The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the human brain
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is rapidly developing as a powerful, non-invasive tool for studying the human brain. A pulsed magnetic field creates current flow in the brain and can temporarily excite or inhibit specific areas. TMS of motor cortex can produce a muscle twitch or block movement; TMS of occipital cortex can produce visual phosphenes or scotomas. TMS can also alter the functioning of the brain beyond the time of stimulation, offering potential for therapy.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation
Chen, R., Classen, J., Gerloff, C., Celnik, P., Wassermann, E. M., Hallett, M., & Cohen, L. G. (1997) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.48.5.1398 · Cited by 2,128 · cited 1×
“, whereas slow rTMS, at 1 Hz, will transiently depress excitabilit”
BackgroundSelf-citationActivation of the primary visual cortex by Braille reading in blind subjects
Sadato, N., Pascual-Leone, A., Grafman, J., Ibañez, V., Deiber, M.-P., Dold, G., & Hallett, M. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/380526a0 · Cited by 1,253
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 39
- Merton, P. A. & Morton, H. B. Stimulation of the cerebral cortex in the intact human subject. Nature 285, 227 (1980). · DOI
- Barker, A. T., Jalinous, R. & Freeston, I. L. Noninvasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet 2, 1106–1107 (1985). · DOI
- Amassian, V. E. et al. Suppression of visual perception by magnetic coil stimulation of human occipital cortex. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 74, 458–462 ( 1989). · DOI
- Corthout, E., Uttl, B., Ziemann, U., Cowey, A. & Hallett, M. Two periods of processing in the (circum)striate visual cortex as revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychologia 37, 137–145 ( 1999). · DOI
- Beckers, G. & Zeki, S. The consequences of inactivating areas V1 and V5 on visual motion perception. Brain 118, 49–60 (1995). · DOI
- Day, B. L. et al. Delay in the execution of voluntary movement by electrical or magnetic brain stimulation in intact man. Brain 112 , 649–663 (1989). · DOI
- Gerloff, C., Corwell, B., Chen, R., Hallett, M. & Cohen, L. G. Stimulation over the human supplementary motor area interferes with the organization of future elements in complex motor sequences. Brain 120, 1587–1602 (1997). · DOI
- Pascual-Leone, A., Gates, J. R. & Dhuna, A. Induction of speech arrest and counting errors with rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology 41, 697–702 (1991). · DOI
- Epstein, C. M. et al. Optimum stimulus parameters for lateralized suppression of speech with magnetic brain stimulation. Neurology 47 , 1590–1593 (1996). · DOI
- Hallett, M., Chen, R., Ziemann, U. & Cohen, L. G. in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology Supplement 51 (eds Paulus, W., Hallett, M., Rossini, P. M. & Rothwell, J. C.) 183–187 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1999).
- Ziemann, U., Rothwell, J. C. & Ridding, M. C. Interaction between intracortical inhibition and facilitation in human motor cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 496, 873–881 (1996). · DOI
- Hallett, M. et al. in Spasticity: Mechanisms and Management (eds Thilmann, A. F., Burke, D. J. & Rymer, W. Z.) 67–81 (Springer, Berlin, 1993). · DOI
- Kew, J. J. et al. Reorganization of cortical blood flow and transcranial magnetic stimulation maps in human subjects after upper limb amputation. J. Neurophysiol. 72, 2517–2524 (1994). · DOI
- Sanes, J. N., Suner, S. & Donoghue, J. P. Dynamic organization of primary motor cortex output to target muscles in adult rats. I. Long-term patterns of reorganization following motor or mixed peripheral nerve lesions. Exp. Brain Res. 79, 479–491 (1990). · DOI
- Mano, Y. et al. Central motor reorganization after anastomosis of the musculocutaneous and intercostal nerves in patients with traumatic cervical root avulsion. Ann. Neurol. 38, 15–20 (1995). · DOI
- Rijntjes, M. et al. Cortical reorganization in patients with facial palsy. Ann. Neurol. 41, 621–630 (1997). · DOI
- Pascual-Leone, A. et al. Modulation of motor cortical outputs to the reading hand of Braille readers. Ann. Neurol. 34, 33– 37 (1993). · DOI
