The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, the response time for intervention in the three naive subjects case was considerably longer than the single subject case, indicating 1) that individuals in groups did pay heed to social proof before acting, and 2) that in many cases (38%), social proof from only two peers was not enough to preclude intervention.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“With 2 confederates in the room, only 1 in 10 naive subjects intervened.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“The classic 'smoky room' experiment of (Latané and Darley, 1968), specifically designed to test the hypothesis of the second step of the explanation of the bystander effect (see p. 2), has served as a strong guide for the construction of the models, and provides data which allows the rejection of three of them.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“[m]ost emergencies are, or at least begin as, ambiguous events”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“but only 38% of the 8 groups did so.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“Of the subjects that were alone, 75% reported the smoke, a number high enough to warrant the rejection of the City Dweller model, which would have it that all evade.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“As the possible accident will have dire consequences for the subjects themselves, the experimenters assumed that no diffusion of responsibility arose.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
Citations
Cites
Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.
Darley, J. M., & Latane, B. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025589 · Cited by 3,083
Self-citationGoffman, E. (1963) · Cited by 2,151
Beech, H. R. (1963) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(63)90032-1 · Cited by 1,679
Gregariousness and fear in laboratory rats
Latané, B. (1969) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(69)90006-7 · Cited by 169
Social and nonsocial attraction in rats.
Latané, B., & Glass, D. C. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025843 · Cited by 90
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 999
Are Nonparticipants in Prosocial Behavior Merely Innocent Bystanders?
Anker, A. E., & Feeley, T. H. (2011) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2011.527618 · Cited by 42
“indicated that neither model offered an improved fit over the sequential fourstep model proposed by Latané and Darley (1970); thus, the four-step model”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDual effects of implicit bystanders: Inhibiting vs. facilitating helping behavior
Garcia, S. M., Weaver, K. D., Darley, J. M., & Spence, B. T. (2009) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2009.02.013 · Cited by 48
Self-citationHarris, C. A., McCarthy, K., Liu, E. L., Klein, K. R., Swienton, R. E., Prins, P., & Waltz, T. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15030534 · Cited by 42
“In the 1960s, two researchers postulated the theory of the bystander effect [14,15].”
BackgroundTurel, O., & Osatuyi, B. (2021) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2021.1990614 · Cited by 48
“introduction section, which implies a need to consider the stance of one’s peers for better understanding why a person does not always act upon his or her internal beliefs [14,64].”
BackgroundBarhight, L. R., Hubbard, J. A., Grassetti, S. N., & Morrow, M. T. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1046180 · Cited by 47
Mattila, A. S. (2009) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/08876040910965548 · Cited by 42
“Research in social psychology has demonstrated that situational factors such as ambiguity, pressure from authority, and others’ influence can lead people to change their perceptions of what is right and wrong (Blanchard et al., 1994; Latane and Darley, 1968; Milgram, 1974).”
BackgroundThe impact of mortality salience on the relative effectiveness of donation appeals
Cai, F., & Wyer, R. S. (2015) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.05.005 · Cited by 41
“These factors include liking for the potential beneficiaries (Emmons & McCullough, 2004), feelings of social or personal responsibility (Latane & Darley, 1968), feelings of obligation to reciprocate the benefits one has received in the past (Schwartz, 1967), perceptions that the request is…”
BackgroundToward a Theory of Goal Detection in Social Interaction
Palomares, N. A. (2008) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650207309364 · Cited by 41
“Agreement and certainty are lower when factors are incompatible than when compatible because the diagnostic information is inconsistent and mixed and people have difficulty reaching decisions based on inconsistent information (Latané & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundWorkplace cyberbullying and bystander helping behaviour
Madden, C., & Loh, J. M. I. (2018) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2018.1449130 · Cited by 44
Hidden in plain sight: the bystander effect and the mobilisation of modern slavery whistleblowing
Stevenson, M. (2021) · Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/scm-08-2020-0373 · Cited by 41
The Bystander Dilemma and Child Abuse: Extending the Latane and Darley Model to Domestic Violence1
Hoefnagels, C., & Zwikker, M. (2001) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02668.x · Cited by 41
“In these studies, several emergencies were simulated to test hypotheses about variables, such as the onset of a fire (Latane & Darley, 1968), theft in a store (Latane & Darley, 1969), and the sound of a bookcase falling on a confederate (Bickman, 1972).”
