The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, the response time for intervention in the three naive subjects case was considerably longer than the single subject case, indicating 1) that individuals in groups did pay heed to social proof before acting, and 2) that in many cases (38%), social proof from only two peers was not enough to preclude intervention.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“With 2 confederates in the room, only 1 in 10 naive subjects intervened.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“The classic 'smoky room' experiment of (Latané and Darley, 1968), specifically designed to test the hypothesis of the second step of the explanation of the bystander effect (see p. 2), has served as a strong guide for the construction of the models, and provides data which allows the rejection of three of them.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“[m]ost emergencies are, or at least begin as, ambiguous events”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“but only 38% of the 8 groups did so.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“Of the subjects that were alone, 75% reported the smoke, a number high enough to warrant the rejection of the City Dweller model, which would have it that all evade.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“As the possible accident will have dire consequences for the subjects themselves, the experimenters assumed that no diffusion of responsibility arose.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
Citations
Cites
Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.
Darley, J. M., & Latane, B. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025589 · Cited by 3,083
Self-citationGoffman, E. (1963) · Cited by 2,151
Beech, H. R. (1963) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(63)90032-1 · Cited by 1,679
Gregariousness and fear in laboratory rats
Latané, B. (1969) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(69)90006-7 · Cited by 169
Social and nonsocial attraction in rats.
Latané, B., & Glass, D. C. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025843 · Cited by 90
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Moral Emotions and Moral Behavior
Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145 · Cited by 3,222
The psychology of social impact
Latané, B. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.4.343 · Cited by 2,864
Enhancing Our Lives with Immersive Virtual Reality
Slater, M., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2016) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2016.00074 · Cited by 1,993
“…initiated in the late 1960s provoked by a specific incident when apparently 38 bystanders observed a woman being murdered and did nothing to help.61 Latane and Darley (1968) introduced the notion of the “bystander effect,” which postulates that the more bystanders there are at an emergency event…”
BackgroundGoldman, A. I. (2006) · doi:10.1093/0195138929.001.0001 · Cited by 1,526
An Explication of Social Norms
Lapinski, M. K., & Rimal, R. N. (2005) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2005.tb00329.x · Cited by 1,424
“…been demonstrated both experimentally and through observational studies of mob inaction (see Latane & Nida, 1981, for a review), bystander apathy (Latane & Darley, 1968) being a particularly egregious form of inaction on the part of individuals who interpret others’ unwillingness to help someone…”
BackgroundResultCabrera, Á., & Cabrera, E. F. (2002) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840602235001 · Cited by 1,368
Altruism and Prosocial Behavior
Batson, C. D., & Powell, A. A. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0519 · Cited by 1,369
Causal attribution across cultures: Variation and universality.
Choi, I., Nisbett, R. E., & Norenzayan, A. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.1.47 · Cited by 1,098
“For example, in the Latane and Darley (1968) bystander intervention study, hardly any participants were aware that their behavior was influenced by the presence of others.”
BackgroundOmission and commission in judgment and choice
Spranca, M. D., Minsk, E., & Baron, J. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(91)90011-t · Cited by 1,046
“Diusion of Responsibility . According to the Diusion of Responsibility theory, when an individual realizes that another person is in danger, he is less likely to intervene if he believes that other people are present ( Latane and Darley, 1968 ).”
BackgroundEmployee silence: Quiescence and acquiescence as responses to perceived injustice
Pinder, C. C., & Harlos, K. (2004) · Research in personnel and human resources management · doi:10.1016/s0742-7301(01)20007-3 · Cited by 1,085
Levine, M., Prosser, A. L., Evans, D. J., & Reicher, S. D. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271651 · Cited by 984
“These include the number of people present (Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1970), the location of the incident (R. Levine, Martinez, Brase, & Sorenson, 1994; Milgram, 1970), and the costs of helping (J. Piliavin, Dovidio, Gaertner, & Clark, 1981).”