- Liepert, J., Tegenthoff, M. & Malin, J. P. Changes of cortical motor area size during immobilization. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 97, 382–386 (1995). · DOI
- Pascual-Leone, A., Wassermann, E. M., Sadato, N. & Hallett, M. The role of reading activity on the modulation of motor cortical outputs to the reading hand in Braille readers. Ann. Neurol. 38 , 910–915 (1995). · DOI
- Pascual-Leone, A. et al. Modulation of muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation during the acquisition of new fine motor skills. J. Neurophysiol. 74, 1037–1045 (1995). · DOI
- Cohen, L. G. et al. Functional relevance of cross-modal plasticity in blind humans. Nature 389, 180–183 (1997). · DOI · Paper page
- Zangaladze, A., Epstein, C. M., Grafton, S. T. & Sathian, K. Involvement of visual cortex in tactile discrimination of orientation. Nature 401, 587–590 ( 1999). · DOI · Paper page
- Reutens, D. C., Berkovic, S. F., Macdonell, R. A. & Bladin, P. F. Magnetic stimulation of the brain in generalized epilepsy: reversal of cortical hyperexcitability by anticonvulsants. Ann. Neurol. 34, 351–355 (1993). · DOI
- Valzania, F. et al. Facilitation of rhythmic events in progressive myoclonus epilepsy: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Clin. Neurophysiol. 110, 152–157 ( 1999). · DOI
- Ziemann, U., Lönnecker, S., Steinhoff, B. J. & Paulus, W. Effects of antiepileptic drugs on motor cortex excitability in man. A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Ann. Neurol. 40, 367–378 (1996). · DOI
- Hallett, M. The neurophysiology of dystonia. Arch. Neurol. 55, 601–603 (1998). · DOI
- Ridding, M. C., Sheean, G., Rothwell, J. C., Inzelberg, R. & Kujirai, T. Changes in the balance between motor cortical excitation and inhibition in focal, task specific dystonia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 59, 493– 498 (1995). · DOI
- Pascual-Leone, A., Valls-Solé, J., Wassermann, E. M. & Hallett, M. Responses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Brain 117, 847– 858 (1994). · DOI
- Pascual-Leone, A. et al. Akinesia in Parkinson's Disease. II. Effects of subthreshold repetitive transcranial motor cortex stimulation. Neurology 44, 892–898 (1994). · DOI
- Ghabra, M. B., Hallett, M. & Wassermann, E. M. Simultaneous repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation does not speed fine movement in PD. Neurology 52, 768–770 (1999). · DOI
- Siebner, H. R., Mentschel, C., Auer, C. & Conrad, B. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has a beneficial effect on bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease. NeuroReport 10, 589– 594 (1999). · DOI
- Siebner, H. R. et al. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in writer's cramp. Neurology 52 , 529–537 (1999). · DOI
- George, M. S. et al. Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression. NeuroReport 6, 1853–1856 (1995). · DOI · Paper page
- Triggs, W. J. et al. Effects of left frontal transcranial magnetic stimulation on depressed mood, cognition, and corticomotor threshold. Biol. Psychiatry 45, 1440–1446 (1999). · DOI
- Klein, E. et al. Therapeutic efficacy of right prefrontal slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression: a double-blind controlled study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 56, 315– 320 (1999). · DOI
- Paus, T. et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation during positron emission tomography: a new method for studying connectivity of the human cerebral cortex. J. Neurosci. 17, 3178–3184 (1997). · DOI
- Di Lazzaro, V. et al. Comparison of descending volleys evoked by transcranial magnetic and electric stimulation in conscious humans. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 109, 397–401 (1998). · DOI
- Wassermann, E. M. Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5–7, 1996. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 108, 1–16 (1998). · DOI
- Brunholzl, C. & Claus, D. Central motor conduction time to upper and lower limbs in cervical cord lesions. Arch. Neurol. 51, 245–249 (1994). · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,002
Barnes, W., Lee, W., & Peterchev, A. (2014) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6945028 · Cited by 9
“Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a useful tool for brain mapping, and has an increasing number of potential therapeutic applications, including as an FDAapproved intervention for depression [1, 2].”