BackgroundLynch, J. G., & Cohen, J. L. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.36.10.1138 · Cited by 41
Sanfey, H. A., Fromson, J. A., Mellinger, J. D., Rakinic, J., Williams, M., & Williams, B. W. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.02.015 · Cited by 40
Sticks and stones may break your bones, but words will always hurt you: A review of cyberbullying
Wingate, V. S., Minney, J. A., & Guadagno, R. E. (2012) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510.2012.730491 · Cited by 47
“A related phenomenon which may also help explain students’ reluctance to help their peers is the bystander effect; bullying is often conceptualized as being a triad comprised of bully, victim, and witness (i.e., bystander) (Latane & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundMadon, S., Yang, Y., Smalarz, L., Guyll, M., & Scherr, K. C. (2012) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000011 · Cited by 41
Rubin, J. D., Blackwell, L., & Conley, T. D. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376645 · Cited by 42
If the Noise Coming from Next Door were Loud Music, You'd Do Something About It
Cismaru, M., Jensen, G., & Lavack, A. M. (2010) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.2753/joa0091-3367390405 · Cited by 40
Fennis, B. M., & Aarts, H. (2012) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1887 · Cited by 38
Yule, K., Hoxmeier, J. C., Petranu, K., & Grych, J. H. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520916277 · Cited by 39
Coverage of the Stanford Prison Experiment in Introductory Social Psychology Textbooks
Griggs, R. A., & Whitehead, G. I. (2014) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0098628314549703 · Cited by 39
“As Manning et al. (2007) carefully pointed out, there is a clear dis- tinction between the Kitty Genovese story itself and the bystander intervention research tradition that emerged in response to it, resulting in our knowledge of the bystander effect (e.g., Latané & Darley, 1968, 1970).”
BackgroundProsocial Consequences of Imitation
Müller, B. C. N., Maaskant, A. J., van Baaren, R. B., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2012) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/07.09.21.pr0.110.3.891-898 · Cited by 40
“For example, early research on helping demonstrated the strong influence of other people being present in an emergency (Darley & Latane, 1968; Latane & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundThe Bystander Intervention Model: Teacher Intervention in Traditional and Cyber Bullying
Eldridge, M. A., & Jenkins, L. N. (2019) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-019-00033-7 · Cited by 51
“Researchers have proposed a phenomenon, referred to as the bystander effect, which posits that the presence of others inhibits helping behavior (Darley and Latané 1968; Dovidio et al. 2006).”
BackgroundKops, M., Schittenhelm, C., & Wachs, S. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108650 · Cited by 39
Borsky, A. E., McDonnell, K. A., Turner, M. M., & Rimal, R. N. (2016) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516635322 · Cited by 38
“These programs build on research related to diffusion of responsibility and the factors that contribute to a person intervening in a potentially negative situation (Darley, 1968; Latane & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundPotter, S. J., Flanagan, M., Seidman, M., Hodges, H., & Stapleton, J. G. (2018) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2017.0172 · Cited by 38
Kirk‐Provencher, K. T., Spillane, N. S., Schick, M. R., Chalmers, S. J., Hawes, C., & Orchowski, L. M. (2021) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380211021606 · Cited by 39
“Bystander intervention programs for sexual assault prevention are often based on the Latané and Darley (1968) Bystander Model of Intervention.”
BackgroundInduced Competence and the Bystander Effect1
Pantin, H. M., & Carver, C. S. (1982) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1982.tb00852.x · Cited by 38
Experimental Tests of Criminological Theory
McGloin, J. M., & Thomas, K. J. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139424776.005 · Cited by 37
Ghazi, L., Yamamoto, Y., Fuery, M. A., O’Connor, K., Sen, S., Samsky, M. D., Riello, R. J., Dhar, R., Huang, J., Olufade, T. O., et al. (2023) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad512 · Cited by 37
Do dogs (Canis familiaris) seek help in an emergency?
Macpherson, K., & Roberts, W. A. (2006) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.120.2.113 · Cited by 37
“This research revealed that human failure to help someone in an emergency arose more from mechanisms of social inhibition and diffusion of guilt than from an unwillingness to help another person (Darley & Latane, 1968; Latane & Darley, 1968, 1970).”
