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Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the human brain
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is rapidly developing as a powerful, non-invasive tool for studying the human brain. A pulsed magnetic field creates current flow in the brain and can temporarily excite or inhibit specific areas. TMS of motor cortex can produce a muscle twitch or block movement; TMS of occipital cortex can produce visual phosphenes or scotomas. TMS can also alter the functioning of the brain beyond the time of stimulation, offering potential for therapy.
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“SR curves take into account the response of both neurons with lower threshold, which are in the directly stimulated core region, and those that are activated with higher threshold, either because they are intrinsically less excitable or because they are far from the site where the stimulus is delivered [3].”
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MethodNeural circuits underlying motor facilitation during observation of implied motion
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BackgroundInfluentialAge and gender effects on submental motor-evoked potentials
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“The power of TMS to transiently disrupt and modulate the neural activity in focal brain regions [1–3] makes it a technique of choice to look deeper into the physiological bases of conscious sensory perception than it was possible with evoked potential measurements alone.”
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“…be superior to low-frequency stimulation in improving motor symptoms in PD patients, it is important to note the widely accepted understanding that high-frequency stimulation seems to exert excitatory effects, whereas low-frequency stimulation is generally associated with inhibitory effects [ 50].”
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BackgroundIs rTMS an effective therapeutic strategy that can be used to treat Parkinson's disease?
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“…magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has gained attention in recent years. rTMS has been used as a non-invasive strategy to modulate the central nervous system excitability and corticospinal networks (Groppa et al., 2012; Hallett, 2000; Lefaucheur et al., 2014; Nardone et al., 2014; Tazoe & Perez, 2015).”
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“This non-invasive and painless technique provides researchers and clinicians with a unique tool capable of stimulating both central and peripheral nervous systems [6,7].”
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“During TMS the medical caregiver places an electromagnetic coil close to the subject’s head to stimulate underlying brain tissue [10].”
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“…Torino and Collegio Carlo Alberto, Torino, Italy 4 Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) represents a useful non-invasive approach for studying cortical physiology (Hallett 2000).”
BackgroundGrasland-Mongrain, P., Miller-Jolicoeur, E., Tang, A., Catheline, S., & Cloutier, G. (2016) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/0031-9155/61/6/2582 · Cited by 11
“To achieve this objective, we propose to use a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device [18].”
MethodEnhanced motor cortex excitability after spinal cord injury
Raffaele, N. (2015) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.172312 · Cited by 11
“…after spinal cord injury Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) represents a useful non-invasive approach to studying cortical physiology, in addition to the descending motor pathways (Hallett, 2000), and may also be used to investigate the intracortical facilitatory and inhibitory mechanisms.”
BackgroundFocal electrical stimulation as an effective sham control for active rTMS and biofeedback treatments
Sheffer, C., Mennemeier, M., Landes, R., Dornhoffer, J., Kimbrell, T., Bickel, W., Brackman, S., Chelette, K., Brown, G. J., & Vuong, M. (2013) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-013-9221-x · Cited by 11
“Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), is a neuromodulatory technique that delivers multiple pulsed magnetic fields over the scalp via a stimulating coil (Hallett 2000).”
Massie, C., & Malcolm, M. (2013) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207454.2012.738734 · Cited by 11
“edu the core neuronal population activated at motor threshold (MT) [4, 5].”
BackgroundBurton, M., Mckeefry, D., Barrett, B. T., Vakrou, C., & Morland, A. B. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06993.x · Cited by 11
Use of transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain in stroke rehabilitation
Profice, P., Pilato, F., Dileone, M., Ranieri, F., Capone, F., Musumeci, G., Tonali, P., & di Lazzaro, V. (2007) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.7.3.249 · Cited by 11
Gestörtes HörenKonservative Verfahren
Plontke, S. (2005) · Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie · doi:10.1055/s-2005-861140 · Cited by 11
Lo, Y.-L., Fook-Chong, S., Lau, D., & Tan, E. (2003) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2003.08.031 · Cited by 11
“TMS is a well-recognized technique for the study of corticospinal function [9].”