Sawah, M. A., Rimawi, M., Concerto, C., Amer, B., Cao, Y., D'Antoni, A., Chusid, E., & Battaglia, F. (2014) · Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y. Print) · doi:10.1002/ca.22438 · Cited by 9
“TMS can be used to characterize corticospinal tract functional anatomy (Hallett, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodTapia, E., Mazzi, C., Savazzi, S., & Beck, D. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-3888-y · Cited by 9
“However, we note that it is not fully clear how phosphene and TMS masking intensities map onto each other; occipital scotomas have been show to require lower (Hallett, 2000), similar (Kammer et al., 2005a) or higher (Kastner et al., 1998) TMS intensity than phosphenes.”
Combining functional imaging with brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease
Obeso, I., Ray, N. J., Antonelli, F., Cho, S. S., & Strafella, A. P. (2011) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2011.621414 · Cited by 9
Corticospinal state variability and hemispheric asymmetries in motivational tendencies
Schutter, D. J. L. G., Hofman, D., Hoppenbrouwers, S. S., & Kenemans, J. L. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.04.001 · Cited by 8
Estimulação magnética transcraniana
Conforto, A. B., Marie, S. K. N., Cohen, L. G., & Scaff, M. (2003) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/s0004-282x2003000100032 · Cited by 9
Normalization of transcranial magnetic stimulation points by means of atlas registration
Zosso, D., Noirhomme, Q., Davare, M., Macq, B., Olivier, E., Thiran, J., & Craene, M. D. (2006) · European Signal Processing Conference · doi:10.5281/zenodo.52809 · Cited by 9
“In the TMS tech nique [4], the stimulation is induced by a coil, placed tan gentially over the surface of the skull.”
Bianco, V., Finisguerra, A., D’Argenio, G., Boscarol, S., & Urgesi, C. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120702 · Cited by 9
Lanza, G., Salemi, M., Mogavero, M., Catania, V., Galeano, A., Garifoli, A., Lanuzza, B., Morreale, M., Tripodi, M., Cantone, M., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0302829 · Cited by 8
Mustin, M., Hensel, L., Fink, G., Grefkes, C., & Tscherpel, C. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.04.06.24304832 · Cited by 8
“Online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) interference probes the contribution of specific cortical regions to motor function post-stroke (Hallett, 2000; Kobayashi and Pascual-Leone, 2003).”
Herr, T., Kleger, P., Strauss, S., Szeska, C., Khalil, N., Badran, B., Weymar, M., & Grothe, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1341898 · Cited by 8
Modeling the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on spatial attention
Jing, Y., Numssen, O., Weise, K., Kalloch, B., Buchberger, L., Haueisen, J., Hartwigsen, G., & Knösche, T. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/acff34 · Cited by 8
“In brief, TMS induces an electric fi eld ( E-fi eld ) in the brain, which can temporarily excite or inhibit the stimulated area by depolarizing or hyperpolarizing cell membranes ( Hallett 2000 ) .”
BackgroundShibata, S., Koganemaru, S., & Mima, T. (2023) · Progress in Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2490/prm.20230015 · Cited by 8
Presland, J., Tofari, P., Timmins, R., Kidgell, D., & Opar, D. (2022) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15868 · Cited by 8
“The electrical response (motor evoked potential [MEP]), measured at the target muscle using surface electromyography (sEMG), forms the basis of TMS outcomes (Hallett, 2000).”
MethodThe application of mobile functional near-infrared spectroscopy for marketing research – a guideline
Krampe, C. (2022) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-01-2021-0003 · Cited by 8
Adu, M., Eboreime, E., Sapara, A., Greenshaw, A., Chue, P., & Agyapong, V. (2021) · Mental Illness · doi:10.1108/mij-05-2021-0002 · Cited by 8
Cortical excitability in a nonhuman primate model of TMS
Hanlon, C., Czoty, P., Smith, H. R., Epperly, P. M., & Galbo, L. (2020) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2020.10.008 · Cited by 8
“It has also been used to investigate cortical plasticity in healthy individuals and those recovering from neurologic injury [4].”
Measuring conduction velocity distributions in peripheral nerves using neurophysiological techniques
Ni, Z., Vial, F., Avram, A., Leodori, G., Pajevic, S., Basser, P., & Hallett, M. (2020) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2020.04.008 · Cited by 8
“However, more synaptic delays must be taken into account although similar neurophysiological tests can be performed for cortical fibers using noninvasive brain stimulation techniques (Hallett, 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationModeling Intracochlear Magnetic Stimulation: a Finite-Element Analysis
Mukesh, S., Blake, D., McKinnon, B., & Bhatti, P. (2016) · IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2016.2624275 · Cited by 8
Mandija, S., Petrov, P. I., Neggers, S., Luijten, P., & van den Berg, C. V. D. (2016) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.3618 · Cited by 8
“wileyonlinel stimulation are often performed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).(7,8) Introduced in 1985, TMS uses Faraday’s electromagnetic (EM) induction principle to elicit brain stimulation in focal brain regions.”
