Self-Evaluation of Decision-Making: A General Bayesian Framework for Metacognitive Computation
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A confidence computation may leverage information provided by one's own actions when inferring whether a decision is likely to be correct.
“Fleming & Daw (2017) proposed that a confidence computation may leverage information provided by one's own actions when inferring whether a decision is likely to be correct.”
From Metacognition and Confidence: A Review and Synthesis (2024) · cites this paper as Fleming & Daw 2017
If there are additional sources of decisional or metacognitive noise, or if additional information arrives after committing to a decision, then propositional confidence should also be affected by these factors.
“However, if there are additional sources of decisional or metacognitive noise, or if additional information arrives after committing to a decision, then propositional confidence should also be affected by these factors (Fleming & Daw 2017).”
From Metacognition and Confidence: A Review and Synthesis (2024) · cites this paper as Fleming & Daw 2017
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Common computations for metacognition and meta-metacognition
Zheng, Y., Recht, S., & Rahnev, D. (2023) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niad023 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Winter, C. J., & Peters, M. A. K. (2022) · Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-021-02358-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
AI Assistance Reduces Persistence and Hurts Independent Performance
Liu, G., Christian, B., Dumbalska, T., Bakker, M. A., & Dubey, R. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.04721 · Cited by 3
“Without opportunities to work independently, people never learn what they are capable of, undermining the metacognitive calibration that sustains persistence (Yeung & Summerfield, 2012; Fleming & Daw, 2017; Dubey et al., 2021; Elizondo et al., 2024).”
Jho, H., Park, C., & Ahn, D. (2026) · Educational Philosophy and Theory · doi:10.1080/00131857.2026.2654678 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Traditional metacognition involves monitoring and control of one’s own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979; Fleming & Lau, 2014), with computational models specifying how confidence judgements inform decision-making and learning (Fleming & Daw, 2017).”
- Authors
- Fleming, S. M., & Daw, N. D.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 2017-01
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 91-114
- ISSN
- 1939-1471
- 0033-295X
- PMC
- PMC5178868
- Cited by
- 489
- References
- 34
- Language
- en
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (WT096185)
- MacDonnell Foundation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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