Third Party Involvement in Barroom Conflicts
Parks, M. J., Osgood, D. W., Felson, R. B., Wells, S. L., & Graham, K. (2013) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21475 · Cited by 42
León, C. B., Jiménez, B. M., Aguirre‐Camacho, A., & Olmos, R. (2016) · Nursing Inquiry · doi:10.1111/nin.12149 · Cited by 37
Altruism and Consumer Purchase Behavior
Powers, T. L., & Hopkins, R. A. (2006) · Journal of International Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1300/j046v19n01_06 · Cited by 37
“The level of responsibility individuals and bystanders in a group assume when they intervene in an emergency (Darley and Latane, 1968; Latane and Darley, 1968), and the role of empathy in motivating witnesses to relieve the distress of another in need also influence the temporary psychological…”
BackgroundHumans Would Do Better Without Groups
Buys, C. J. (1978) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727800400126 · Cited by 37
EXITT- a simulation model of occupant decisions and actions in residential fires :
Levin, B. M. (1987) · doi:10.6028/nbs.ir.87-3591 · Cited by 37
Ethical and methodological challenges in building morally informed AI systems
Hagendorff, T., & Danks, D. (2023) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-022-00188-y · Cited by 36
Winter, L., & Kron, T. (2009) · Studies in fuzziness and soft computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-93802-6_14 · Cited by 37
Capturing injunctive norm in pragmatics: Meta-reflective evaluations and the moral order
Kádár, D. Z. (2020) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2020.102814 · Cited by 36
Nostalgia and Heroism: Theoretical Convergence of Memory, Motivation, and Function
Allison, S. T., & Green, J. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577862 · Cited by 42
Tell the Teacher or Tell the Bully off: Children's Strategy Production for Bystanders to Bullying
Rock, P. F., & Baird, J. A. (2011) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00627.x · Cited by 36
Littering dynamics in a coastal industrial setting: The influence of non-resident populations
Campbell, M. L., de Heer, C. P., & Kinslow, A. (2014) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.015 · Cited by 36
Personal Responsibility for Tornado Preparedness: Commitment or Choice?1
Mulilis, J., Duval, T. S., & ROMBACH, D. (2001) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02745.x · Cited by 36
Micro‐Level Processes of the Gang
McGloin, J. M., & Collins, M. E. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118726822.ch15 · Cited by 37
Leone, R. M., Parrott, D. J., & Swartout, K. M. (2016) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000055 · Cited by 35
“Classic bystander research demonstrates that the audience present when witnessing an event may influence bystander intervention (Latané & Darley, 1968); however, research has never examined this effect in the context of sexual aggression.”
BackgroundPredicting Bystander Efficacy and Willingness to Intervene in College Men and Women
Foubert, J. D., & Bridges, A. J. (2016) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801216648793 · Cited by 35
Virtue, Vice, and Situationism
Bates, T., & Kleingeld, P. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199385195.013.25 · Cited by 35
“Latané and Darley (1968) had a room gradually fill with smoke.”
BackgroundCracco, E., De Coster, L., Andres, M., & Brass, M. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw059 · Cited by 38
“Similarly, interpretive processes could serve as a gating mechanism to regulate imitative tendencies in social group situations (Freedman & Birsky 1980; Gallup et al. 2012; Herrmann et al. 2013; Knowles & Bassett 1976; Latané & Darley 1968; Mann 1977; Milgram et al. 1969).”
Backgroundvan den Bos, K., Lange, P. A. M. V., Lind, E. A., Venhoeven, L. A., Beudeker, D. A., Cramwinckel, F. M., Smulders, L., & van der Laan, J. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023556 · Cited by 34
Recursive mentalizing and common knowledge in the bystander effect.
Thomas, K. A., Freitas, J. D., DeScioli, P., & Pinker, S. A. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000153 · Cited by 35
“In previous experiments, group members almost invariably had common knowledge of the situation: all individuals knew that help was needed, all knew that the other individuals knew it, and so on (e.g., Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1968, 1970; Latané & Nida, 1981).”
