
Andersson, L., & Sundin, E. (2021) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/2050157920984828 · Cited by 11
“It is in this context that the bystander-effect described by Latané and Darley (1968) should be viewed.”
BackgroundZeng, Y., Xiao, G., Ye, B., Zhang, Y., Liu, M., Wang, X., & Yang, Q. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106493 · Cited by 11
Investigation Of A Behavioural Response Model For Fire Emergency Situations In Secondary Schools
Horasan, M., & Bruck, D. (1994) · Fire Safety Science · doi:10.3801/iafss.fss.4-715 · Cited by 11
Graphic Representations of Processing Structure: The Time‐Event Matrix
Streufert, S., & Satish, U. (1997) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb01644.x · Cited by 10
Veroff, J. (1978) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/000276427802100506 · Cited by 11
The Tree of Social Cognition: Hierarchically Organized Capacities of Mentalizing
Malle, B. F. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51890-5_17 · Cited by 11
Costello, M., E.Hawdon, J., Reichelmann, A. V., Oksanen, A., Blaya, C., Llorent, V. J., Räsänen, P., & Zych, I. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20156506 · Cited by 11
“Additionally, bystanders can take cues from other bystanders, and the inaction of others may signal that assistance is not necessary, leading to a state of pluralistic ignorance rooted in cascading faulty assumptions [18,31,32].”
BackgroundReputation and cooperative behavior
Chong, D. (1992) · Social Science Information · doi:10.1177/053901892031004004 · Cited by 10
Isserow, J. (2022) · Ergo an Open Access Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.3998/ergo.2263 · Cited by 10
“(Though see Vranas 2005: 9, who argues that “. . . most people would behave deplorably if they participated in Milgram’s experiment”.) do the moral work (Latané & Darley 1968).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Latane, B., & Darley, J. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1968
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 215-221
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2029511299
- Cited by
- 1,252
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 42.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics
- Keywords
- bystander effect, emergency response, helping behavior, group size, diffusion of responsibility
- MeSH terms
- Emergencies, Fires, Group Processes
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