Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is related to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies
Abstract
Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables has been shown to be associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in many epidemiological studies, however, the extent of the association is uncertain. We quantitatively assessed the relation between fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of CHD by carrying out a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Studies were included if they reported relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of CHD with respect to frequency of fruit and vegetable intake. Twelve studies, consisting of 13 independent cohorts, met the inclusion criteria. There were 278,459 individuals (9143 CHD events) with a median follow-up of 11 years. Compared with individuals who had less than 3 servings/day of fruit and vegetables, the pooled RR of CHD was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.86-1.00, P=0.06) for those with 3-5 servings/day and 0.83 (0.77-0.89, P<0.0001) for those with more than 5 servings/day. Subgroup analyses showed that both fruits and vegetables had a significant protective effect on CHD. Our meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies demonstrates that increased consumption of fruit and vegetables from less than 3 to more than 5 servings/day is related to a 17% reduction in CHD risk, whereas increased intake to 3-5 servings/day is associated with a smaller and borderline significant reduction in CHD risk. These results provide strong support for the recommendations to consume more than 5 servings/day of fruit and vegetables.
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Our meta-analysis is in general consistent with previous meta-analyses of fruit and vegetable intake and coronary heart disease, stroke and mortality.
“Our meta-analysis is in general consistent with previous meta-analyses of fruit and vegetable intake and coronary heart disease,3 stroke4 and mortality,41”
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- Authors
- He, F. J., Nowson, C. A., Lucas, M., & MacGregor, G. A.
- Affiliations
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- Deakin University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- He, F J
- Venue
- Journal of Human Hypertension
- Published
- 2007-04-19
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 717-728
- ISSN
- 0950-9240 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5527
- OpenAlex
- W1999386633
- Cited by
- 741
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 3.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Human Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Own your potential (DEAKIN) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- fruit and vegetable intake, coronary artery disease, dietary intake, cardiovascular risk reduction, dietary recommendations, prospective cohort
- MeSH terms
- Coronary Disease, Fruit, Humans, Vegetables, Cohort Studies, Risk Reduction Behavior
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