Vergallito, A., Gramano, B., Monica, K. L., Giuliani, L., Palumbo, D., Gesi, C., & Torriero, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1308971 · Cited by 12
“…neuronal activity by depolarizing or hyperpolarizing specific cerebral areas, via trains of magnetic pulses in the case of repetitive TMS (rTMS) (Hallett, 2000; Fregni and Pascual-Leone, 2007) or weak electrical currents in tDCS (Nitsche et al., 2008), with biochemical processes that outlast…”
BackgroundMoussavi, Z., Uehara, M., Rutherford, G., Lithgow, B. J., Millikin, C., Wang, X.-K., Saha, C., Mansouri, B., Omelan, C., Fellows, L. K., et al. (2024) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00331 · Cited by 10
“High-frequency pulses (10 – 20 Hz) increase cortical excitability and synaptic plasticity through long-term potentiation mechanisms [8]; however, a systematic review paper on the studies on rTMS ef fi cacy for AD treatment did not fi nd any statistically signi fi cant differences in outcomes whether…”
Ward, E., Brownsett, S., McMahon, K. L., Hartwigsen, G., Mascelloni, M., & de Zubicaray, G. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108339 · Cited by 10
Xie, Y.-J., He, Y., Guan, M.-Z., Zhou, G.-P., Wang, Z.-H., Ma, Z.-J., Wang, H.-N., & Yin, H. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.02.030 · Cited by 10
Fecteau, S. (2022) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/10738584211067744 · Cited by 10
“Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivers electromagnetic pulses to induce electric current in the brain via electromagnetic induction by passing current pulses through a coil held over the subject’s head (Barker and others 1985; Hallett 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-Referential Processing Effects of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation: A Systematic Review
Bao, Z.-J., Howidi, B., Burhan, A., & Frewen, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.671020 · Cited by 10
“TMS involves stimulating a region of the brain with a powerful magnetic field for a short period using a magnetic coil to induce a current in the cortical neurons parallel to the coil (Hallett, 2000; Barker and Shields, 2017).”
MethodBehavioral effects of continuous theta-burst stimulation in macaque parietal cortex
Merken, L., Davare, M., Janssen, P., & Romero, M. C. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83904-8 · Cited by 10
“5a; two-way ANOVA with factors object and time-epoch; interaction effect, F(1,4898) = 70.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHong, R., Chen, K., Hou, X., Sun, Q.-T., Liu, N., & Liu, Q.-H. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2020.2970607 · Cited by 10
“Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) utilizes a magnetic field (1–10 kHz) to stimulate nerve cells for the treatment of mental and neurological diseases [6].”
BackgroundParticle Swarm Optimization for Positioning the Coil of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Li, C.-S., Liu, C., Yang, L., He, L., & Wu, T.-N. (2019) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2019/9461018 · Cited by 10
“,e distribution of the induced electric field (E-field) during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) depends on the individual anatomical structure of the brain as well as coil positioning.”
MethodInfluentialHulla, R., & Dougall, A. L. (2019) · Cephalalgia Reports · doi:10.1177/2515816319889971 · Cited by 11
Mandija, S., van Lier, A. V., Katscher, U., Petrov, P. I., Neggers, S., Luijten, P., & van den Berg, C. V. D. (2016) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.25981 · Cited by 10
Zhang, L., Chan, P., Liu, Z.-M., Hwang, L., Lin, K.-C., Chan, W.-P., Leung, T., & Choy, C. (2016) · Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2016/7230962 · Cited by 10
“Since maze experiments and treadmill exercise are common methods in evaluating postinfarcted rats’ performance [26, 27], we adopted these methods to select rats with significant cerebral injuries and to assess the possible recovery of cerebral function under PLB treatment.”
BackgroundMethodCaliandro, P., Padua, L., Rossi, A., Rossini, P. M., Stålberg, E., Feurra, M., Ulivelli, M., Bartalini, S., Giannini, F., & Rossi, S. (2014) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2014.05.001 · Cited by 10
Avela, J., & Gruber, M. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444324822.ch8 · Cited by 10
Brushing Up our Memories: Can we use Neurotechnologies to Improve Eyewitness Memory?
Klaming, L., & Vedder, A. (2009) · Law Innovation and Technology · doi:10.1080/17579961.2009.11428371 · Cited by 10
Fecteau, S., Lassonde, M., & Théoret, H. (2006) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-6-21 · Cited by 10
Neuronavigierte repetitive transkranielle Magnetstimulation (rTMS)
Kleinjung, T., Steffens, T., Langguth, B., Eichhammer, P., Marienhagen, J., Hajak, G., & Strutz, J. (2006) · HNO (Berlin. Print) · doi:10.1007/s00106-005-1329-8 · Cited by 10
“Mithilfe dieser repetitiven TMS können Veränderungen der neuronalen Aktivität induziert werden, die über die eigentliche Stimulationsdauer hinweg anhalten [13, 32].”
BackgroundEstimulação magnética transcraniana na neuropsicologia: novos horizontes em pesquisa sobre o cérebro
Boggio, P. S., Fregni, F., Rigonatti, S. P., Marcolin, M., & Silva, M. T. A. (2006) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462006000100010 · Cited by 10
Ferreri, F., & Rossini, P. M. (2004) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2004.01.010 · Cited by 10
“Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) [17–19]—a non-invasive method for the evaluation of excitatory/inhibitory characteristics of the motor cortex— has recently been utilized for investigating cortical inhibitory and excitatory interneuronal circuits in RLS patients [16,20–25].”