BackgroundInfluentialFischer, P., Krueger, J. I., Greitemeyer, T., Vogrincic, C., Kastenmüller, A., Frey, D., Heene, M., Wicher, M., & Kainbacher, M. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0023304 · Cited by 983
“Early research consistently showed that the presence of passive bystanders reduces the likelihood that individuals will intervene and help a victim in a critical situation (Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1968, 1970; Latané & Nida, 1981).”
BackgroundWhy We Boycott: Consumer Motivations for Boycott Participation
Klein, J. G., Smith, N. C., & John, A. (2004) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.68.3.92.34770 · Cited by 943
“…Some will consider the firm’s actions seriously wrong, whereas others will be less likely to do so, just as people in helping situations often have different interpretations of whether the scenario they witness is serious enough to precipitate intervention (Latane and Darley 1968; Schwartz 1977).”
BackgroundCulture as social control: Corporations, cults, and commitment.
O’Reilly, C. A., & Chatman, J. A. (1996) · Cited by 920
The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms
Bicchieri, C. (2005) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511616037 · Cited by 1,991
Influencing behaviour: The mindspace way
Dolan, P., Hallsworth, M., Halpern, D., King, D., Metcalfe, R., & Vlaev, I. (2011) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2011.10.009 · Cited by 931
Peer involvement in bullying: insights and challenges for intervention
O'CONNELL, P., Pepler, D. J., & Craig, W. (1999) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.1999.0238 · Cited by 754
Ten years of research on group size and helping.
Latané, B., & Nida, S. (1981) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.89.2.308 · Cited by 749
Self-citationSue, D. W., Alsaidi, S., Awad, M. N., Glaeser, E., Calle, C. Z., & Mendez, N. (2019) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000296 · Cited by 825
“Considerable scholarly work has attempted to explain the passivity of bystanders, even in the face of clear normative violations (Latané & Darley, 1968, 1970; Scully, 2005).”
BackgroundAltruism: An examination of the concept and a review of the literature.
Krebs, D. L. (1970) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0028987 · Cited by 702
Potential Predictors of Whistle-Blowing: A Prosocial Behavior Perspective
Dozier, J. B., & Miceli, M. P. (1985) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1985.4279105 · Cited by 659
The effect of video game violence on physiological desensitization to real-life violence
Carnagey, N. L., Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.003 · Cited by 641
“Two lines of research are most relevant to GAM and helping: (1) the work by Latane and Darley (1968) , and (2) research examining helping as a function of tension reduction.”
Fool's Gold: Social Proof in the Initiation and Abandonment of Coverage by Wall Street Analysts
Rao, H., Greve, H. R., & Davis, G. F. (2001) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3094873 · Cited by 593
Kim, P. H., Dirks, K. T., Cooper, C. D., & Ferrin, D. L. (2005) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.07.002 · Cited by 577
The culture of morality: social development, context, and conflict
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-1866 · Cited by 557
A Situational Model of Sexual Assault Prevention through Bystander Intervention
Burn, S. M. (2008) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9581-5 · Cited by 539
“Pluralistic ignorance occurs when ignorant, inactive bystanders look to other ignorant, inactive bystanders and consequently all fail to identify the situation as intervention appropriate (Latane and Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundNichols, S. (2004) · doi:10.1093/0195169344.001.0001 · Cited by 522
Pan, X., Han, C. S., Dauber, K., & Law, K. H. (2007) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-007-0126-1 · Cited by 520
“Other instances in this category include social inhibition and diffusion of responsibility [2] [32].”
BackgroundGood Samaritanism: An underground phenomenon?
Piliavin, I. M., Rodin, J., & Piliavin, J. A. (1969) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028433 · Cited by 516
Control interactions in the theory of planned behavior: Rethinking the role of subjective norm
Barbera, F. L., & Ajzen, I. (2020) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v16i3.2056 · Cited by 622
Moral hypocrisy: Appearing moral to oneself without being so.