MethodGenetic polymorphisms and the adequacy of brain stimulation: state of the art
Saghazadeh, A., Esfahani, S. A., & Rezaei, N. (2016) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2016.1194202 · Cited by 8
“For example, the stimulation site and pattern of pulses in TMS have been shown to affect the therapeutic response [7].”
BackgroundBrain Stimulation as a Novel Technique for Craving Management and the Treatment of Addiction
Hadar, A., & Zangen, A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118472415.ch16 · Cited by 8
Macrae, P., Jones, R. D., & Huckabee, M.-L. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.06.010 · Cited by 8
Similarities Between Treatments of Tinnitus and Central Pain
Ridder, D. D., & Møller, A. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-145-5_94 · Cited by 8
“TMS is a non-invasive method of inducing electrical current in the brain [ 99 ].”
MethodTHE B-I-C-A OF BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED COGNITIVE ARCHITECTURES
Stocco, A., Lebiere, C. J., & Samsonovich, A. V. (2010) · International Journal of Machine Consciousness · doi:10.1142/s1793843010000552 · Cited by 9
Murd, C., Luiga, I., Kreegipuu, K., & Bachmann, T. (2010) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.001 · Cited by 8
“…lesions” and to do so purposely and repetitively in the same or near identical conditions (Barker et al., 1985; for reviews see Bestmann, 2008; Hallett, 2000, 2007; Kobayashi and Pascual-Leone, 2003; Kähkönen and Ilmoniemi, 2004; Ridding and Rothwell, 2007; Stewart andWalsh, 2000; Terao…”
BackgroundThe motor evoked potential in AIDS and HAM/TSP: state of the evidence.
Leon-Sarmiento, F. E., Elfakhani, M., & Boutros, N. (2009) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/s0004-282x2009000600037 · Cited by 8
Central motor deficits of the deltoid muscle in patients with chronic rotator cuff tears.
Berth, A., Pap, G., Awiszus, F., & Neumann, W. (2009) · Acta chirurgiae orthopaedicae et traumatologiae Cechoslovaca · doi:10.55095/achot2009/085 · Cited by 8
“Measurements were performed with TMS, an established technique for the evaluation of human motor cortex (11).”
MethodGeneral principles for clinical use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
de Noordhout, A. M. (2006) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2006.08.010 · Cited by 10
Parkinson's disease: Alterations of motor plasticity and motor learning
Udupa, K., Bhattacharya, A., Bhardwaj, S., Pal, P. K., & Chen, R. E. (2022) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00007-2 · Cited by 9
Functional Neuroimaging Techniques
Boly, M., Gosseries, O., Massimini, M., & Rosanova, M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800948-2.00002-9 · Cited by 15
Effects of Brain Stimulation on Declarative and Procedural Memories
Sandrini, M., & Cohen, L. G. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404704-4.00009-0 · Cited by 11
Ding, Q.-M., Wu, Y., Xie, Y., Hu, Y.-P., Huang, W.-F., & Jia, Y. (2025) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2025.107379 · Cited by 7
Frechette, M., Cook, S. B., Scott, B., Tan, J., & Vallence, A. (2025) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep092113 · Cited by 7
“The size of the MEP provides a marker of corticospinal excitability and increased corticospinal excitability following exercise is indicative of neural plasticity (Hallett, 2000).”
Influentialde Albuquerque, L. L., Pantović, M., Wilkins, E. W., Morris, D., Clingo, M., Boss, S., Riley, Z. A., & Poston, B. (2024) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering11070645 · Cited by 8
Monitoring Changes in TMS-Evoked EEG and EMG Activity During 1 Hz rTMS of the Healthy Motor Cortex
Schoisswohl, S., Kanig, C., Osnabruegge, M., Agboada, D., Langguth, B., Rethwilm, R., Hebel, T., Abdelnaim, M. A., Mack, W., Seiberl, W., et al. (2024) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0309-23.2024 · Cited by 11
“It is assumed that low frequencies induce cortical inhibition and high frequencies evoke cortical excitation via long-term depression (LTD), respectively, long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength (Hallett, 2000; Maeda et al., 2000; Fitzgerald et al., 2006; Chervyakov et al., 2015).”
