Obesity and the Built Environment: Changes in Environmental Cues Cause Energy Imbalances
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The past 30 years have seen dramatic changes in the food and physical activity environments, both of which contribute to the changes in human behavior that could explain obesity. This paper reviews documented changes in the food environment, changes in the physical activity environment and the mechanisms through which people respond to these environments, often without conscious awareness or control. The most important environmental changes have been increases in food accessibility, food salience and decreases in the cost of food. The increases in food marketing and advertising create food cues that artificially stimulate people to feel hungry. The existence of a metabolic pathway that allows excess energy to be stored as fat suggests that people were designed to overeat. Many internal mechanisms favor neurophysiologic responses to food cues that result in overconsumption. External cues, such as food abundance, food variety and food novelty, cause people to override internal signals of satiety. Other factors, such as conditioning and priming, tie food to other desirable outcomes, and thus increase the frequency that hunger is stimulated by environmental cues. People's natural response to the environmental cues are colored by framing, and judgments are flawed and biased depending on how information is presented. People lack insight into how the food environment affects them, and subsequently are unable to change the factors that are responsible for excessive energy consumption. Understanding the causal pathway for overconsumption will be necessary to interrupt the mechanisms that lead to obesity.
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The current physical activity environment is such that being sedentary has become the default behavior.
“For many individuals, fully controlling their environmental exposure to poor-quality foods is unattainable, and the current physical activity environment is such that being sedentary has become the default behavior (86).”
From Behavioral Interventions to Attenuate Driven Overeating and Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery (2022) · cites this paper as [86]
For many individuals, fully controlling their environmental exposure to poor-quality foods is unattainable.
“For many individuals, fully controlling their environmental exposure to poor-quality foods is unattainable, and the current physical activity environment is such that being sedentary has become the default behavior (86).”
From Behavioral Interventions to Attenuate Driven Overeating and Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery (2022) · cites this paper as [86]
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- Authors
- Cohen, D. A.
- Affiliations
- RAND Corporation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cohen, D A
- ORCID
- Cohen, D A
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- S7
- Pages
- S137-S142
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- PMC
- PMC3741102
- OpenAlex
- W2080279374
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA013749)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- obesity, built environment, food environment, physical activity environment, environmental cues, food access, food marketing, food advertising, hunger, satiety, energy imbalance, overeating, food cues, priming, framing effects, food costs, dietary diversity
- MeSH terms
- Advertising, Cues, Eating, Environment, Environment Design, Feeding Behavior, Food Supply, Humans, Obesity, Exercise
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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