Modeling perceptual confidence and the confidence forced-choice paradigm.
Open accessAbstract
Perceptual confidence is an evaluation of the validity of our perceptual decisions. We present here a complete generative model that describes how confidence judgments result from some confidence evidence. The model that generates confidence evidence has two main parameters, confidence noise and confidence boost. Confidence noise reduces the sensitivity to the confidence evidence, and confidence boost accounts for information used for confidence judgment which was not used for the perceptual decision. The opposite effect of these two parameters creates a problem of confidence parameters indeterminacy, where the confidence in a perceptual decision is the same in spite of differences in confidence noise and confidence boost. When confidence is estimated for multiple stimulus strengths, both of these parameters can be recovered, thus allowing us to estimate whether confidence is generated using the same primary information that was used for the perceptual decision or some secondary information. We also describe a novel measure of confidence efficiency relative to the ideal confidence observer, as well as the estimate of one type of confidence bias. Finally, we apply the model to the confidence forced-choice paradigm, a paradigm that provides objective estimates of confidence, and we discuss how each parameter of the model can be recovered using this paradigm. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Domenici, N., & Mamassian, P. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.674507
Self-citationFahrenfort, J. J., & Sánchez-Fuenzalida, N. (2025) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/h3uj5
Long-term perceptual priors drive confidence bias that favors prior-congruent evidence
Constant, M., Filevich, E., & Mamassian, P. (2025) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013826 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Metacognition in Occupational Pursuits : Evidence from Laboratory Experiments
Cavalan, Q. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7fb86a89zd36fz4d73zae75zb74f435a571f
Confidence judgments, feelings of knowing and judgments of learning: Towards a common framework
Koriat, A. (2026) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-026-01874-6
dynConfiR: An R package for sequential sampling models of decision confidence
Hellmann, S., Zehetleitner, M., & Rausch, M. (2026) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-026-03013-0
Metacognition and post-decisional processing in clinical decision-making
Katyal, S., & Fleming, S. M. (2026) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2026.104369
Perceptual learning without feedback is accompanied with systematic changes in confidence processing
Hosseinizaveh, N., & Mamassian, P. (2026) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niag035
Self-citationDoes Confidence Indicate Face‐Identity Matching Accuracy for Same‐Race and Other‐Race Faces?
Jeckeln, G., & O’Toole, A. J. (2026) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.70289
- Authors
- Mamassian, P., & de Gardelle, V.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 2022-10
- Volume
- 129
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 976-998
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W3185787855
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 5.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Sponsor name not included (ANR-10-BLAN-1910; ANR-18-CE28-0015; ANR-17-EURE-0017)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- perceptual confidence, confidence judgments, confidence bias, perceptual decision making
- MeSH terms
- Decision Making, Humans, Judgment, Bias
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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