BackgroundEverybody but Me: Pluralistic Ignorance and the Masculinity Contest
Munsch, C. L., Weaver, J. R., Bosson, J. K., & O’Connor, L. T. (2018) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12282 · Cited by 34
Hadza Hunter-Gatherers Disagree on Perceptions of Moral Character
Smith, K. M., & Apicella, C. L. (2019) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619865051 · Cited by 34
“Social psychologists and philosophers have used classic findings from social psychology, such as the bystander effect (Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1968) or the good Samaritan experiment (Darley & Batson, 1973), to argue against the existence of moral character and that moral behavior…”
BackgroundEmotion depends on context, culture and their interaction: evidence from effective connectivity
Pugh, Z. H., Choo, S., Leshin, J. C., Lindquist, K. A., & Nam, C. S. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab092 · Cited by 43
“This is consistent with an emphasis of context in social psychology (Asch, 1956; Latane and Darley, 1968), as well as emotion models wherein emotion is highly situated (Lindquist, 2013; Gendron et al.”
Kishore, S., Spanlang, B., Iruretagoyena, G., Halan, S., Szostak, D., & Slater, M. (2019) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres_a_00339 · Cited by 40
“Bystander behavior has been extensively studied starting with the work of Darley and Latané (1968); see also Latane and Darley (1968), who put forward the hypothesis that the greater the number of bystanders to an event, the less the likelihood that any would intervene— since verified in many other…”
BackgroundLogos and Initial Compliance: A Strong Case of Mindless Trust
Rafaeli, A., Sagy, Y., & Derfler-Rozin, R. R. (2008) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1070.0344 · Cited by 34
Chekroun, P. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00141.x · Cited by 34
Harper, F. W. K., Penner, L. A., Peterson, A., Albrecht, T. L., & Taub, J. W. (2012) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2012.703771 · Cited by 33
“Empathic concern is a construct derived from the bystander intervention literature in social psychology(Darley & Latane, 1968 ; Latane & Darley, 1968 ) and refers to an other-oriented affect state, which reflects feelings of concern, warmth, and compassion for a person in distress (Batson, 1991 ; Batson & Oleson, 1991…”
BackgroundNew Directions for Gifted Black Males Suffering From Bystander Effects: A Call for Upstanders
Grantham, T. C. (2011) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783193.2011.603114 · Cited by 33
“…have examined people’s responses to others in a crisis or emergency situations (Cramer, McMaster, Bartell, & Dragna, 1988; Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1968; Latané & Nida, 1981; Rutkowski, Gruder, & Romer, 1983; Shaffer, Rogel, & Hendrick, 1975; Shotland & Huston, 1979; Thornberg,…”
Brewster, M. P., & Tucker, J. M. (2015) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2015.1009593 · Cited by 33
“In a series of now classic experiments, Latané and Darley (1968, 1969, 1970) and Latané and Rodin (1969) concluded that bystanders are less likely to intervene in emergency situations when in the presence of other bystanders.”
BackgroundHelp-giving and moral courage on the Internet
Kinnunen, S. P., Lindeman, M., & Verkasalo, M. (2016) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2016-4-6 · Cited by 33
“In real-life, the helper is identified, the principle of reciprocity is a value, and social pressure and the presence of other potential helpers can both promote and discourage helping (Latané & Darley, 1968; Pöyhönen, Juvonen, & Salmivalli, 2012; Thornberg, 2007).”
BackgroundLucas‐Molina, B., Pérez‐Albéniz, A., Fonseca‐Pedrero, E., & Giménez‐Dasí, M. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12453 · Cited by 33
Banyard, V. L., Rizzo, A. J., Bencosme, Y., Cares, A. C., & Moynihan, M. M. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518777557 · Cited by 33
“This study contributes to growing literature examining motivating and facilitating factors for bystander helping action to prevent SV by expanding upon the situational model of pro-social bystander behavior (Burn, 2009; Latané & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundInfluential‘That's not funny!’ Standing up against disparaging humor
Thomas, E. F., McGarty, C., Spears, R., Livingstone, A., Platow, M. J., Lala, G., & Mavor, K. I. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103901 · Cited by 33
Toward an Interdisciplinary Social Psychology
Backman, C. W. (1983) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60397-4 · Cited by 32
Rendsvig, R. K. (2014) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-014-0435-0 · Cited by 32
“by Latané and Darley (1968) when they write “it is likely that an individual bystander will be considerably influenced by the decisions he perceives other bystanders to be taking” (p.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Catch-22 of Countering a Moral Occupational Stigma in Employee-Customer Interactions
Mikolon, S., Alavi, S. H., & Reynders, A. (2020) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2018.1487 · Cited by 36
The Social Psychology of Family Shareholder Dynamics
Davis, J. A., & Herrera, R. M. (1998) · Family Business Review · doi:10.1111/j.1741-6248.1998.00253.x · Cited by 32
“Individuals in larger groups are more likely to engage in this type of behavior because the costs of inaction for each member are perceived to be low, thus making the decision to act more difficult to justify (Latané & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundRole of construal processes in conformity and dissent.
