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Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies.
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“Interestingly, the response time for intervention in the three naive subjects case was considerably longer than the single subject case, indicating 1) that individuals in groups did pay heed to social proof before acting, and 2) that in many cases (38%), social proof from only two peers was not enough to preclude intervention.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“With 2 confederates in the room, only 1 in 10 naive subjects intervened.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“The classic 'smoky room' experiment of (Latané and Darley, 1968), specifically designed to test the hypothesis of the second step of the explanation of the bystander effect (see p. 2), has served as a strong guide for the construction of the models, and provides data which allows the rejection of three of them.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“[m]ost emergencies are, or at least begin as, ambiguous events”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“but only 38% of the 8 groups did so.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“Of the subjects that were alone, 75% reported the smoke, a number high enough to warrant the rejection of the City Dweller model, which would have it that all evade.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
In the citing paper
“As the possible accident will have dire consequences for the subjects themselves, the experimenters assumed that no diffusion of responsibility arose.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Darley, 1968
Citations
Cites
Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.
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Target Article: "The Really Fundamental Attribution Error in Social Psychological Research"
Sabini, J. P., Siepmann, M., & Stein, J. (2001) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1201_01 · Cited by 165
“Bystander Intervention The Latané and Darley (Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley 1968) findings on bystander intervention also seem surprising, even shocking.”
InfluentialThe Emergency of Climate Change: Why Are We Failing to Take Action?
Frantz, C. M., & Mayer, F. S. (2009) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2009.01180.x · Cited by 165
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“First, studies involving diffusion of responsibility examined the willingness to help distressed individuals in emergency settings that involve physical harm to a specific victim, such as a seizure (Darley and Latane 1968) or a smoke-filled room ( Latane and Darley 1968 ).”
BackgroundBräuer, M., & Chekroun, P. (2005) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02182.x · Cited by 154
“…factors, such as the gender and the age of the helper (Howard & Crano, 1974; Staub, 1974), the possibility to escape (Piliavin, Rodin, & Piliavin, 1969), the cost of not helping (Schwartz, 1977), the environmental stress (Moser, 1988), the number of bystanders (Latané & Darley, 1968), and so forth.”
BackgroundOn the Overuse and Misuse of Mediation Analysis: It May Be a Matter of Timing
Tate, C. U. (2015) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2015.1062380 · Cited by 153
“Figure 3 depicts a well-known social psychological phenomenon, the bystander effect (Latané & Darley, 1968, 1970), in a mediation structure that is consistent with the Hyman– Tate criterion.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBullying participant roles and gender as predictors of bystander intervention
Jenkins, L. N., & Nickerson, A. B. (2016) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21688 · Cited by 153
“In this step, bystanders often look to others to guide their interpretation (Latan e & Darley, 1968), although dangerous situations are associated with a lesser bystander effect (Fischer et al., 2011).”
BackgroundBond, C. F., Omar, A., Mahmoud, A., & Bonser, R. N. (1990) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00996226 · Cited by 152
Shame and Embarrassment Revisited
Sabini, J. P., Garvey, B., & Hall, A. L. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201271009 · Cited by 151
“…of some potent emotional state kept people shocking in the Milgram (1974) experiments on obedience, made people very uneasy about telling the truth in the Asch (1956) experiments on conformity, and inhibited people from acting in the Latané and Darley (1968) experiments on acting in an emergency.”