BackgroundNaji, F., Sharbafchi, M., Khorvash, F., Maracy, M., & Abadi, N. G. M. (2024) · Advanced Biomedical Research · doi:10.4103/abr.abr_142_23 · Cited by 7
“[19,20] Repetitive TMS refers to a sequence of TMS pulses that are delivered at frequencies ranging from 1 to 50 Hz; low‑frequency (1 Hz) rTMS is associated with cortical inhibition, while high‑frequency stimulation (5‑20 Hz) is associated with cortical excitation.”
BackgroundKandhavivorn, W., Glaß, H., Herrmannsdörfer, T., Böckers, T., Uhlarz, M., Gronemann, J., Funk, R., Pietzsch, J., Pal, A., & Hermann, A. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12111502 · Cited by 7
The touch in action: exploring sensorimotor interactions with motor imagery
Ali, Y., Montani, V., & Cesari, P. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad123 · Cited by 8
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Techniques for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Boscutti, A., Figueiredo, J. M. D., Razouq, D., Murphy, N., Cho, R., & Selvaraj, S. (2023) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2023.02.005 · Cited by 10
Effects of acute intermittent hypoxia on corticospinal excitability within the primary motor cortex
Radia, S., Vallence, A., Fujiyama, H., Fitzpatrick, R., Etherington, S. J., Scott, B. R., & Girard, O. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-04982-8 · Cited by 7
“1985; Hallett 2000).”
MethodActive versus resting neuro‐navigated robotic transcranial magnetic stimulation motor mapping
Kahl, C. K., Giuffre, A., Wrightson, J. G., Kirton, A., Condliffe, E. G., MacMaster, F. P., & Zewdie, E. (2022) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.15346 · Cited by 8
“These curves are believed to provide information about the neurophysiological strength of intracortical and corticospinal connections and the thresholds of the neuron populations being stimulated (Chen, 2000; Devanne et al., 1997; Hallett, 2000; Ridding & Rothwell, 1997).”
BackgroundNon‐invasive neuromodulation can reduce aggressive behaviors in humans: A critical perspective
Volpe, G., Tagliente, S., Palmisano, A., Grattagliano, I., & Rivolta, D. (2022) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.15040 · Cited by 7
“Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a NIBS technique that induce neurophysiological modifications in the human brain via magnetic pulses [75].”
Nardone, R., Sebastianelli, L., Versace, V., Ferrazzoli, D., Brigo, F., Schwenker, K., Saltuari, L. L., & Trinka, E. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114431 · Cited by 8
Leão, M., Machetanz, K., Sandritter, J., Liebsch, M., Stengel, A., Tatagiba, M., & Naros, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.646014 · Cited by 7
“High-frequency rTMS increases cortical excitability, while lowfrequency rTMS is considered to inhibit the neural activity in stimulated regions (46, 47).”
BackgroundLewis, Y., Gallop, L., Campbell, I., & Schmidt, U. (2021) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01627-3 · Cited by 7
Xiong, H., Chen, K.-Y., Liu, J.-Z., Qi, H.-L., & Tian, K. (2020) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2020.107931 · Cited by 7
Understanding diaschisis models of attention dysfunction with rTMS
Garcia, J., Battelli, L., Plow, E., Cattaneo, Z., Vettel, J., & Grossman, E. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71692-6 · Cited by 7
Transcranial direct current stimulation and emotion processing deficits in psychosis and depression
Gupta, T., & Mittal, V. (2020) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-020-01146-7 · Cited by 7
Su, D., Wu, K., Saha, R., & Wang, J.-P. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.5122753 · Cited by 7
Neurophysics Assessment of the Muscle Bioenergy Generated by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Leon-Sarmiento, F. E., Gonzalez-Castaño, A., Rizzo-Sierra, C. V., Aceros, J. C., Leon-Ariza, D. S., León-Ariza, J. S., Prada, D., Bara-Jimenez, W., & Wang, Z. Y. (2019) · Research · doi:10.34133/2019/7109535 · Cited by 7
“Oneweek later, participants returned to do theTMS study while they were doing a muscle effort.”
