The Facebook Paths to Happiness: Effects of the Number of Facebook Friends and Self-Presentation on Subjective Well-Being
Abstract
The current study investigates whether and how Facebook increases college-age users' subjective well-being by focusing on the number of Facebook friends and self-presentation strategies (positive vs. honest). A structural equation modeling analysis of cross-sectional survey data of college student Facebook users (N=391) revealed that the number of Facebook friends had a positive association with subjective well-being, but this association was not mediated by perceived social support. Additionally, we found that there was a negative curvilinear (inverted U-shape curve) relationship between Facebook friends and perceived social support. As for self-presentation strategies, whereas positive self-presentation had a direct effect on subjective well-being, honest self-presentation had a significant indirect effect on subjective well-being through perceived social support. Our study suggests that the number of Facebook friends and positive self-presentation may enhance users' subjective well-being, but this portion of happiness may not be grounded in perceived social support. On the other hand, honest self-presentation may enhance happiness rooted in social support provided by Facebook friends. Implications of our findings are discussed in light of affirmation of self-worth, time and effort required for building and maintaining friendships, and the important role played by self-disclosure in signaling one's need for social support.
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When used to judicious social ends, smartphone and social media use can yield many positive outcomes, from increased subjective well-being to better romantic relationships.
“When used to judicious social ends, smartphone and social media use can yield many positive outcomes, from increased subjective well-being (Kim and Lee, 2011) to better romantic relationships (Steers et al., 2014)”
From Hypernatural Monitoring: A Social Rehearsal Account of Smartphone Addiction (2018) · cites this paper as Kim and Lee, 2011
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“…the amount and type of information posted (e.g. emphasising positive qualities) enables the user to create and enhance a particular image (Chen & Marcus, 2012; Kim & Lee, 2011; Schlenker & Pontari, 2000; Utz, 2010; Zhang, 2010), which may encourage the trust or cooperation of other users.”
BackgroundCyberbullying in social networking sites: An adolescent victim’s perspective
Dredge, R., Gleeson, J., & de la Piedad Garcia, X. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.026 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Furthermore, Marcum (2008) and Kim and Lee (2011) relied on selfreport data from participants about their online and SNS activities.”
BackgroundInfluentialLee, J.-E. R., Moore, D. C., Park, E.-A., & Park, S. G. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.01.006 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Others also suggest that having too many Facebook friends could be detrimental to one’s subjective well-being (Kim & Lee, 2011).”
Self-citationRobertson, B. W., & Kee, K. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.080 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“In fact, Kim and Lee (2011) state that individuals report greater levels of happiness from the number of Facebook friends they have.”
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“SNSs have been identified as a means to handle loneliness and depression, to increase self-esteem and social support, and to increase general well-being [28,44,51,15].”
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A meta-analysis of social network site use and social support
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A Maslow's hierarchy of needs analysis of social networking services continuance
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“connecting friends, self-expression, searching emotional support, and seeking pleasure) can lead to subjective happiness and make users more immersed in the use of SNSs (Kim and Lee, 2011).”
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“Outcomes included psychological well-being, 32,33 health self-efficacy, 34 life satisfaction, 35 and physical illness and depression.”
Social Network Sites, Individual Social Capital and Happiness
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Self-reflection and interpersonal connection: Making the most of self-presentation on social media.
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The Digital Self: How Social Media Serves as a Setting that Shapes Youth’s Emotional Experiences
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Glancing up or down: Mood management and selective social comparisons on social networking sites
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“…studies examining needs possibly facilitated by social comparison, such as self-esteem or affect maintenance, are limited (Zywica & Danowski, 2008), although surveys show positive relationships between SNS use and self-esteem (Kim & Lee, 2011; Mehdizadeh, 2010; Valkenburg, Peter, & Schouten, 2006).”
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“Previous findings also suggested that people tend to portray a desirable self-image to impress their peers (Kim and Lee, 2011; Nadkarni and Hofmann, 2012; Peluchette and Karl, 2009).”
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Self-Esteem, Social Comparison, and Facebook Use
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Disclosures about important life events on Facebook: Relationships with stress and quality of life
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Hypernatural Monitoring: A Social Rehearsal Account of Smartphone Addiction
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“When used to judicious social ends, smartphone and social media use can yield many positive outcomes, from increased subjective well-being (Kim and Lee, 2011) to better romantic relationships (Steers et al., 2014).”
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Examining the Impact of Technology Overload at the Workplace: A Systematic Review
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“SNS addiction negatively impacts the psychological well-being of employees (Choi & Lim, 2016; Kim & Lee, 2011).”
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See you, see me: teenagers’ self-disclosure and regret of posting on social network site.
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- Authors
- Kim, J., & Lee, J.-E. R.
- Affiliations
- School of Communication Studies, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.
- Hope College (US)
- Venue
- Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 359-364
- ISSN
- 2152-2715 (ISSN-L)
- 2152-2723
- OpenAlex
- W2172114557
- Cited by
- 930
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 58.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Hope College Digital Commons (Hope College) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Media and Digital Communication
- Keywords
- Facebook, subjective well-being, happiness, self-presentation, positive self-presentation, perceived social support, university students, social media use, self-disclosure, self-worth
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Happiness, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Personal Satisfaction, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Social Perception, Social Support, Universities, Internet, Friends
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