How T follicular helper cells and the germinal centre response change with age
Abstract
Normal ageing is accompanied by a decline in the function of the immune system that causes an increased susceptibility to infections and an impaired response to vaccination in older individuals. This results in an increased disease burden in the aged population, even with good immunisation programmes in place. The decreased response to vaccination is partly due to the diminution of the germinal centre response with age, caused by impaired T‐cell help to B cells. Within the germinal centre, T‐cell help is provided by a specialised subset of CD4+ T cells; T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Tfh cells provide survival and selection signals to germinal centre B cells, allowing them to egress from the germinal centre and become long‐live plasma cells or memory B cells, and provide life‐long protection against subsequent infection. This review will discuss the cellular and molecular changes in both Tfh cells and germinal centre B cells that occur with advancing age, which result in a smaller germinal centre response and a less effective response to immunisation.
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After vaccination, T follicular helper cells are less frequent in older subjects and appear to malfunction.
“after vaccination, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are less frequent in older subjects and appear to be malfunctioning”
From Successful and Maladaptive T Cell Aging (2017) · cites this paper as Linterman, 2014
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- Authors
- Linterman, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Babraham Institute (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Linterman, Michelle A
- Venue
- Immunology & Cell Biology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-11-12
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 72-79
- ISSN
- 0004-945X (ISSN-L)
- 0818-9641
- 1440-1711
- OpenAlex
- W2079154587
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 0.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Immunology and Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBS/E/B/000C0407, BBS/E/B/000C0409)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- T follicular helper cells, immunosenescence, aging, CD4+ T cells, B cells, vaccine response, memory B cells, plasma cells, T cell help, infection susceptibility
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Cell Differentiation, T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer, Humans, Germinal Center
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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