MethodInfluentialWu, Y.-X., Yu, H.-Z., & Liu, Z.-W. (2018) · IEEE transactions on magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2018.2850915 · Cited by 7
“TRANSCRANIAL magnetic stimulation (TMS) is rapidly developing as a no-invasive, non-painful, and safe tool for studying the physiology of the human brain and for brain therapy [1], [2].”
MethodHirano, M., Kubota, S., Koizume, Y., & Funase, K. (2018) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00470.2018 · Cited by 8
“A peak-to-peak amplitude of MEP is an index of excitability of the corticospinal system (10).”
BackgroundLocalized Manipulation of Magnetic Particles in an Ensemble
See, H., Herath, S. C. B., Du, Y., Asada, H., & Chen, P. C. Y. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2829715 · Cited by 7
Manipulation of the electromagnetic near-fields by 3D printed coils: from design to fabrication
Jafari, A., & Abdolali, A. (2018) · doi:10.1049/iet-map.2017.0961 · Cited by 7
Interventions for tinnitus in adults: an overview of systematic reviews
Fernández, M. M., Shin, J. J., Scherer, R., & Murdin, L. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011795.pub2 · Cited by 7
Leon-Sarmiento, F. E., Rizzo-Sierra, C. V., León-Ariza, J. S., Leon-Ariza, D. S., Sobota, R., & Prada, D. (2015) · Physiology and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.01.014 · Cited by 7
“Despite the usefulness of the abovementioned parameters in studying the function and dysfunction of the neural pathways at rest and during activity [4–8], the variability of the MEP elicited by TMS or the “M-jiggle” [9–11], defined as the variation of the size of the evoked potential from one stimulus to the next, has…”
BackgroundMalcolm, M., Enney, L. A., & Cramer, S. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Trials · doi:10.4172/2167-0870.1000199 · Cited by 7
“The threshold for these neurons is higher either because they are less excitable or because they are further from the site of TMS [14].”
BackgroundInfluence of extracellular oscillations on neural communication: a computational perspective
Tiganj, Z., Chevallier, S., & Monacelli, É. (2014) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2014.00009 · Cited by 7
The effects of expectancy on corticospinal excitability: passively preparing to observe a movement
Arias, P., Robles‐García, V., Espinosa, N., Corral-Bergantiños, Y., Mordillo‐Mateos, L., Grieve, K. L., Oliviero, A., & Cudeiro, J. (2014) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00353.2013 · Cited by 7
“On the other hand, TMS activates CS pathways trans-synaptically, so it is useful to study motor cortex excitability (Hallett 2000).”
BackgroundAltered neuromuscular control of a hand muscle in chronic rotator cuff tears
Berth, A., Pap, G., Neumann, W., & Awiszus, F. (2010) · Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00402-009-1012-8 · Cited by 7
“Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive technique to investigate the human motor cortex [13].”
MethodMotor potentials by magnetic stimulation in periventricular leukomalacia.
Santiago-Rodríguez, E., León-Castillo, C., Harmony, T., Fernandez-bouzas, A., & García-Gomar, M. (2009) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.10.019 · Cited by 7
“With this technique, a thorough evaluation of the corticospinal tract can be performed in various adult diseases that compromise this pathway, such as multiple sclerosis and motor-neuron disease [7,8].”
MethodNo effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on PC12 and HL-60 cells
Sontag, W., & Kalka, D. (2006) · Radiation and Environmental Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s00411-006-0043-6 · Cited by 7
Kreuzer, P. M., Poeppl, T., Vielsmeier, V., Schecklmann, M., Langguth, B., & Lehner, A. (2021) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.021 · Cited by 7
Future Shock: Telecommunications Technology and Infrastructure in Regional Research
Grubesic, T. H. (2017) · Advances in spatial science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50547-3_3 · Cited by 7
Basic Principles of rTMS in Motor Recovery After Stroke
Volz, L. J., & Grefkes, C. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25721-1_3 · Cited by 7
Fröhlich, F. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801560-5.00015-x · Cited by 7
Tringali, S., Perrot, X., Collet, L., & Moulin, A. (2013) · Neurophysiologie clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2012.07.001 · Cited by 7
Li, J., Lu, X.-B., Du, S., Hu, W., Xiao, D., He, B., Su, C., Lin, S., Zhan, Q., Wu, H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.05.052 · Cited by 6
Caussat, T., Blair, B., & Oberman, L. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1494811 · Cited by 6
Singh, S. (2024) · Universal Research Reports · doi:10.36676/urr.v11.i3.1287 · Cited by 6
Design and Validation of Miniaturized Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Head Coils
Abbasi, S., Alluri, S., Leung, V. W., Asbeck, P. M., & Makale, M. (2024) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24051584 · Cited by 6
Wei, Y.-X., Tu, L.-D., He, L.-Y., Qiu, Y.-T., Su, W., Zhang, L., Ma, R.-T., & Gao, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1280180 · Cited by 6
“…on the central nervous system of the brain to alter the membrane potential of cerebral cortical nerve cells, causing them to generate induced currents that affect metabolic and neuroelectric activity in the brain, thereby inducing a series of physiological and biochemical responses (Hallett, 2000).”