Batson, C. D., Thompson, E. R., Seuferling, G., Whitney, H., & Strongman, J. A. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.525 · Cited by 491
Falk, A., & Szech, N. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1231566 · Cited by 468
Turiel, E. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511613500 · Cited by 475
Pluralistic Ignorance and the Perpetuation of Social Norms by Unwitting Actors
Prentice, D. A., & Miller, D. T. (1996) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60238-5 · Cited by 446
Catalyzing Strategies and Efficient Tie Formation: How Entrepreneurial Firms Obtain Investment Ties
Hallen, B. L., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2009.0620 · Cited by 442
“…self-reinforcing “bystander apathy,” whereby each potential investor interprets others’ lack of commitment as indicative of these others’ judging the venture to be of low quality, and thus also decides not to commit (Banerjee, 1992; Bikhchandani, Hirshleifer, & Welch, 1992; Latané & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundA framework for the unification of the behavioral sciences
Gintis, H. M. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x07000581 · Cited by 423
Subjective Construal, Social Inference, and Human Misunderstanding
Griffin, D. W., & Ross, L. (1991) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60333-0 · Cited by 404
Situational Salience and Cultural Differences in the Correspondence Bias and Actor-Observer Bias
Choi, I., & Nisbett, R. E. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298249003 · Cited by 392
Self-Interest through Delegation: An Additional Rationale for the Principal-Agent Relationship
Hamman, J., Loewenstein, G. F., & Weber, R. A. (2010) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.100.4.1826 · Cited by 399
Moral Reasoning and Business Ethics: Implications for Research, Education, and Management
Treviño, L. K. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4126-3_7 · Cited by 385
Jacobson, R. P., Mortensen, C. R., & Cialdini, R. B. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021470 · Cited by 411
Valuing thoughts, ignoring behavior: The introspection illusion as a source of the bias blind spot
Pronin, E., & Kugler, M. B. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.011 · Cited by 366
“... intense emotional reactions (Gilbert, Pinel, Wilson, Blumberg, & Wheatley, 1998), careful reasoning (Wilson, Hodges, & LaFleur, 1995), positive intentions (Epley & Dunning, 2000; Kruger & Gilovich, 2004), optimistic plans (Buehler, GriYn, & Ross, 1994), personal strength versus weaknesses (Kruger, 1999), wishful t…”
BackgroundZou, X., Tam, K.-P., Morris, M. W., Lee, S.-L., Lau, I. Y.-M., & Chiu, C.-Y. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016399 · Cited by 369
“…recurring lesson in social psychology is that individuals act on the beliefs that they perceive to be widespread in their society, community, and group (e.g., Cialdini & Trost, 1998; Jetten, Postmes, & McAuliffe, 2002; Latané & Darley, 1968; Mead, 1934; Newcomb, 1961; Paluck, 2009; Sherif, 1936).”
Moral reasoning and business ethics: Implications for research, education, and management
Treviño, L. K. (1992) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/bf00870556 · Cited by 362
Enhancing server availability and security through failure-oblivious computing
Rinard, M., Cadar, C., Dumitran, D., Roy, D. M., Leu, T., & Beebee, W. S. (2004) · Cited by 356
Crowded minds: The implicit bystander effect.
Garcia, S. M., Weaver, K., Moskowitz, G. B., & Darley, J. M. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.4.843 · Cited by 356
Self-citationAlfano, M. (2013) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139208536 · Cited by 356
The role of social identity processes in mass emergency behaviour: An integrative review
Drury, J. (2018) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2018.1471948 · Cited by 346
“In such events, others’ responses are the effective signal that there is (or is not) real danger – as illustrated in the classic “smokefilled room” experiment by Latané and Darley (1968)15; and following their action can be the difference between life and death.”
