Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of incident depression in midlife and older women
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The impact of dietary flavonoid intakes on risk of depression is unclear. OBJECTIVE: We prospectively examined associations between estimated habitual intakes of dietary flavonoids and depression risk. DESIGN: We followed 82,643 women without a previous history of depression at baseline from the Nurses' Health Study [(NHS) aged 53-80 y] and the Nurses' Health Study II [(NHSII) aged 36-55 y]. Intakes of total flavonoids and subclasses (flavonols, flavones, flavanones, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, polymeric flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins) were calculated from validated food-frequency questionnaires collected every 2-4 y. Depression was defined as physician- or clinician-diagnosed depression or antidepressant use and was self-reported in response to periodic questionnaires. Cox proportional hazards models were performed to examine associations. RESULTS: A total of 10,752 incident depression cases occurred during a 10-y follow-up. Inverse associations between flavonol, flavone, and flavanone intakes and depression risk were observed. Pooled multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) were 0.93 (0.88, 0.99), 0.92 (0.86, 0.98), and 0.90 (0.85, 0.96) when comparing the highest (quintile 5) with the lowest (quintile 1) quintiles, respectively, with evidence of linear trends across quintiles (P-trend = 0.0004-0.08). In flavonoid-rich food-based analyses, the HR was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.91) among participants who consumed ≥2 servings citrus fruit or juices/d compared with <1 serving/wk. In the NHS only, total flavonoids, polymers, and proanthocyanidin intakes showed significantly (9-12%) lower depression risks. In analyses among late-life NHS participants (aged ≥65 y at baseline or during follow-up), for whom we were able to incorporate depressive symptoms into the outcome definition, higher intakes of all flavonoid subclasses except for flavan-3-ols were associated with significantly lower depression risk; flavones and proanthocyanidins showed the strongest associations (HR for both: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: Higher flavonoid intakes may be associated with lower depression risk, particularly among older women. Further studies are needed to confirm these associations.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Emerging observational studies have reported an association between increased dietary intake of polyphenols and lower rates of depression.
“Emerging observational studies have reported an association between increased dietary intake of polyphenols and lower rates of depression (164, 165).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [164]
A prospective analysis of the Nurses' Health Study (n = 82,643 women) reported that total and subclasses of polyphenols found in citrus fruit were associated with a lower incidence of depression.
“For example, a prospective analysis of the Nurses' Health Study (n = 82,643 women) reported that total and subclasses of polyphenols found in citrus fruit were associated with a lower incidence of depression (164).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [164]
High flavonoid intake through vegetables and fruits helps lower the risk of depression.
“Epidemiological studies [12,13] and clinical studies [14,15] have also reported that high flavonoid intake through vegetables and fruits helps lower the risk of depression.”
From Flavonoid-rich orange juice intake and altered gut microbiome in young adults with depressive symptom: a randomized controlled study (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Depression and quality of life in older persons: A review
Sivertsen, H., Bjørkløf, G. H., Engedal, K., Selbæk, G., & Helvik, A.-S. (2015) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000437299 · Cited by 14,152 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies
Lang, U. E., & Borgwardt, S. (2013) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000350094 · Cited by 8,501 · see citing works
Murray, C. J. L., & López, A. D. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07492-2 · Cited by 7,007 · see citing works
Screening for Depression in Well Older Adults: Evaluation of a Short Form of the CES-D
Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30622-6 · Cited by 5,403 · see citing works
BERKMAN, L. F., & SYME, S. L. (1979) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112674 · Cited by 5,341 · see citing works
Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 4,426 · see citing works
Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire
WILLETT, W. C., SAMPSON, L., STAMPFER, M. J., ROSNER, B., BAIN, C., WITSCHI, J., HENNEKENS, C. H., & SPEIZER, F. E. (1985) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114086 · Cited by 4,274 · see citing works
Self-citationBioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies
Manach, C., Williamson, G., Morand, C., Scalbert, A., & Rémésy, C. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.1.230s · Cited by 4,219 · see citing works
Willett, W. C. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199754038.001.0001 · Cited by 1,754 · see citing works
Self-citationPerformance of a Five-Item Mental Health Screening Test
Berwick, D. M., Murphy, J. M., Goldman, P. A., Ware, J. E., Barsky, A. J., & Weinstein, M. C. (1991) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199102000-00008 · Cited by 1,660 · see citing works
Hooper, L., Kroon, P. A., Rimm, E. B., Cohn, J. S., Harvey, I., Le Cornu, K. A., Ryder, J. J., Hall, W. L., & Cassidy, A. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.1.38 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
Self-citationSalvini, S., Hunter, D. J., SAMPSON, L., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., ROSNER, B. A., & Willett, W. C. (1989) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/18.4.858 · Cited by 1,038 · see citing works
Self-citationReproducibility and validity of a self-administered physical activity questionnaire
WOLF, A. M., HUNTER, D. J., COLDITZ, G. A., MANSON, J. E., STAMPFER, M. J., CORSANO, K. A., ROSNER, B., KRISKA, A., & WILLETT, W. C. (1994) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/23.5.991 · Cited by 1,038 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Lifestyle variables included cigarette smoking, BMI (in kg/m(2)), alcohol intake, coffee consumption (30), physical activity [determined by using a validated assessment from which metabolic equivalents (metabolic equivalent-hours per week) could be quantified] (31), and modified alternate Mediterranean diet (aMed) adh…”
MethodSelf-citationMediterranean diet and incidence of and mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke in women
Fung, T. T., Rexrode, K. M., Mantzoros, C. S., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.816736 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Self-citationAbsorption and metabolism of polyphenols in the gut and impact on health
Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Manach, C., & Rémésy, C. (2002) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00205-6 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Interaction between flavonoids and the blood–brain barrier: <i>in vitro</i> studies
Youdim, K. A., Dobbie, M. S., Kuhnle, G., Proteggente, A. R., Abbott, N. J., & Rice‐Evans, C. (2003) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01652.x · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults
McCullough, M. L., Peterson, J. J., Patel, R., Jacques, P. F., Shah, R. A., & Dwyer, J. T. (2012) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.016634 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Dietary flavonoid intakes and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women
Wedick, N. M., Pan, A., Cassidy, A., Rimm, E. B., Sampson, L., ROSNER, B. A., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B., Sun, Q., & van Dam, R. M. (2012) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.028894 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Self-citationFlavonoid Content of U.S. Fruits, Vegetables, and Nuts
Harnly, J. M., Doherty, R. F., Beecher, G. R., Holden, J. M., Haytowitz, D. B., Bhagwat, S. A., & Gebhardt, S. E. (2006) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf061478a · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Habitual intake of flavonoid subclasses and incident hypertension in adults
Cassidy, A., O’Reilly, É. J., Kay, C. D., Sampson, L., FRANZ, M. M., Forman, J., Curhan, G. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.006783 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Self-citationFlavonoid Intake and Cognitive Decline over a 10-Year Period
Letenneur, L., Proust‐Lima, C., Gouge, A. L., Dartigues, J. F., & Barberger‐Gateau, P. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm036 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Manach, C., & Donovan, J. L. (2004) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.1080/10715760410001727858 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Dietary intakes of berries and flavonoids in relation to cognitive decline
Devore, E. E., Kang, J. H., Breteler, M. M. B., & Grodstein, F. (2012) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.23594 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