BackgroundChung, S.-D., Rodriguez, A., Alijanpour, E., & McCann, R. S. (2023) · Journal of sport rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.2023-0024 · Cited by 6
Pérez-Benítez, J., Martínez-Ortiz, P., & Aguila-Muñoz, J. (2023) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci13081142 · Cited by 6
Neuromodulation to Enhance Creative Cognition: a Review of New and Emerging Approaches
Cortes, R. A., Holzman, D. D., & Green, A. E. (2023) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-023-00264-z · Cited by 6
“While these studies provide a solid foundation for TMS-based research of creativity, comparison of results is difficult, as each study investigated the role of different brain regions/networks on different aspects of creative cognition.”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, J., Xing, X., Zheng, M., Wu, J., Xue, X., Li, Y., Hua, X., Ma, S., & Xu, J. (2023) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-023-03218-2 · Cited by 6
“The mechanism of rTMS is associated with information processing in the nervous system, which includes synaptic excitation, synaptic inhibition, and synaptic plasticity of neurons [23, 26].”
BackgroundSleep Disturbance in Tourette’s Disorder: Potential Underlying Mechanisms
Ricketts, E. J., Swisher, V. S., Greene, D. J., Silverman, D. H. S., Nofzinger, E. A., & Colwell, C. S. (2023) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-022-00242-5 · Cited by 10
Wilson, M., Goldsworthy, M., Vallence, A., Fornito, A., & Rogasch, N. (2022) · Brain Research · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4196403 · Cited by 6
Johnstone, S., Lowe, D. J. E., Kozak, K., Sanches, M., Castle, D. J., Rabin, J. S., Rabin, R. A., & George, T. P. (2022) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-022-00303-2 · Cited by 8
Taylor, A. A., McCauley, S. R., & Strutt, A. M. (2022) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2022.08.003 · Cited by 7
Lien, Y. R., Lin, Y.-C., Lin, S.-H. N., Lin, C., & Chang, L.-H. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.804027 · Cited by 5
Swanson, C. W., Proessl, F., Stephens, J. A., Miravalle, A. A., & Fling, B. W. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109143 · Cited by 8
Reduced Occipital Cortex Excitability in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Cengiz, B., Fidancı, H., Baltacı, H., Türksoy, E., & Kuruoğlu, R. (2021) · Journal of clinical neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000805 · Cited by 6
Electrodeless, non-invasive stimulation of retinal neurons using time-varying magnetic fields
Shin, J. Y., Ahn, J.-H., Pi, K., Cho, D., & Goo, Y. S. (2015) · Proceedings of IEEE Sensors/Proceedings of IEEE Sensors ... · doi:10.1109/icsens.2015.7370211 · Cited by 1
“For the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), pulsed magnetic fields reach the cortical region and induce eddy currents around the neurons and glial cells [6].”
BackgroundAcute effects of lithium on excitability of human motor cortex.
Hübers, A., Voytovych, H., Heidegger, T., Müller-Dahlhaus, F., & Ziemann, U. (2014) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2014.03.035 · Cited by 6
“MEP IO-curve represents recruitment of an increasing number of corticospinal neurons with increasing stimulus intensity (Hallett, 2000).”
BackgroundNeurorestorative Effects of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy after Stroke: An Integrative Review
Lucas, M., Ribeiro, P. F. M., Cagy, M., Teixeira, S. S., Chaves, F., Carvalho, D., Peressutti, C., Machado, S. E. D. C., Bittencourt, J., Velasques, B., et al. (2013) · Neuroscience & Medicine · doi:10.4236/nm.2013.44036 · Cited by 6
“TMS is a non-invasive technique originally introduced to investigate neural propagation [27].”