BackgroundA Review and Taxonomy of Choice Architecture Techniques
Münscher, R., Vetter, M., & Scheuerle, T. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.1897 · Cited by 389
“This manifests, for example, in experiments on the bystander effect, in which people ignored smoke in a room if other people in the room ignored it (Latane & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundNarrative's Moment and Sociology's Phenomena: Toward a Narrative Sociology
Maines, D. R. (1993) · Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1993.tb00128.x · Cited by 334
Companys, Y. E., & McMullen, J. S. (2007) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-006-9034-x · Cited by 322
“Under conditions of pluralistic ignorance (Latane and Darley, 1968), an entrepreneur can articulate stories to define the perceived opportunity (Lounsbury and Glynn, 2001), make claims to the opportunity (Rindova and Fombrun, 2001; Santos, 2003), and persuade others of its value (Hargadon and…”
BackgroundINDIVIDUAL AND SITUATIONAL CORRELATES OF WHISTLE‐BLOWING
Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. (1988) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1988.tb02385.x · Cited by 313
Brick, C., Sherman, D. K., & Kim, H. S. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.04.004 · Cited by 350
“The bystander effect of not helping during a crime (Latan e& Darley,1968) may reverse entirely when individuals are watched: bystanders intervene more often when in the presence of a closed-circuit camera (Bommel, Prooijen, Elffers, & Lange, 2014).”
BackgroundLevine, M., & Crowther, S. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012634 · Cited by 326
Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02287.x · Cited by 296
“The link between desensitization and helping behavior is provided by a recent model that integrates the pioneering work on helping by Latané and Darley (1968) with our work on physiological desensitization to aggression, illustrated in Figure 1.”
The unresponsive bystander: are bystanders more responsive in dangerous emergencies?
Fischer, P., Greitemeyer, T., Pollozek, F., & Frey, D. (2005) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.297 · Cited by 282
How social perception can automatically influence behavior
Ferguson, M. J., & Bargh, J. A. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.11.004 · Cited by 282
Experiencing flow: Is doing it together better than doing it alone?
Walker, C. J. (2010) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760903271116 · Cited by 318
“Classic research in social psychology has amply demonstrated that people act, think, and feel qualitatively differently within a group than by themselves (Allport, 1954; Asch, 1956; Latane & Darley, 1968; Lewin, 1952; Milgram, 1965; Zimbardo, 1969).”
BackgroundMiller, C. (2013) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.001.0001 · Cited by 308
Ethically adrift: How others pull our moral compass from true North, and how we can fix it
Moore, C., & Gino, F. (2013) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2013.08.001 · Cited by 284
“In a classic study, participants began completing surveys in a room that slowly filled with smoke (Latané & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundChekroun, P., & Bräuer, M. (2002) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.126 · Cited by 266
The semantics of asking a favor: How to succeed in getting help without really dying.
Langer, E. J., & Abelson, R. P. (1972) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033379 · Cited by 261
Sparkman, G., Geiger, N., & Weber, E. U. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32412-y · Cited by 256
Peck, J., Kirk, C. P., Luangrath, A. W., & Shu, S. B. (2020) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/0022242920952084 · Cited by 282
“Research has consistently demonstrated that diffusion of responsibility is one process in which the presence of others inhibits helping behavior (Latané and Darley 1968, 1970; Levy et al. 1972).”
BackgroundCultural psychology of surprise: Holistic theories and recognition of contradiction.
Choi, I., & Nisbett, R. E. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.890 · Cited by 259
An informational approach to altruistic behavior.
Pomazal, R. J., & Jaccard, J. J. (1976) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.33.3.317 · Cited by 251
Unacquainted influencers: When strangers interact in the retail setting
McGrath, M. A., & Otnes, C. C. (1995) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/0148-2963(94)00051-f · Cited by 247
Behavioral software engineering: A definition and systematic literature review
Lenberg, P., FELDT, R. H., & Wallgren, L. G. (2015) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2015.04.084 · Cited by 257
The Kitty Genovese murder and the social psychology of helping: The parable of the 38 witnesses.