BackgroundFoubert, J. D., Brosi, M. W., & Bannon, R. S. (2011) · Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity The Journal of Treatment and Prevention · doi:10.1080/10720162.2011.625552 · Cited by 151
“Classic studies in the field of social psychology show that intervening as a bystander involves a five-step process (Latane & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundThe reluctance to report bad news on troubled software projects: a theoretical model
Smith, H. J., & Keil, M. (2002) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2575.2003.00139.x · Cited by 149
“Drawing upon the work of Latane & Darley (1968; 1970), Dozier & Miceli (1985) present a model of whistle-blowing, which includes both the assessments that individuals make in deciding whether or not to blow the whistle and the range of alternatives that need to be considered if they decide to take…”
MethodThinking about the Past: Early Knowledge about Links between Prior Experience, Thinking, and Emotion
Lagattuta, K. H., & Wellman, H. M. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00267 · Cited by 149
Stigma by Association in Coupon Redemption: Looking Cheap because of Others
Argo, J., & Main, K. J. (2008) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/591102 · Cited by 148
A stress model for people facing a fire
Proulx, G. (1993) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0272-4944(05)80146-x · Cited by 153
“As well, users do not want to overreact to an incident that is already under control and to lose face in front of others (Latane & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundA study of herding behaviour in exit choice during emergencies based on random utility theory
Lovreglio, R., Fonzone, A., dell’Olio, L., & Borri, D. (2015) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2015.10.015 · Cited by 153
Tong, D., & Canter, D. V. (1985) · Fire Safety Journal · doi:10.1016/0379-7112(85)90036-0 · Cited by 150
An Evacuation Decision Model based on perceived risk, social influence and behavioural uncertainty
Lovreglio, R., Ronchi, E., & Nilsson, D. (2016) · Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory · doi:10.1016/j.simpat.2016.03.006 · Cited by 143
Mindreading and the Cognitive Architecture Underlying Altruistic Motivation
Nichols, S. (2001) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/1468-0017.00178 · Cited by 142
Keeping Mum as the Project Goes Under: Toward an Explanatory Model
Smith, H. J., Keil, M., & Depledge, G. (2001) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2001.11045677 · Cited by 141
A model of the decision-making process during pre-evacuation
Lovreglio, R., Ronchi, E., & Nilsson, D. (2015) · Fire Safety Journal · doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2015.07.001 · Cited by 153
Bystander intervention in computer-mediated communication
Markey, P. M. (2000) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(99)00056-4 · Cited by 137
“Furthermore, previous research has demonstrated that, when a bystander feels obligated to help, assistance is oAered more quickly and the bystander eAect is greatly weakened ( Latane & Darley, 1968b; Valentine, 1980).”
BackgroundUnresponsive or un-noticed?: Cyberbystander intervention in an experimental cyberbullying context
Dillon, K. P., & Bushman, B. J. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.009 · Cited by 136
Tan, B. C. Y., Smith, H. J., Keil, M., & Montealegre, R. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2002.808292 · Cited by 133
Chan, C.-S. R., Parhankangas, A., Sahaym, A., & Oo, P. P. (2019) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.04.002 · Cited by 130
Singer, M. S., Mitchell, S., & Turner, J. (1998) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1023/a:1005765926472 · Cited by 131
Dainty, K. N., Colquitt, B., Bhanji, F., Hunt, E. A., Jefkins, T., Leary, M., Ornato, J. P., Swor, R. A., & Panchal, A. R. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001054 · Cited by 130
Florey, A. T., & Harrison, D. A. (2000) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/1556379 · Cited by 131
Toward an Integrative Model of Affect Regulation: Applications to Social‐Psychological Research
Westen, D. (1994) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00312.x · Cited by 137
A Virtue-Based Framework to Support Putting AI Ethics into Practice
Hagendorff, T. (2022) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-022-00553-z · Cited by 166
Standing Up or Standing By: What Predicts Blowing the Whistle on Organizational Wrongdoing?
Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. (2005) · Research in personnel and human resources management · doi:10.1016/s0742-7301(05)24003-3 · Cited by 125
Employing the Hydraulic Model in Assessing Emergency Movement
Gwynne, S., & Rosenbaum, E. R. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_59 · Cited by 124
Pronin, E., Berger, J. A., & Molouki, S. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.585 · Cited by 131
“And, people conform to social influence from a wide variety of sources, including people they look up to (Newcomb, 1943), peers they do not personally know ( Latane & Darley, 1968 ), relatively abstract reference groups (Cohen, 2003), and social norms they privately reject (Prentice & Miller, 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialSilence is golden? Characteristics and experiences of self-reported whistleblowers
Bjørkelo, B., Einarsen, S. V., Nielsen, M. B., & Matthiesen, S. B. (2010) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320903338884 · Cited by 122
“Minority influence theories focus on how minorities may influence the majority (Latané & Darley, 1968; Miceli, Rehg, Near, & Ryan, 1999; Moscovici, 1976; Wood, Lundgren, Ouellette, Busceme, & Blackstone, 1994).”