Megill, J. (2013) · Axiomathes · doi:10.1007/s10516-012-9203-2 · Cited by 6
An implantable neural interface with electromagnetic stimulation capabilities
Accoto, D., Francomano, M. T., Rainer, A., Trombetta, M., Rossini, P. M., & Guglielmelli, E. (2013) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2013.04.008 · Cited by 7
“For instance, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS, [17–23]) has been widely used in the past three decades [17,24] to depolarize or hyperpolarize neurons in the brain.”
MethodCan transcranial magnetic stimulation be used to evaluate patients with narcolepsy?
Vijayakumari, A., Khan, F., Varma, R., & Radhakrishnan, A. (2013) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-012-1253-0 · Cited by 6
“Single-pulse TMS is now an established tool in clinical neurophysiology to non-invasively monitor corticospinal tract function [10, 12].”
BackgroundMethodTranscranial ultrasound neuromodulation of the contralateral visual field in awake monkey
Deffieux, T., Younan, Y., Tanter, M., Aubry, J., Wattiez, N., & Pouget, P. (2013) · IUS · doi:10.1109/ultsym.2013.0001 · Cited by 6
“The anti-saccade task consists of suppressing a voluntary saccade towards a visual stimulus on a screen and instead generate a voluntary saccade toward the opposite side and is known to be significantly slowed on patients with FEF lesions[14] and on non-human primates whose FEF is targeted by TMS[15].”
InfluentialZanardi, R., Barbini, B., Rossini, D., Bernasconi, A., Fregni, F., Padberg, F., Rossi, S., Wirz‐Justice, A., Terman, M., Martiny, K., et al. (2008) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01863.x · Cited by 5
A Kalman filter approach to remove TMS-induced artifacts from EEG recordings
Morbidi, F., Garulli, A., Prattichizzo, D., Rizzo, C., & Rossi, S. (2007) · European Control Conference · doi:10.23919/ecc.2007.7068851 · Cited by 6
Registration of transcranial magnetic stimulation, a visualization tool for brain functions
Noirhomme, Q., Romero, E., Cuisenaire, O., Ferrant, M., Vandermeeren, Y., Olivier, E., & Macq, B. (2002) · 2002 14th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing Proceedings. DSP 2002 (Cat. No.02TH8628) · doi:10.1109/icdsp.2002.1027894 · Cited by 6
“This technique has been widely used in the study of cortical physiology, brain plasticity, brain excitability in neurologic disorders or brain therapy [ 4 ].”
BackgroundMethodCooper, J. C., Hughes, S., Ben-Smith, A., Savage, C., & Winer, J. (2002) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.72.3.413 · Cited by 6
Izumi, S., Oouchida, Y., Okita, T., Suzuki, E., Abe, T., Nagatomi, R., Nakasato, N., & Takagi, T. (2012) · Japanese Journal of Comprehensive Rehabilitation Science · doi:10.11336/jjcrs.3.42 · Cited by 6
Measures of cortical inhibition in health and disease.
Chen, R., & Currá, A. (2004) · Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70409-x · Cited by 6
Song, X.-Z., Huang, P.-S., Liu, X.-Y., Yu, H., Wei, J., & Dong, M. (2025) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111533 · Cited by 5
Influences of current direction on 1Hz motor cortex rTMS.
Kanig, C., Osnabruegge, M., Schwitzgebel, F., Mack, W., Schecklmann, M., & Schoisswohl, S. (2025) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111484 · Cited by 5
“It is suspected that depending on the frequency of rTMS, mechanisms of long-term depression (LTD) or long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength are accountable (Hallett, 2000; Fitzgerald et al., 2006).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Hallett, M.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hallett, Mark
- ORCID
- Hallett, Mark
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2000-07
- Volume
- 406
- Issue
- 6792
- Pages
- 147-150
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2129291496
- Cited by
- 1,603
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 71
- FWCI
- 4.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Ultrasound and Hyperthermia Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- transcranial magnetic stimulation, non-invasive brain stimulation, motor cortex, occipital cortex, muscle twitch, scotoma, brain therapy
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Forecasting, Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Neuronal Plasticity, Evoked Potentials, Motor, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