Griffin, D., & Buehler, R. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.65.4.657 · Cited by 32
Attention, Negative Affect, and Altruism: An Ecological Validation
Underwood, B., Berenson, J. F., Berenson, R. J., Cheng, K. K., Wilson, D., Kulik, J., Moore, B. S., & Wenzel, G. (1976) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727600300106 · Cited by 32
Naturalized Epistemology and the Law of EvidencePreprint
Allen, R. J., & Leiter, B. (2001) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.293732 · Cited by 32
Informational intra‐group influence: the effects of time pressure and group size
Bonner, B. L., & Baumann, M. R. (2006) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.400 · Cited by 30
A study on the boycott motivations of Malaysian non-Muslims
Abdul‐Talib, A., Latif, S. A. A., & Abd‐Razak, I. (2016) · Journal of Islamic marketing · doi:10.1108/jima-11-2014-0071 · Cited by 31
“The decision to help can also be misinterpreted collectively in a group when each individual’s decision was based on each other’s before determining their own reaction (Latane and Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundLeone, R. M., & Parrott, D. J. (2018) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21795 · Cited by 31
Alone or with others: Experiments on evacuation decision making
Cuesta, A., Abreu, O., Balboa, A., & Alvear, D. (2020) · Fire Safety Journal · doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103018 · Cited by 31
Frye, V. A., Paul, M. M., Todd, M., Lewis, V. N., Cupid, M., Salmon, C., & O'Campo, P. J. (2012) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.21493 · Cited by 31
Human behavior and fires: An introduction
Paulsen, R. (1984) · Fire Technology · doi:10.1007/bf02384147 · Cited by 31
Human behaviour in fire: Knowledge foundation and temporal evolution
Haghani, M., Lovreglio, R., Button, M. L., Ronchi, E., & Kuligowski, E. D. (2023) · Fire Safety Journal · doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.104085 · Cited by 33
Identifying and Defending the Hard Core of Virtue Ethics
Alfano, M. (2013) · Journal of Philosophical Research · doi:10.5840/jpr20133812 · Cited by 29
The embarrassed bystander: Embarrassability and the inhibition of helping
Zoccola, P. M., Green, M. C., Karoutsos, E., Katona, S. M., & Sabini, J. P. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.026 · Cited by 30
Sexual orientation harassment in the workplace: When do observers intervene?
Ryan, A. M., & Wessel, J. L. (2011) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.787 · Cited by 30
A thematic analysis of students' perceptions and experiences of bullying in UK higher education
Harrison, E. D., Hulme, J. A., & Fox, C. L. (2022) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.3669 · Cited by 44
Vaillancourt, C., Grimshaw, J., Brehaut, J., Osmond, M. H., Charette, M. L., Wells, G. A., & Stiell, I. G. (2008) · BMC Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/1471-227x-8-13 · Cited by 30
“Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that overall helping behaviour decreases with an increasing number of bystanders, a phenomenon known as diffusion of responsibility [106-110].”
BackgroundMoscovici, S., & Doise, W. (2010) · doi:10.1522/030148955 · Cited by 33
Prouska, R., & Psychogios, A. G. (2018) · Economic and Industrial Democracy · doi:10.1177/0143831x17752869 · Cited by 29
“…groupthink, spiral of silence, Abilene paradox) (Allport, 1924; Bowen and Blackmon, 2003; Harvey, 1974; Henriksen and Dayton, 2006; Janis, 1972; Latane and Darley, 1968; Lepine and Van Dyne, 1998; Noelle-Neumann, 1974); (2) silence caused by feelings of hope that the situation will soon…”
BackgroundCyberbullying:features, role structure, parent-child relationships and coping strategies
Солдатова, Г., & Николаевна, Я. А. (2019) · National Psychological Journal · doi:10.11621/npj.2019.0303 · Cited by 29
Cortéséro, R., Kerbourc’h, S., Mélo, D., & Poli, A. (2013) · Sociologie du Travail · doi:10.1016/j.soctra.2013.09.006 · Cited by 29
Balconi, M., & Canavesio, Y. (2012) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-012-0525-1 · Cited by 32
Evolution of altruistic punishment in heterogeneous populations
de Weerd, H., & Verbrugge, R. (2011) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.08.034 · Cited by 29
“In general, bystanders are slower to help and help less often during an emergency situation when other bystanders are present [56].”