“FearNot!”: a computer-based anti-bullying-programme designed to foster peer intervention
Vannini, N., Enz, S., Σαπουνά, Μ., Dieter Wolke, C., Watson, S., Woods, S., Dautenhahn, K., Hall, L. E., Paiva, A., André, E., et al. (2010) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-010-0035-4 · Cited by 121
“Following social psychological research these aspects include, i.e. responsibility diffusion (Latané and Darley 1968).”
BackgroundGender Role Violations and Identity Misclassification: The Roles of Audience and Actor Variables
Bosson, J. K., Cavazos, J. T., & Prewitt-Freilino, J. L. (2006) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9056-5 · Cited by 125
“If so, gender differences in people’s willingness to violate gender role norms might reflect the fact that men and boys are more likely than are women and girls to get misclassified as gay when they exhibit gender astereotypical behaviors, traits, or interests ( Deaux & Lewis, 1984; Kite & Deaux, 1987 ;M artin,1990; M…”
BackgroundInfluentialDisentangling the Impact of Social Groups on Response Times and Movement Dynamics in Evacuations
Bode, N., Holl, S., Mehner, W., & Seyfried, A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121227 · Cited by 114
Gunarathne, P., Rui, H., & Seidmann, A. A. (2018) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2018/14290 · Cited by 121
“The bystander effect refers to the fact that an individual’s likelihood of helping a victim in a critical situation decreases when bystanders are present (Darley and Latané 1968; Latané and Darley 1968, 1970).”
BackgroundSyvertsen, A. K., Flanagan, C. A., & Stout, M. (2009) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013246 · Cited by 115
“For example, research on bystanders in emergency situations has documented the role of diffused responsibility (i.e., low inclination to act because they believe—or hope—others will) and ambiguity about the situation (Latané & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundWitnessing wrongdoing: The effects of observer power on incivility intervention in the workplace
Hershcovis, M. S., Neville, L., Reich, T. C., Christie, A. M., Cortina, L. M., & Shan, J. V. (2017) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.07.006 · Cited by 124
“Although power may fuel observer intervention, the likelihood of perpetrator-directed intervention in the first place is relatively low as demonstrated by the body of research on bystander intervention (Latane & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundSocially responsible behavior as a function of observer responsibility and victim feedback.
Tilker, H. A. (1970) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028773 · Cited by 112
Identity as Burden or Benefit? Youth, Historical Narrative, and the Legacy of Political Conflict
Hammack, P. L. (2010) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000320045 · Cited by 126
“…instinct’ [Freud, 1921/1959, p. 50] gave way to studies that have consistently revealed the diminished capacity for rational decision making [e.g., Janis, 1982], empathy [e.g., Milgram, 1974], altruism [e.g., Latané & Darley, 1968], and even perceptual accuracy [e.g., Asch, 1955] in group settings.”
Background(Why) do I think what you think? Epistemic social tuning and implicit prejudice.
Lun, J., Sinclair, S. A., Whitchurch, E., & Glenn, C. R. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.957 · Cited by 116
“…point to the conclusion that beliefs and judgments are formed in part by relying on the social context, particularly when people are motivated to acquire knowledge because they are uncertain of their own (e.g., Festinger, 1950, 1954; Gross, Holfz, & Miller, 1995; Latané & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundMasculinity inhibits helping in emergencies: Personality does predict the bystander effect.
Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.2.420 · Cited by 110
Social Influence on Evacuation Behavior in Real and Virtual Environments
Kinateder, M. T., & Warren, W. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2016.00043 · Cited by 110
“The present study replicated and extended the social influence effect of the smoke-filled room study by Latané and Darley (1968), in matched real and virtual environments.”
InfluentialThe Bystander Effect: A Lens for Understanding Patterns of Participation
Hudson, J. M., & Bruckman, A. S. (2004) · Journal of the Learning Sciences · doi:10.1207/s15327809jls1302_2 · Cited by 117
“Latane and Darley (1968) suggested that the reason this happens is that each individual attempts to determine the danger present in the situation simultaneously.”
BackgroundInfluentialMainwaring, C., Gabbert, F., & Scott, A. J. (2022) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221079660 · Cited by 109
“…out of wanting to gain an understanding of helping behaviour in emergency and non-emergency situations, and to understand why there seemed to be a reduction in the likelihood of intervention when the number of bystanders increased, known as the ‘bystander effect’ (Latané & Darley, 1968, 1970).”