Manning, R., Levine, M., & Collins, A. F. (2007) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.6.555 · Cited by 242
“For example, in their 1970 book (The Unresponsive Bystander: Why Doesn’t He Help?), Latané and Darley argued that the behavior of the bystanders was not helpful or heroic but that it was not indifferent or apathetic either. “Actually, it was like crowd behavior in many other emergency situations” (Latané & Darley, 197…”
BackgroundLife supporting first aid training of the public—review and recommendations
Eisenburger, P., & Safar, P. J. (1999) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/s0300-9572(99)00034-9 · Cited by 238
“[140] Latane B, Darley JM.”
BackgroundWhy don't bystanders help? Because of ambiguity?
Clark, R. D., & Word, L. E. (1972) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033717 · Cited by 236
“The latter finding is very similar to those of Latane and Rodin (1969) and Latane and Darley (1968).”
MethodResultPersonalized Normative Feedback and the Moderating Role of Personal Norms
Schultz, P. W., Messina, A., Tronu, G., Limas, E. F., Gupta, R., & Estrada, M. (2014) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916514553835 · Cited by 236
Why Stakeholders Ignore Firm Misconduct
Barnett, M. L. (2012) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206311433854 · Cited by 235
“A well-established literature on the bystander effect supports this notion by demonstrating that large groups deter individual action (Latane & Darley, 1968).”
GROUP DECISION MAKING UNDER THREAT: THE TYCOON GAME.
Gladstein, D. L., & Reilly, N. P. (1985) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256117 · Cited by 236
Where is the apathetic bystander? Situational characteristics of the emergency.
Clark, R. D., & Word, L. E. (1974) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036000 · Cited by 227
Affiliative behaviour during escape to building exits
Sime, J. D. (1983) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0272-4944(83)80019-x · Cited by 226
Measurement of the bystander intervention model for bullying and sexual harassment
Nickerson, A. B., Aloe, A. M., Livingston, J. A., & Feeley, T. H. (2014) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.03.003 · Cited by 248
“…where participants were asked to wait (either alone or with others) in a room that begins to fill with smoke, 75% of participants who waited alone reported the smoke in contrast to only 10% of participants who reported the event when they waited with two inactive bystanders (Latané & Darley, 1968).”
Identity, Place, and Bystander Intervention: Social Categories and Helping After Natural Disasters
Levine, M., & Thompson, K. (2004) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.144.3.229-245 · Cited by 226
“(2002) argued that this evidence suggests that, although Latané and Darley (1970b) were right to point to the importance of other people in the helping context, they did not go far enough.”
BackgroundMoral Disengagement Among Bystanders to School Bullying
Obermann, M. (2011) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2011.578276 · Cited by 222
“Research has shown that bystander intervention becomes less likely when many individuals are witnessing a potentially harmful situation (the so-called “bystander effect”; see Darley & Latane, 1968 ; Latane & Darley, 1968 ).”
BackgroundElaboration enhances the imagined contact effect
Husnu, S., & Crisp, R. J. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.014 · Cited by 219
Collective Errors and Errors about the Collective
Miller, D. T., & Prentice, D. A. (1994) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167294205011 · Cited by 217
Sime, J. D. (1985) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916585176003 · Cited by 211
A lady in distress: Inhibiting effects of friends and strangers on bystander intervention
Latané, B., & Rodin, J. (1969) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(69)90046-8 · Cited by 408
Affecting Others: Social Appraisal and Emotion Contagion in Everyday Decision Making
Parkinson, B., & Simons, G. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209336611 · Cited by 195
“In a related vein, Latané and Darley (1968) found that participants were slower to respond to an apparent emergency when in the presence of impassive”
BackgroundCausal Responsibility and Counterfactuals
Lagnado, D. A., Gerstenberg, T., & Zultan, R. (2013) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12054 · Cited by 191
“However, this pattern can also be explained by a simple diffusion of responsibility model (cf. Latan e & Darley, 1968), in which a fixed amount of responsibility is shared among all players that succeed (or fail) in their individual tasks.”
