Me, my selfie, and I: The relations between selfie behaviors, body image, self-objectification, and self-esteem in young women.
Open accessAbstract
Due to the enormous popularity of social networking sites (SNSs), online and offline social lives seem inextricably linked, which raises concerns for how SNS use relates to psychological health. Similarly, the omnipresence of selfies on SNSs-a form of appearance-related exposure-raises concerns regarding psychological health. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between body image, self-objectification, self-esteem, and various selfie behaviors among young women (N = 179). We hypothesized that a worsened body image (i.e., higher body dissatisfaction or lower body appreciation), higher levels of self-objectification, and lower self-esteem would precede greater engagement in selfie behaviors. Structural equation modeling showed that body appreciation is associated with greater engagement in selfie selection and deliberate posting, and that self-objectification is related to greater engagement in all selfie behaviors assessed. In support of our proposed model, a reversed model was also tested that showed poorer results. These findings suggest that body image may serve not only as an outcome of SNS use but also as a motive preceding selfie behaviors.
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“Selfie behaviors have been found to relate to positive self-evaluations (e.g., Wang, Wang, et al., 2020), negative self-evaluations (e.g., Fox et al., 2021), or not at all (e.g., Veldhuis et al., 2020).”
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Masur, P. K., Veldhuis, J., & de Vaate, N. A. J. D. B. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003171270-12 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationRousseau, A. (2023) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2023.2222460 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Similar to prior research conducted among young women (Veldhuis et al., 2020), the scale showed good internal consistency ( α = .82).”
ResultConboy, L., & Mingoia, J. (2023) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-023-00334-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Concerningly, due to the availability of SNS, users are subject to appearance pressures at all hours (Veldhuis et al., 2020).”
Yang, D., Wu, T.-Y., Atkin, D. J., Ríos, D. I., & Liu, Y. (2021) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2021.101714 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Power, Self-Esteem, and Body Image
Körner, R., & Schütz, A. (2023) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000510 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Towards a theoretical understanding of the selfie: A descriptive review
Faimau, G. (2020) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12840 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Stieger, S., Graf, H. M., Riegler, S. P., Biebl, S., & Swami, V. (2022) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.09.009 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Schettino, G., Capasso, M., & Caso, D. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107586 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Fit for Whom? Gendered Impacts of the Fit Ideal on Body Image and Behavior
Louw, R., Donovan, C. L., Uhlmann, L., Ganson, K. T., & Piatkowski, T. M. (2025) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-025-01622-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Second, educators and fitness pro - fessionals can normalize diverse body shapes by embedding critical discussions of “fitspiration” imagery and modelling functionality-focused exercise goals (Veldhuis et al., 2020).”
Mancin, P., Ghisi, M., Spoto, A., & Cerea, S. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101764 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wang, H., Alivi, M. A., & Mustafa, S. E. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101895 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bustinzar, A. R. P., Valdez, M., Moreno, L. R., Vázquez, C. C. R., & Meléndez, J. A. B. (2023) · Psychology Society & Education · doi:10.21071/pse.v15i2.15608 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Sun, Y., & Wang, N. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108231 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
He, Y. (2022) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2022.2027298 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lyu, Z., Zheng, P., & Kou, D. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231162006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Individuals who have high level of body surveillance are more likely to take sel fi es (Veldhuis et al., 2020), and lower levels of self-esteem can further enhance the predicting effect of body surveillance on sel fi e behavior.”
InfluentialHollett, R. C., & Challis, M. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.004 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Prevalence and Determinants of Plastic Surgery Among Adults in Saudi Arabia
Arkoubi, A. Y., Aldaghri, F. A., Daghstani, W. A., Hafiz, T. A., Alanazi, G. B., Almughira, A. I., Alshehri, S., Alshammari, M. K., & AlQahtani, R. F. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.52036 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Batool, F., & Qurat-ul-ain, A. (2023) · Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology · doi:10.52053/jpap.v4i4.212 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“It was revealed that self-efficacy turned out to be a partial mediator between the study variables (Veldhuis et al., 2020).”
BackgroundEugeni, R. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05064-0_17 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Relationship between Body Image and Usage of TikTok Beauty Filters
Xu, Y., Conroy, H., Reynolds, A., Bathini, G., & Lee, M. F. (2023) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2023.145035 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Effects of Social Media Usage: The Well-Being and Flourishing of Housewives
Malaysia, U. U., Hamid, N. A., Rashid, S. M., Malaysia, U. U., Ishak, M. S., Malaysia, U. K., & Wulan, R. R. (2022) · Jurnal Komunikasi Malaysian Journal of Communication · doi:10.17576/jkmjc-2022-3801-16 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Social media selfies for instance, were utilised for narcissistic motive, sharing and practical use (Koterba, Ponti, & Ligman, 2021) while Veldhuis et al. (2020) revealed that young women’s selfie behaviour on numerous social networking sites has significantly affected their selfobjectification,…”
MethodSelfie-editing among young Chinese women may have little to do with self-objectification
Hao, H. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04616-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Besides, Veldhuis et al. (2020) found that self-esteem is not related to selfie-editing; therefore, omitting self-esteem should not impact our conclusions.”
InfluentialTie, B., Yang, X., & Qiu, J. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101677 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
She is seeking attention: Women's self-objectification and hostility toward peer selfies
Cheng, L., Wang, X., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108214 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Söyünmez, S., Efe, Y. S., Kudubeş, A. A., & Caner, N. (2024) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2024.06.024 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“It is also stated that self-objectification and social media use mutually affect and reinforce each other (Strelan & Hargreaves, 2005; Veldhuis et al., 2020).”