BackgroundIntrapersonal Correlates of Nonspontaneous Helping Behavior
Benson, P., Dehority, J., Garman, L., Hanson, E., Hochschwender, M., Lebold, C., Rohr, R., & Sullivan, J. (1980) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1980.9924226 · Cited by 109
Group induced shift toward risk: A critical appraisal.
Clark, R. D. (1971) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0031567 · Cited by 109
Luhmann, N. (1975) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-663-12374-3_2 · Cited by 107
Mynatt, C. R., & Sherman, S. J. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.6.1111 · Cited by 112
Body Image Disturbance and The Social Norms Approach: An Integrative Review of the Literature
Bergstrom, R. L., & Neighbors, C. (2006) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.9.975 · Cited by 116
“sic experiment, Latane and Darley (1968) found that when individuals were in the presence of other passive individuals, they were less likely to report the presence of smoke in a room.”
MethodSocial identity, group processes, and helping in emergencies
Levine, M., & Manning, R. (2013) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2014.892318 · Cited by 114
“…such as the presence or absence of others and the group size of bystanders, produced what came to be known as the “bystander effect”—the idea that individuals would be more likely to intervene when alone, than when in the presence of others (e.g., Darley & Latane, 1968; Latane & Darley, 1968).”
Background‘I Wasn't Alone’: Collective Behaviour and Violent Delinquency
McGloin, J. M., & Piquero, A. R. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1375/acri.42.3.336 · Cited by 105
“Darley and Latane (1968; Latane & Darley, 1968), arguably the pioneering researchers in this field, demonstrated that behaviour is often tied to the presence of others, largely because people are able to diffuse responsibility and free themselves of a sense of obligation or blame.7 More recently,…”
BackgroundA child in distress: The influence of age and number of witnesses on children's attempts to help.
Staub, E. (1970) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028752 · Cited by 104
The Social Psychology of Small Groups: Cooperative and Mixed-Motive Interaction
Davis, J. H., Laughlin, P. R., & Komorita, S. S. (1976) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.27.020176.002441 · Cited by 104
Worry spreads: Interpersonal transfer of problem-related anxiety
Parkinson, B., & Simons, G. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.651101 · Cited by 106
“Latané and Darley’s (1968) notion of pluralistic ignorance provides another example of how anxiety-related appraisals may depend on perceptions of other people’s anxiety (or lack of anxiety). The central idea is that people are often reluctant to lose composure in public and may feign calmness even in the face of pote…”
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Falk, A., Neuber, T., & Szech, N. (2020) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdz064 · Cited by 103
The Voice Bystander Effect: How Information Redundancy Inhibits Employee Voice
Hussain, I., Shu, R., Tangirala, S., & Ekkirala, S. (2018) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2017.0245 · Cited by 111
Kuligowski, E. D. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_58 · Cited by 105
Social Appraisal and Social Referencing: Two Components of Affective Social Learning
Clément, F., & Dukes, D. (2017) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073916661634 · Cited by 105
“One classic study that exemplifies social appraisal was conducted by Latane and Darley (1968) long before the term was even coined.”
BackgroundA Social Psychological Process Perspective on Collective Guilt
Branscombe, N. R. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139106931.019 · Cited by 102
Do groups always inhibit individuals' responses to potential emergencies?
Darley, J. M., Teger, A. I., & Lewis, L. D. (1973) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034450 · Cited by 100
Self-citationDhanani, L. Y., & LaPalme, M. L. (2019) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206318816162 · Cited by 115
Current emotion research in social psychology: thinking about emotions and other people.
Parkinson, B., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2015) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073915590624 · Cited by 99
“For ethical as well as practical reasons, experiments where participants interact directly with someone else (e.g., Latané & Darley, 1968; Schachter & Singer, 1962) fell out of favor around the This article discusses contemporary social psychological approaches to (a) the social relations and…”
BackgroundPfarrer, M. D., Smith, K. G., Bartol, K. M., Khanin, D. M., & Zhang, X. (2008) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1070.0323 · Cited by 103
A classmate in distress: schoolchildren as bystanders and their reasons for how they act
Thornberg, R. (2007) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-006-9009-4 · Cited by 115
“Latané, Darley and their colleagues were the first researchers to investigate this empirically (Darley & Latiné, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1968,1970; Latané & Rodin, 1969).”