BackgroundOppositionists and group norms: The reciprocal influence of whistle-blowers and co-workers
Greenberger, D. B., Miceli, M. P., & Cohen, D. J. (1987) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/bf00383744 · Cited by 191
Prosocial Conformity: Prosocial Norms Generalize Across Behavior and Empathy
Nook, E. C., Ong, D. C., Morelli, S. A., Mitchell, J. P., & Zaki, J. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216649932 · Cited by 186
Miceli, M. P., Near, J. P., Rehg, M. T., & Scotter, J. R. V. (2012) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726712447004 · Cited by 185
“Early theories of prosocial behavior − behavior intended to help other persons (Staub, 1978) − proposed that bystanders observing an emergency make a series of decisions, leading ultimately to a decision whether to intervene (Latané and Darley, 1968, 1970).”
BackgroundSternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511818707 · Cited by 185
The limits to workplace friendship
D’Cruz, P., & Noronha, E. (2011) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/01425451111121777 · Cited by 180
Interpersonal Emotion Transfer: Contagion and Social Appraisal
Parkinson, B. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00365.x · Cited by 193
Human and social behavior in computational modeling and analysis of egress
Pan, X., Han, C. S., Dauber, K., & Law, K. H. (2005) · Automation in Construction · doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2005.06.006 · Cited by 178
“Other instances in this category include social inhibition and diffusion of responsibility [38,59].”
BackgroundUnderstanding and improving low bystander CPR rates: a systematic review of the literature
Vaillancourt, C., Stiell, I. G., & Wells, G. A. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1481803500010010 · Cited by 178
BALDRIDGE, D. C., & Veiga, J. F. (2001) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2001.4011956 · Cited by 183
“Moreover, the literature on help-giving (Darley & Latane, 1968, 1970; Latane & Darley, 1968 ) and the literature on help-seeking (Nadler et al., 1983) link perceived appropriateness to request likelihood.”
BackgroundHow social norms are often a barrier to addressing climate change but can be part of the solution
Sparkman, G., Howe, L. C., & Walton, G. (2020) · Behavioural Public Policy · doi:10.1017/bpp.2020.42 · Cited by 169
“Indeed, when others like oneself do not take action in response to an emerging threat, people can fail to recognize the threat as an emergency or, even if it is, not see it as their responsibility (Latané & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundGawronski, B. (2004) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280440000026 · Cited by 162
“…between empirical and definitional propositions can be further illustrated by the common reaction to studies demonstrating a strong impact of situational factors on moral behaviour (e.g., Darley & Batson, 1973; Darley & Latané, 1968; Haney et al., 1973; Latané & Darley, 1968; Milgram, 1963).”
BackgroundKinateder, M. T., Müller, M., Jost, M., Mühlberger, A., & Pauli, P. (2014) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2014.05.014 · Cited by 161
The social dynamics of breaking the rules: antecedents and consequences of norm-violating behavior
Kleef, G. A. V., Wanders, F., Stamkou, E., & Homan, A. C. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.013 · Cited by 177
Bullying Prevention in Adolescence: Solutions and New Challenges from the Past Decade
Salmivalli, C., Laninga‐Wijnen, L., Malamut, S. T., & Garandeau, C. F. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12688 · Cited by 161
Willingness to Intervene in Bullying Episodes Among Middle School Students
Espelage, D. L., Green, H. D., & Polanin, J. R. (2011) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431611423017 · Cited by 175
Metadata
- Authors
- Latane, B., & Darley, J. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1968
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 215-221
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2029511299
- Cited by
- 1,252
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 42.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics
- Keywords
- bystander effect, emergency response, helping behavior, group size, diffusion of responsibility
- MeSH terms
- Emergencies, Fires, Group Processes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