Associations between TikTok facial filter use and body image variables
Caravelli, N. S., Henriksen, H. A., & Blashill, A. J. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101877 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Coco, G. L., & Rodgers, R. F. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100623 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Prior research has shown how viewing, posting, and editing self-images may be linked to appearance concerns, negative affect and low self-esteem among adolescents and young people, especially among girls (de Lenne et al., 2020; Vandenbosch et al., 2022; Veldhuis et al., 2020).”
Changing to Impress: Testing a Mediation Model from Instagram Self-presentation to Cosmetic Surgery
Galeotti, T., Marino, C., Canale, N., Scacchi, L., & Vieno, A. (2023) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00266-023-03501-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Góngora, V. C. (2023) · Psychology Society & Education · doi:10.21071/pse.v15i2.15798 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Por ejemplo, los usuarios pueden elegir selectivamente unirse a un grupo, compartir materiales, publicar sus propias producciones y publicar actualizaciones de estado, vídeos, imágenes o tuits (Veldhuis et al., 2020).”
BackgroundActive and passive social media use: Relationships with body image in physically active men
Bell, C., Cocks, A. J., Hills, L., & Kerner, C. (2024) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448241272201 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“While several factors affect men’s drive for muscularity, and body image more generally, the dominant model of influence is the socio-cultural model (Veldhuis et al., 2020).”
Heshmati, R., Azmoodeh, S., Kheiriabad, M., Ghasemi, A., & Lo, C. (2023) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol30050389 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gioia, F., McLean, S. A., Rega, V., & Boursier, V. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04946-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Consequently, self-objectifi-cation not only represents a SNSs use outcome, but it could also predict individuals’ engagement in SNSs use (Veldhuis et al., 2020 ), not without negative effects.”
Hollett, R. C., Bhusal, M., Gilani, S. Z., Harms, C. A., & Griffiths, S. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101778 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Campagna, J., Purakayastha, A., Berry, R., & Rodgers, R. F. (2024) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101852 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
In a relationship, who tends to sext first?
Currin, J. M., Evans, A. E., & Garos, S. (2020) · Sexual & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/14681994.2020.1845312 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“With this occurrence, research began exploring self-objectification and social media-related behaviours, such as taking pictures before posting and photo editing, finding that self-objectification is a predictor of taking “ selfie ” photographs (Lamp et al., 2019; Veldhuis et al., 2018).”
BackgroundYan, D., & Li, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1594396 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Some literature suggested that selfie addiction and photo retouching addiction had a certain correlation (19, 34–36 ), but there Five dimensions of PRAS “emotional need, withdrawal tolerance, narcissistic behavior, compulsive behavior, and environmental promotion” are corresponding to five…”
Shen, X., Zheng, P., & Lyu, Z. (2025) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2025.2453711 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Previous research has shown a positive correlation between body dissatisfaction and body shame in both Western and Chinese contexts (Jackson et al., 2016; Jackson & Chen, 2015a; Veldhuis et al., 2020).”
Lathifa, A., Syukur, Y., Asnah, M. B., & Nurfarhanah, N. (2023) · KONSELI Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling (E-Journal) · doi:10.24042/kons.v10i1.16039 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Confidence is an important thing that needs to be improved to shape individual personalities so that it can direct them to determine how to act and behave (Hakim, 2005; McAdams et al., 2021; Veldhuis et al., 2020).”
BackgroundDörtyol, İ. T., Nalbant, M., & GÜVEN, A. (2026) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.70179 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zimmer-Gembeck, M., Scott, R. A., & Hawes, T. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108319 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Davis, P. E., Bridger, A. J., & Budds, K. (2025) · International Breastfeeding Journal · doi:10.1186/s13006-025-00701-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Mirucka, B., & Kisielewska, M. (2021) · Roczniki Psychologiczne · doi:10.18290/rpsych2112 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jin, S. A., & Ryu, E. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12100396 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Media Use, Body Image, and Disordered Eating Patterns
Veldhuis, J. (2020) · The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781119011071.iemp0103 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationMaes, C., Fardouly, J., & Vandenbosch, L. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101938 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ahn, H., & Haley, E. (2024) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.2024.2413599 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“However, a closer look at the relevant literature reveals that taking selfies does not always increase self-esteem (e.g., Mihailescu 2020; Veldhuis et al. 2020).”
Self-esteem at the intersection of sex, SES, and immigrant origin
Barzoki, M., Kiviruusu, O., & Skogberg, N. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07476-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…higher in multicultural is necessary, especially given modern communication technologies and the highly prevalent use of social media inten-sifying the constant appearance-based comparisons and, to feel increasingly body shame and insecurity (Manago et al., 2015; Veldhuis et al., 2020).”
An Analysis of Aesthetic Concerns Identified by Video Conferencing
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The Dilemma of Body Worship: Ethical Concerns in Social Media Advertising
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“It facilitates the construction and transformation of a digital self-image for external evaluation, leading to feelings of self-worth (Veldhuis et al., 2020).”
Benzel, S., Busch, K., & King, V. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-24801-7_46-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kranz, D. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08211-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Veldhuis, J., Alleva, J. M., Bij de Vaate, A. J. D. (., Keijer, M., & Konijn, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Veldhuis, Jolanda
- Venue
- Psychology of Popular Media
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-13
- ISSN
- 2689-6567 (ISSN-L)
- 2689-6575
- OpenAlex
- W2888671135
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 14.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Psychology of Popular Media (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- selfies, body image, self-objectification, self-esteem, body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, young women, social networking sites
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