They see us as less than human: Metadehumanization predicts intergroup conflict via reciprocal dehumanization.
Open accessAbstract
Although the act of dehumanizing an outgroup is a pervasive and potent intergroup process that drives discrimination and conflict, no formal research has examined the consequences of being dehumanized by an outgroup-that is, "metadehumanization." Across 10 studies (N = 3,440) involving several real-world conflicts spanning 3 continents, we provide the first empirical evidence that metadehumanization (a) plays a central role in outgroup aggression that is (b) mediated by outgroup dehumanization, and (c) distinct from metaprejudice. Studies 1a and 1b demonstrate experimentally that Americans who learn that Arabs (Study 1a) or Muslims (Study 1b) blatantly dehumanize Americans are more likely to dehumanize that outgroup in return; by contrast, experimentally increasing outgroup dehumanization did not increase metadehumanization (Study 1c). Using correlational data, Study 2 documents indirect effects of metadehumanization on Americans' support for aggressive policies toward Arabs (e.g., torture) via Arab dehumanization. In the context of Hungarians and ethnic minority Roma, Study 3 shows that the pathway for Hungarians from metadehumanization to aggression through outgroup dehumanization holds controlling for outgroup prejudice. Study 4 examines Israelis' metaperceptions with respect to Palestinians, showing that: (a) feeling dehumanized (i.e., metadehumanization) is distinct from feeling disliked (i.e., metaprejudice), and (b) metadehumanization uniquely influences aggression through outgroup dehumanization, controlling for metaprejudice. Studies 5a and 5b explore Americans' metaperceptions regarding ISIS and Iran. We document a dehumanization-specific pathway from metadehumanization to aggressive attitudes and behavior that is distinct from the path from metaprejudice through prejudice to aggression. In Study 6, American participants learning that Muslims humanize Americans (i.e., metahumanization) humanize Muslims in turn. Finally, Study 7 experimentally contrasts metadehumanization and metahumanization primes, and shows that resulting differences in outgroup dehumanization are mediated by (a) perceived identity threat, and (b) a general desire to reciprocate the outgroup's perceptions of the ingroup. In summary, our research outlines how and why metadehumanization contributes to cycles of ongoing violence and animosity, providing direction for future research and policy. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Self-citationEvidence for blatant dehumanization of mental illness and its relation to stigma
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The longstanding view of workers as objects: antecedents and consequences of working objectification
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The prime psychological suspects of toxic political polarization
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Self-citationReceptiveness to Opposing Views: Conceptualization and Integrative Review
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Using Social and Behavioural Science to Support COVID-19 Pandemic ResponsePreprint
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The Nature of Islamophobia: A Test of a Tripartite View in Five Countries
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Beyond dislike: Blatant dehumanization predicts teacher discrimination
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Self-citationA multilevel social neuroscience perspective on radicalization and terrorism
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Social identification with animals: Unpacking our psychological connection with other animals.
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Facing humanness: facial width-to-height ratio predicts ascriptions of humanity.
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“They just don't understand us”: The role of felt understanding in intergroup relations.
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Reducing Explicit Blatant Dehumanization by Correcting Exaggerated Meta-Perceptions
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Self-citationOnlife Extremism: Dynamic Integration of Digital and Physical Spaces in Radicalization
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Meta‐humanization enhances positive reactions to prosocial cross‐group interaction
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Meta-humanization reduces prejudice, even under high intergroup threat.
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Change, Challenge, and Prospects for a Diversity Paradigm in Social Psychology
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Discounting Humanity: When Consumers are Price Conscious, Employees Appear Less Human
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Visual (de)humanization: construction of Otherness in newspaper photographs of the refugee crisis
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Bystanders’ reactions to intimate partner violence: an experimental approach
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Intervention Tournaments: An Overview of Concept, Design, and Implementation
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Understanding dehumanization: The role of agency and communion
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Hated but still human: Metadehumanization leads to greater hostility than metaprejudice
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The Politics of Racist Dehumanization in the United States
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Youth Extremism as a Response to Global Threats?
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Self-citationReducing Political Dehumanization by Pairing Facts With Personal Experiences
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Self-citationAre they for us or against us? How intergroup metaperceptions shape foreign policy attitudes
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The Illusion of Political Tolerance: Social Desirability and Self-Reported Voting Preferences
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What they think of us: Meta‐beliefs and solidarity‐based collective action among the advantaged
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Exposure to a media intervention helps promote support for peace in Colombia
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A collective blame hypocrisy intervention enduringly reduces hostility towards Muslims
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Self-citationMetadehumanization erodes democratic norms during the 2020 presidential election
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Pairing People with Products: Anthropomorphizing the Object, Dehumanizing the Person
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Intergroup preference, not dehumanization, explains social biases in emotion attribution
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Hiding in plain sight: Dehumanization as a foundation of white racial prejudice
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Advancing research and practice of psychological intergroup interventions
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“You Little Creep”: Evidence of Blatant Dehumanization of Short Groups
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Self-citationMindsets and mirrors: How growth mindsets shape anthropomorphism in AI‐enabled technologies
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Illusory interparty disagreement: Partisans agree on what hate speech to censor but do not know it
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Dehumanization: Beyond the Intergroup to the Interpersonal
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- Authors
- Kteily, N., Hodson, G., & Bruneau, E.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Brock University (CA)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 343-370
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2296577595
- Cited by
- 376
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 64.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- repository.upenn.edu
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Keywords
- intergroup aggression, intergroup conflict, outgroup prejudice, Arab-Muslim relations, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Roma, ISIS, Iran
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aggression, Female, Group Processes, Romani People, Humans, Hungary, Islam, Israel, Male, Middle Aged, Prejudice, United States, Arabs, Dehumanization
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