The complete genome sequence of the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis.
Open accessAbstract
Bacillus subtilis is the best-characterized member of the Gram-positive bacteria. Its genome of 4,214,810 base pairs comprises 4,100 protein-coding genes. Of these protein-coding genes, 53% are represented once, while a quarter of the genome corresponds to several gene families that have been greatly expanded by gene duplication, the largest family containing 77 putative ATP-binding transport proteins. In addition, a large proportion of the genetic capacity is devoted to the utilization of a variety of carbon sources, including many plant-derived molecules. The identification of five signal peptidase genes, as well as several genes for components of the secretion apparatus, is important given the capacity of Bacillus strains to secrete large amounts of industrially important enzymes. Many of the genes are involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, that are more typically associated with Streptomyces species. The genome contains at least ten prophages or remnants of prophages, indicating that bacteriophage infection has played an important evolutionary role in horizontal gene transfer, in particular in the propagation of bacterial pathogenesis.
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This group of Bacilli includes the legacy laboratory strains B. subtilis subspecies subtilis 168, B. subtilis subspecies spizizensis, and B. subtilis strain 3610.
“This group of Bacilli include the legacy laboratory strains B. subtilis subspecies subtilis 168 (Kunst et al., 1997) and B. subtilis subspecies spizizensis, (Zeigler, 2011), as well as the B. subtilis strain 3610, an isolate widely used to study biofilm formation in this species (Branda et al., 2001).”
From Two MarR-Type Repressors Balance Precursor Uptake and Glycine Betaine Synthesis in Bacillus subtilis to Provide Cytoprotection Against Sustained Osmotic Stress (2020) · cites this paper as Kunst et al., 1997
The opuB and opuC operons have evolved through a gene duplication event.
“The opuB and opuC operons have evolved through a gene duplication event.”
From Two MarR-Type Repressors Balance Precursor Uptake and Glycine Betaine Synthesis in Bacillus subtilis to Provide Cytoprotection Against Sustained Osmotic Stress (2020) · cites this paper as Kunst et al., 1997
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- Authors
- Kunst, F., Ogasawara, N., Moszer, I., Albertini, A. M., Alloni, G., Azevedo, V., Bertero, M. G., Bessières, P., Bolotin, A., Borchert, S., Borriss, R., Boursier, L., Brans, A., Braun, M., Brignell, S. C., Bron, S., Brouillet, S., Bruschi, C. V., Caldwell, B., Capuano, V., Carter, N. M., Choi, S.-K., Codani, J.-J., Connerton, I. F., Cummings, N. J., Daniel, R. A., Denizot, F., Devine, K. M., Düsterhöft, A., Ehrlich, S. D., Emmerson, P. T., Entian, K. D., Errington, J., Fabret, C., Ferrari, E., Foulger, D., Fritz, C., Fujita, M., Fujita, Y., Fuma, S., Galizzi, A., Galleron, N., Ghim, S.-Y., Glaser, P., Goffeau, A., Golightly, E. J., Grandi, G., Guiseppi, G., Guy, B. J., Haga, K., Haiech, J., Harwood, C. R., Hénaut, A., Hilbert, H., Holsappel, S., Hosono, S., Hullo, M.-F., Itaya, M., Jones, L., Joris, B., Karamata, D., Kasahara, Y., Klaerr-Blanchard, M., Klein, C., Kobayashi, Y., Koetter, P., Koningstein, G., Krogh, S., Kumano, M., Kurita, K., Lapidus, A., Lardinois, S., Lauber, J., Lazarevic, V., Lee, S.-M., Levine, A., Liu, H., Masuda, S., Mauël, C., Médigue, C., Medina, N., Mellado, R. P., Mizuno, M., Moestl, D., Nakai, S., Noback, M., Noone, D., O'Reilly, M., Ogawa, K., Ogiwara, A., Oudega, B., Park, S.-H., Parro, V., Pohl, T. M., Portetelle, D., Porwollik, S., Prescott, A. M., Presecan, E., Pujic, P., Purnelle, B., Rapoport, G., Rey, M., Reynolds, S., Rieger, M., Rivolta, C., Rocha, E., Roche, B., Rose, M., Sadaie, Y., Sato, T., Scanlan, E., Schleich, S., Schroeter, R., Scoffone, F., Sekiguchi, J., Sekowska, A., Seror, S. J., Serror, P., Shin, B.-S., Soldo, B., Sorokin, A., Tacconi, E., Takagi, T., Takahashi, H., Takemaru, K., Takeuchi, M., Tamakoshi, A., Tanaka, T., Terpstra, P., Tognoni, A., Tosato, V., Uchiyama, S., Vandenbol, M., Vannier, F., Vassarotti, A., Viari, A., Wambutt, R., Wedler, E., Wedler, H., Weitzenegger, T., Winters, P., Wipat, A., Yamamoto, H., Yamane, K., Yasumoto, K., Yata, K., Yoshida, K., Yoshikawa, H.-F., Zumstein, E., Yoshikawa, H., & Danchin, A.
- Affiliations
- Institut Pasteur (FR)
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology (JP)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (FR)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- University of Liège (BE)
- Qiagen (Germany) (DE)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- AREA Science Park (IT)
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KR)
- Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique (FR)
- Quadram Institute (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- National Institute of Genetics (JP)
- Fukuyama University (JP)
- University of Tsukuba (JP)
- UCLouvain (BE)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (JP)
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Université Paris-Sud (FR)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- National Institute for Basic Biology (JP)
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (BE)
- Federal Ministry of Finance (DE)
- Shinshu University (JP)
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Tokai University (JP)
- European Commission (BE)
- Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Kunst, F.
- Ogasawara, N.
- ORCID
- Ogasawara, N.
- Moszer, I.
- Albertini, A. M.
- Azevedo, V.
- Bertero, M. G.
- Borriss, R.
- Brans, A.
- Bruschi, C. V.
- Capuano, V.
- Carter, N. M.
- Choi, S.-K.
- Connerton, I. F.
- Daniel, R. A.
- Devine, K. M.
- Ehrlich, S. D.
- Errington, J.
- Fujita, M.
- Galleron, N.
- Ghim, S.-Y.
- Glaser, P.
- Grandi, G.
- Haiech, J.
- Harwood, C. R.
- Itaya, M.
- Jones, L.
- Joris, B.
- Lapidus, A.
- Médigue, C.
- Mellado, R. P.
- Nakai, S.
- Noone, D.
- Parro, V.
- Porwollik, S.
- Rieger, M.
- Rivolta, C.
- Rocha, E.
- Sato, T.
- Serror, P.
- Shin, B.-S.
- Sorokin, A.
- Takahashi, H.
- Takemaru, K.
- Tamakoshi, A.
- Tanaka, T.
- Terpstra, P.
- Viari, A.
- Wipat, A.
- Yamamoto, H.
- Yoshida, K.
- Danchin, A.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1997-11
- Volume
- 390
- Issue
- 6657
- Pages
- 249-256
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2100882223
- Cited by
- 3,679
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 145 · 2013: 104 · 2012: 100
- FWCI
- 142.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Libraries (submittedVersion)
- KRIBB Repository (submittedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Trento) (submittedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel)
- Funders
- DuPont
- European Commission
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
- Keywords
- Bacillus subtilis, complete genome sequence, gene duplication, gene family, carbon source utilization, industrial enzymes, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, antibiotics, prophages, horizontal gene transfer, bacterial pathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Bacillus subtilis, Bacterial Proteins, DNA, Bacterial, Molecular Sequence Data, Genome, Bacterial, Cloning, Organism
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