The Natural History of Late-Life Depression
Beekman, A. T. F., Geerlings, S. W., Deeg, D. J. H., Smit, J. H., Schoevers, R. S., de Beurs, E., Braam, A. W., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & van Tilburg, W. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.7.605 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Morand, C., Dubray, C., Milenkovic, D., Lioger, D., Martin, J. F., Scalbert, A., & Mazur, A. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004945 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Williams, C. M., Mohsen, M. A. E., Vauzour, D., Rendeiro, C., Butler, L. T., Ellis, J. A., Whiteman, M., & Spencer, J. P. E. (2008) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.008 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Friedman, B., Heisel, M. J., & Delavan, R. L. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53461.x · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Spencer, J. P. E., Rice-Evans, C. A., & Williams, R. J. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m305063200 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Habitual intake of dietary flavonoids and risk of Parkinson disease
Gao, X., Cassidy, A., Schwarzschild, M. A., Rimm, E. B., & Ascherio, A. (2012) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31824f7fc4 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Self-citationFlavonoids and brain health: multiple effects underpinned by common mechanisms
Spencer, J. P. E. (2009) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s12263-009-0136-3 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Coffee, Caffeine, and Risk of Depression Among Women
Lucas, M. (2011) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.393 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Yamazaki, S., Fukuhara, S., & Green, J. (2005) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-3-48 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Bidirectional association between depression and obesity in middle–aged and older women
Pan, A., Sun, Q., Czernichow, S., Kivimaki, M., Okereke, O. I., Lucas, M., Manson, J. E., Ascherio, A., & Hu, F. B. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.111 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Self-citationVafeiadou, K., Vauzour, D., Lee, H. Y., Rodriguez‐Mateos, A., Williams, R. J., & Spencer, J. P. E. (2009) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2009.01.016 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Dietary Flavonoids and Risk of Stroke in Women
Cassidy, A., Rimm, E. B., O’Reilly, É. J., Logroscino, G., Kay, C. D., Chiuve, S. E., & Rexrode, K. M. (2012) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.111.637835 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationIncidence and Recurrence of Late-Life Depression
Luijendijk, H. J., van den Berg, J. F., Dekker, M. J. H. J., van Tuijl, H. R., Otte, W., Smit, F., Albert Hofman, D., Stricker, B. H. C., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.12.1394 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Zhao, Z., Wang, W., Guo, H., & Zhou, D. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.06.030 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
The mechanisms of action of flavonoids in the brain: Direct versus indirect effects
Rendeiro, C., Rhodes, J. S., & Spencer, J. P. E. (2015) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2015.08.002 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of cancer in postmenopausal women: The Iowa Women's Health Study
Cutler, G. J., Nettleton, J. A., Ross, J. A., Harnack, L., Jacobs, D. R., Scrafford, C., Barraj, L. M., Mink, P. J., & Robien, K. (2008) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.23564 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Xenobiotic Metabolism and Berry Flavonoid Transport across the Blood−Brain Barrier
Milbury, P. E., & Kalt, W. (2010) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf903529m · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Diet and the risk of unipolar depression in adults: systematic review of cohort studies
Sanhueza, C., Ryan, L., & FOXCROFT, D. R. (2012) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-277x.2012.01283.x · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Reynolds, C. F., Cuijpers, P., Patel, V., Cohen, A., Dias, A., Chowdhary, N., Okereke, O. I., Amanda Dew, M., Anderson, S. J., Mazumdar, S., et al. (2012) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124544 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevention of Late-Life Depression in Primary Care: Do We Know Where to Begin?