MethodLiu, D., Zhao, S., & Luo, X. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3026842 · Cited by 10
“However, in the treatment of neurological diseases, many noninvasive brain stimulation therapies, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) [18], transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (TFUS) [19] and TMAS [20], generate alternating current as an external input of neurons to change their…”
BackgroundRewiring the Addicted Brain: Circuits-Based Treatment for AddictionPreprint
Madeo, G., & Bonci, A. (2018) · Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology · doi:10.1101/sqb.2018.83.038158 · Cited by 11
“TMS is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that delivers fluctuating magnetic field pulses through the skull into the brain, where electrical currents are generated, and thus the neuronal activity modulated (Hallett 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPark, T.-Y., Franke, L., Pieper, S. D., Haehn, D., & Ning, L.-P. (2024) · Biomedical Engineering Letters · doi:10.1007/s13534-024-00373-4 · Cited by 9
Wu, J.-J., Cheng, Y., Qu, X., Kang, T.-M., Cai, Y., Wang, P., Zaccarella, E., Friederici, A., Hartwigsen, G., & Chen, L.-Y. (2024) · Neurobiology of Language · doi:10.1162/nol_a_00140 · Cited by 9
“…noninvasive brain stimulation technique, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has increasingly been used to probe causal structure – function relationships with a high spatial resolution (e.g., Hallett, 2000; Hartwigsen, 2015; Hartwigsen & Silvanto, 2023; Qu et al., 2022; Uddén et al., 2017).”
MethodZhang, W., Liu, N., Zhao, Y., Yao, C., Dan, Y., Yang, C., Sun, H. J., Xia, W., Sweeney, J. A., Liang, H., et al. (2023) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.335 · Cited by 11
“, claustrophobia or braces), (2) a history of substance abuse or dependence, (3) a positive pregnancy test, (4) a history of major systemic disease, known psychiatric/neurological illness, or an episode of loss of consciousness >10 min, and (5) a history of serious mental illness in their first-degree relatives.”
BackgroundLin, S.-H. N., Lien, Y. R., Shibata, K., Sasaki, Y., Watanabe, T., Lin, C.-P., & Chang, L.-H. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32985-8 · Cited by 9
A Review on Bio-Cyber Interfaces for Intrabody Molecular Communications SystemsPreprint
Koucheryavy, Y. A., Yastrebova, A., Martins, D. P., & Balasubramaniam, S. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2104.14944 · Cited by 10
“Another option is use transcranial magnetic cellular stimulation, which couples high intensity magnetic fields to local electrical currents in neural systems [33].”
Effects of intrathecal baclofen therapy in subjects with disorders of consciousness: a reappraisal
Nardone, R., Sebastianelli, L., Brigo, F., Golaszewski, S., Trinka, E., Pucks-Faes, E., Saltuari, L., & Versace, V. (2020) · Journal of neural transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-020-02233-8 · Cited by 9
Diaphragmatic motor cortex hyperexcitability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Elnemr, R., Sweed, R., & Shafiek, H. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217886 · Cited by 9
Sleep Disorder in Drug Addiction: Treatment With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Du, X., Xu, W.-Q., Li, X.-X., Zhou, D., & Han, C.-L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00848 · Cited by 9
Martín-Trias, P., Lanteaume, L., Solana, E., Cassé-Perrot, C., Fernández-Cabello, S., Babiloni, C., Marzano, N., Junqué, C., Rossini, P., Micallef, J., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27502-1 · Cited by 9
“No significant effects were observed for Time (Hits %: F(1,64) = 2.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialKhodaie, B., & Saba, V. (2018) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.2.87 · Cited by 9
“Results obtained from previous studies indicate that rTMS increases the GABAergic inhibition (Pascual-Leone, Valls-Solé, Wassermann, & Hallett, 1994; Hallett, 2000).”
ResultThe guilty brain: the utility of neuroimaging and neurostimulation studies in forensic field
Mameli, F., Scarpazza, C., Tomasini, E., Ferrucci, R., Ruggiero, F., Sartori, G., & Priori, A. (2017) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2016-0048 · Cited by 9
“Stimulation at approximately 1 Hz typically induces inhibition, whereas stimulation at higher intensities elicits excitation (Hallett, 2000).”
BackgroundrTMS for the Treatment of Depression: a Comprehensive Review of Effective Protocols on Right DLPFC
Yadollahpour, A., Hosseini, S., & Shakeri, A. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-016-9669-z · Cited by 9
“…these techniques are used to investigate the cause-effect relationships in cortical areas and alteration of different neurophysiological properties of brain, such as plasticity, motor function, cortical excitability, and augmentation of synaptic strength (Hallett 2000; Wassermann and Lisanby 2001).”
BackgroundMethodBrain Stimulation in Huntington’s Disease
Hartmann, C. J., Groiss, S. J., Vesper, J., Schnitzler, A., & Wojtecki, L. (2016) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.2217/nmt-2016-0007 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Hallett, M.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hallett, Mark
- ORCID
- Hallett, Mark
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2000-07
- Volume
- 406
- Issue
- 6792
- Pages
- 147-150
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2129291496
- Cited by
- 1,603
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 71
- FWCI
- 4.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Ultrasound and Hyperthermia Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- transcranial magnetic stimulation, non-invasive brain stimulation, motor cortex, occipital cortex, muscle twitch, scotoma, brain therapy
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Forecasting, Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Neuronal Plasticity, Evoked Potentials, Motor, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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