The emerging role of Toll-like receptor 4 in myocardial inflammation
Open accessAbstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors involved in cardiovascular diseases. Notably, numerous studies have demonstrated that TLR4 activates the expression of several of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes that play pivotal roles in myocardial inflammation, particularly myocarditis, myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and heart failure. In addition, TLR4 is an emerging target for anti-inflammatory therapies. Given the significance of TLR4, it would be useful to summarize the current literature on the molecular mechanisms and roles of TLR4 in myocardial inflammation. Thus, in this review, we first introduce the basic knowledge of the TLR4 gene and describe the activation and signaling pathways of TLR4 in myocardial inflammation. Moreover, we highlight the recent progress of research on the involvement of TLR4 in myocardial inflammation. The information reviewed here may be useful to further experimental research and to increase the potential of TLR4 as a therapeutic target.
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TNF-alpha and IL-6 are downstream products of NF-kappaB, so when the TLR4 pathway is activated, they are produced more readily.
“TNF-α and IL-6 are downstream products of NF-KB, so when the TLR4 pathway is activated, they are produced more readily [70,71].”
From Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Butyrate by Restoring Gut Microbiota and Inhibiting TLR4 Signaling in Mice with MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease (2023) · cites this paper as [71]
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- Authors
- Yang, Y., Lv, J., Jiang, S., Ma, Z., Wang, D., Hu, W., Deng, C., Fan, C., Di, S., Sun, Y., & Yi, W.
- Affiliations
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (CN)
- Air Force Medical University (CN)
- Tang Du Hospital (CN)
- Xijing Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Y
- Venue
- Cell Death & Disease
- Published
- 2016-05-26
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e2234-e2234
- ISSN
- 2041-4889 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4917669
- OpenAlex
- W2403031333
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cell Death and Disease (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81500263, 81100081, 81422004, 2015M572681, 81470477, 81100137, 81470480)
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2015M572681, 81500263)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R00AA020514, K99AA020514, R01AA020919)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Keywords
- TLR4, myocarditis, myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, heart failure, inflammatory cytokines, TLR4 signaling, anti-inflammatory therapy, pattern recognition receptors
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cardiotonic Agents, Clinical Trials as Topic, Disaccharides, Gene Expression Regulation, Heart Failure, Humans, Metformin, Myocardial Infarction, Myocarditis, Myocardium, Sugar Phosphates, Signal Transduction, Reperfusion Injury, NF-kappa B, Follistatin, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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