BackgroundThe implicit identity effect: Identity primes, group size, and helping
Levine, M., Cassidy, C., & Jentzsch, I. (2010) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466609x480426 · Cited by 29
“…Levine, Prosser, Evans, & Reicher, 2005; Manning, Levine, & Collins, 2007; Reicher, Cassidy, Hopkins, & Levine, 2006) have produced a range of evidence which questions some of the key assumptions of the classic bystander effect (Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1968; Latané & Nida, 1981).”
Religious harassment in the workplace: An examination of observer intervention
Ghumman, S. S., Ryan, A. M., & Park, J. S. (2015) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2044 · Cited by 35
Self-Control Moderates the Effectiveness of Influence Attempts Highlighting Injunctive Social Norms
Jacobson, R. P., Mortensen, C. R., Jacobson, K. J. L., & Cialdini, R. B. (2015) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550615578463 · Cited by 31
“…oriented (i.e., selfish) behaviors can also benefit individuals and their groups by encouraging new ideas, stimulating creative solutions to old problems, and reducing the likelihood of negative group-level phenomena like groupthink (Janis, 1972) and pluralistic ignorance (Latané & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundToward an Attitude Process Model of Religious Experience
Hill, P. C. (1994) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1386490 · Cited by 29
Reading Rational Choice Theory
Denzin, N. K. (1990) · Rationality and Society · doi:10.1177/1043463190002002006 · Cited by 29
Bystander intervention: Experimental test of a formal model.
Morgan, C. J. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.36.1.43 · Cited by 29
The Killing of Kitty Genovese: What Else Does This Case Tell Us?
Kassin, S. M. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616679465 · Cited by 33
“…need of help— in one experiment, for example, a confederate pretended to have a seizure within earshot of varying numbers of subjects (Darley & Latané, 1968); in another, a testing room filled with smoke in the presence of a subject who was alone or in the company of others (Latané & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundBetter policy interventions through intersectionality
Cole, E. R., & Duncan, L. E. (2022) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12090 · Cited by 38
The cultural stereotype and cultural bias of ChatGPT
Yuan, H., Che, Z., Zhang, Y., Shao, L. H., Yuan, X., Huang, L., Hu, X., Peng, K., & Luo, S. (2025) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909251355673 · Cited by 31
“Individual decision-making tasks focus on measuring social traits exhibited by individuals during the decision-making process, including (6) Iowa Gambling Task (Bechara et al., 1994), (7) Delayed Grati fi cation Task (Johnson & Bickel, 2002), (8) Ethical Dilemmas Task (Greene et al., 2008), (9) Dictator Task (Forsythe…”
Evans, C. B. R., & Smokowski, P. R. (2016) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0657-0 · Cited by 28
Contextualizing Facial Activity
Parkinson, B. (2013) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073912457230 · Cited by 28
“…and adjustment of facial activity can help to calibrate relational orientations of parties approaching the same situation from different perspectives (e.g., Latané & Darley, 1968), establishing “common ground” (e.g., Clark, 1993) between interactants before referential communication is effective.”
BackgroundThe bystander effect in an N-person dictator game
Panchanathan, K., Frankenhuis, W. E., & Silk, J. B. (2013) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.06.008 · Cited by 28
“In another study, participants witnessed smoke entering the room through a wall vent (Latané & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundVaillancourt, C., Charette, M. L., Kasaboski, A., Brehaut, J., Osmond, M. H., Wells, G. A., Stiell, I. G., & Grimshaw, J. (2013) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emermed-2012-202192 · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Latane, B., & Darley, J. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1968
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 215-221
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2029511299
- Cited by
- 1,252
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 42.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics
- Keywords
- bystander effect, emergency response, helping behavior, group size, diffusion of responsibility
- MeSH terms
- Emergencies, Fires, Group Processes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