Schoevers, R. A., Smit, F., Deeg, D. J. H., Cuijpers, P. J., Dekker, J., van Tilburg, W., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.9.1611 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Pase, M. P., Scholey, A. B., Pipingas, A., Kras, M., Nolidin, K., Gibbs, A., Wesnes, K., & Stough, C. (2013) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881112473791 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Dias, G. P., Cavegn, N., Nix, A., do Nascimento Bevilaqua, M. C., Stangl, D., Zainuddin, M. S. A., Nardi, A. E., Gardino, P. F., & Thuret, S. (2012) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2012/541971 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Green tea consumption is associated with depressive symptoms in the elderly
Niu, K., Hozawa, A., Kuriyama, S., Ebihara, S., Guo, H., Nakaya, N., Ohmori‐Matsuda, K., Takahashi, H., Masamune, Y., Asada, M., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28216 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Mihrshahi, S., Dobson, A. J., & Mishra, G. D. (2015) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.222 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Sathyapalan, T., Beckett, S. T., Rigby, A. S., Mellor, D. D., & Atkin, S. L. (2010) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-9-55 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Stahl, S. T., Albert, S. M., Dew, M. A., Lockovich, M. H., & Reynolds, C. F. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13101373 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Rose, N. (2010) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.78 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Okereke, O. I., Cook, N. R., Albert, C. M., Denburgh, M. V., Buring, J. E., & Manson, J. E. (2015) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148361 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationMoreira, E. L. G., Rial, D., Aguiar, A. S., Figueiredo, C. P., Siqueira, J. M., DalBó, S., Horst, H., de Oliveira, J., Mancini, G., dos Santos, T. S., et al. (2010) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-010-0464-x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Xu, Y., Li, S., Chen, R., Li, G., Barish, P. A., You, W., Chen, L., Lin, M., Ku, B., Pan, J., et al. (2009) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.10.007 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The impact of vascular burden on late-life depression
Santos, M., Kövari, E., Hof, P. R., Gold, G., Bouras, C., & Giannakopoulos, P. (2009) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.08.003 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Norton, M. C., Skoog, I. G., Toone, L., Corcoran, C. D., Tschanz, J. T., Lisota, R. D., Hart, A. D., Zandi, P. P., Breitner, J. C. S., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000196626.34881.42 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Nardi, G. M., Siqueira, J. M., Monachè, F. D., Pizzolatti, M. G., Ckless, K., & Ribeiro‐do‐Valle, R. M. (2006) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2006.03.002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Krogholm, K. S., Bysted, A., Brantsæter, A. L., Jakobsen, J., Rasmussen, S. E., Kristoffersen, L., & Toft, U. (2012) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512000104 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Anthocyanin analysis in banana fruit—a mistake
Drossard, C., Fröhling, B., Dietrich, H., & Kersting, M. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.010454 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Firth, J., Marx, W., Dash, S., Carney, R., Teasdale, S. B., Solmi, M., Stubbs, B., Schuch, F. B., Carvalho, A. F., Jacka, F., et al. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000673 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health
Berding, K., Vlckova, K., Marx, W., Schellekens, H., Stanton, C., Clarke, G., Jacka, F., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa181 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Godos, J., Castellano, S., Ray, S., Grosso, G., & Galvano, F. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23050999 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Bayes, J., Schloss, J., & Sibbritt, D. (2020) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmz117 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet is Associated with Better Sleep Quality in Italian Adults
Godos, J., Ferri, R., Caraci, F., Cosentino, F. I. I., Castellano, S., Galvano, F., & Grosso, G. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11050976 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Linking What We Eat to Our Mood: A Review of Diet, Dietary Antioxidants, and Depression
Huang, Q., Liu, H., Suzuki, K., Ma, S., & Liu, C. (2019) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox8090376 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Park, M., Choi, J., & Lee, H.-J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12061815 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Muscogiuri, G., Barrea, L., Aprano, S., Framondi, L., Di Matteo, R., Laudisio, D., Pugliese, G., Savastano, S., Colao, A., & on behalf of the Opera Prevention Project (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051354 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chang, S.-C., Cassidy, A., Willett, W. C., Rimm, E. B., O’Reilly, E. J., & Okereke, O. I.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Okereke, Olivia I
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-09
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 704-714
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4997290
- OpenAlex
- W2461740248
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 12.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- NIH (R01 MH091448, UM1 CA186107, UM1 CA176726)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/J004545/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- dietary flavonoids, depression risk, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, proanthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanins, middle-aged women, older women, geriatric depression, depressive symptoms, Nurses' Health Study, Nurses' Health Study II, food frequency questionnaire
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Healthy, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Female, Flavonoids, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Middle Aged, Nurses, Patient Compliance, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, United States, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Proportional Hazards Models, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