BackgroundResultFrye, V. A. (2007) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.20209 · Cited by 98
Imagined intergroup contact: A new technique for encouraging greater inter-ethnic contact in Cyprus.
Husnu, S., & Crisp, R. J. (2010) · Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1080/10781910903484776 · Cited by 98
Human behaviour in severe tunnel accidents: Effects of information and behavioural training
Kinateder, M., Pauli, P., Müller, M., Krieger, J., Heimbecher, F., Rönnau, I., Bergerhausen, U., Vollmann, G., Vogt, P., & Mühlberger, A. (2013) · Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2012.09.001 · Cited by 84
Labhardt, D., Holdsworth, E., Brown, S., & Howat, D. (2017) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2017.05.005 · Cited by 97
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“Such recognition is the first step in the process leading to providing help, according to Latanè and Darley (1968).”
BackgroundThe Conceptualization of Team Flow
van den Hout, J. J. J., Davis, O. C., & Weggeman, M. (2018) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2018.1449729 · Cited by 112
““After all, people act, think, and feel qualitatively differently within a group than they do by themselves (cf. Allport, 1954; Asch, 1956; Latane & Darley, 1968; Lewin, 1952; Milgram, 1965; Zimbardo, 1969)” (Walker, 2010, p. 4).”
Subject Competence and Minimization of the Bystander Effect
Cramer, R. E., Mcmaster, M. R., Bartell, P. A., & Dragna, M. (1988) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01198.x · Cited by 95
“The effect of competence derived from information about helping has also been investigated using the familiar bystander paradigm (Darley & Latane, 1968; Latane & Darley, 1968,19701.”
BackgroundBaumeister, R. F., Chesner, S. P., Senders, P. S., & Tice, D. M. (1988) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167288141002 · Cited by 95
Moral imagination: Facilitating prosocial decision-making through scene imagery and theory of mind
Gaesser, B., Keeler, K., & Young, L. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.11.004 · Cited by 98
“There are ample instances of our prosocial failures (Allport, 1954; Cuddy, Rock, & Norton, 2007; Latané & Darley, 1968; Harris & Fiske, 2006; Zaki, 2014), and, in some cases, even enjoyment in others’ suffering (Cikara, Bruneau, & Saxe, 2011; Cikara, Bruneau, Van Bavel, & Saxe, 2014; Singer et al.,…”
History of Social Psychology: Insights, Challenges, and Contributions to Theory and Application
Ross, L. D., Lepper, M. R., & Ward, A. C. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001001 · Cited by 97
“The dramatic effects shown in classic bystander intervention studies by Latané and Darley (1968) and Darley and Batson (1973) are cases in point.”
BackgroundHamby, S. L., Weber, M. C., Grych, J. H., & Banyard, V. (2015) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0039073 · Cited by 93
“Early work in this area focused on identifying conditions under which bystanders choose to help or not, such as the classic “bystander effect” in which bystanders in groups are less likely to help strangers than bystanders who are alone (Latane & Darley, 1968).”
Background'Why didn't somebody tell me?'
Keil, M., Smith, H. J., Pawlowski, S. D., & Jin, L. (2004) · ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/1007965.1007971 · Cited by 91
“One feature of groups is they create an opportunity for diffusion of responsibility (Latane & Darley, 1968).”
BackgroundSo Useful as a Good Theory? The Practicality Crisis in (Social) Psychological Theory
Berkman, E. T., & Wilson, S. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620969650 · Cited by 92
Common knowledge, coordination, and strategic mentalizing in human social life
Freitas, J. D., Thomas, K. A., DeScioli, P., & Pinker, S. A. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1905518116 · Cited by 93
The influence of social groups on goal contagion
Loersch, C., Aarts, H., Payne, B. K., & Jefferis, V. E. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.07.009 · Cited by 89
“…Ohio State University, 1885 Neil Avenue Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA b Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands c Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Received 11…”
BackgroundBellmore, A. D., Ma, T., You, J., & Hughes, M. (2012) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.012 · Cited by 88
“Witnesses may also be passive because they are worried about embarrassing themselves in front of other students if they step in to help, a process termed audience inhibition (Latané & Darley,1968,1970).”
BackgroundInterfaces of social psychology with situated and embodied cognition
Semin, G. R., & Smith, E. R. (2002) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/s1389-0417(02)00049-9 · Cited by 88
“The notion of the "power of the situation" captures, for example, our field's findings that social behaviors such as helping (Latane & Darley, 1968) and harming others (Milgram, 1974) are not driven by the individual's internal dispositions and desires so much as by detailed aspects of the social…”
The Willingness to Intervene: Differing Community Characteristics
Hackler, J. C., Ho, K.-Y., & Urquhart-Ross, C. (1974) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.1974.21.3.03a00030 · Cited by 87
A systematic literature review of factors that moderate bystanders’ actions in cyberbullying
Domínguez-Hernández, F., García, L. B., & González, A. M. (2018) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2018-4-1 · Cited by 87
“, 2011; Macháčková et al., 2013). For Jones et al. (2011), and Huang and Chou (2010), the fact of not knowing the victim, or having only a low degree of identification with them (meaning the relationship between bystander and victim is non-existent or insignificant), makes it less likely for bystanders to intervene on…”
BackgroundSocial Referencing: Defining and Delineating a Basic Process of Emotion
Walle, E. A., Reschke, P. J., & Knothe, J. M. (2017) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073916669594 · Cited by 90
‘I could help, but . . .’: A dynamic sensemaking model of workplace bullying bystanders
Ng, K., Niven, K. R., & Hoel, H. (2019) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726719884617 · Cited by 96
Investigating ownership and the willingness to share information online
Raban, D. R., & Rafaeli, S. (2006) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2006.03.013 · Cited by 85
“In addition, knowing they are part of a group of equally-knowledgeable peers, perceived to own the same information, people may exhibit a diffusion of responsibility and refrain from sharing (Latane and Darley, 1968; Latane and Rodin, 1969).”
Wong, R. Y. M., Cheung, C. M. K., Xiao, B. S., & Thatcher, J. B. (2021) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2020.0983 · Cited by 101
Computational Modeling of Human and Social Behaviors for Emergency Egress Analysis
Pan, X., Law, K. H., Miranda, E., & Han, C. S. (2006) · Cited by 84
Bystander’s Willingness to Report Theft, Physical Assault, and Sexual Assault
Nicksa, S. C. (2013) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260513505146 · Cited by 85
Attribution of intentional agency towards robots reduces one’s own sense of agency
Ciardo, F., Beyer, F., Tommaso, D. D., & Wykowska, A. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104109 · Cited by 82
Information sharing online: a research challenge
Rafaeli, S., & Raban, D. R. (2005) · International Journal of Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1504/ijkl.2005.006251 · Cited by 81
“In addition, knowing they are part of a group of equally knowledgeable peers, people may exhibit a diffusion of responsibility and refrain from sharing ( Latane and Darley, 1968; Latane and Rodin, 1969).”
Meter, D. J., & Card, N. A. (2015) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2015.08.001 · Cited by 81
Poverty and the Development of Psychopathology
Wadsworth, M. E., Evans, G. W., Grant, K. E., Carter, J. S., & Duffy, S. N. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy404 · Cited by 83
Meagher, B. R. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868319845938 · Cited by 100
“Classic work on the topic of prosociality by Latane and Darley (1968) predicts that helping is most likely to occur when bystanders notice an emergency and feel responsibility to act.”
BackgroundBatson, C. D. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073911402380 · Cited by 90
“…approach the problem from a social-influence perspective are likely to blame situational pressures—orders from a higher authority (Milgram, 1974), pluralistic ignorance (Latané & Darley, 1968), diffusion of responsibility (Darley & Latané, 1968), organizational norms (Darley, 1992), and the like.”
BackgroundAndrogyny and helping behavior.
Senneker, P., & Hendrick, C. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.45.4.916 · Cited by 79
Do not say a word! Conceptualizing employee silence in a long-term crisis context
Prouska, R., & Psychogios, A. G. (2016) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2016.1212913 · Cited by 89
Metadata
- Authors
- Latane, B., & Darley, J. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1968
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 215-221
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2029511299
- Cited by
- 1,252
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 42.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics
- Keywords
- bystander effect, emergency response, helping behavior, group size, diffusion of responsibility
- MeSH terms
- Emergencies, Fires, Group Processes
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