Psychometric analysis of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R21: results from a large diverse sample of obese and non-obese participants
Abstract
Background The 21-item Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21) is a scale that measures three domains of eating behavior: cognitive restraint (CR), uncontrolled eating (UE) and emotional eating (EE).Objectives To assess the factor structure and reliability of TFEQ-R21 (and if necessary, refine the structure) in diverse populations of obese and non-obese individuals.Design Data were obtained from obese adults in a United States/Canadian clinical trial (n=1741), and overweight, obese and normal weight adults in a US web-based survey (n=1275). Confirmatory factor analyses were employed to investigate the structure of TFEQ-R21 using baseline data from the clinical trial. The model was refined to obtain adequate fit and internal consistency. The refined model was then tested using the web-based data. Relationships between TFEQ domains and body mass index (BMI) were examined in both populations.Results Clinical data indicated that TFEQ-R21 needed refinement. Three items were removed from the CR domain, producing the revised version TFEQ-R18V2 (Comparative Fit Index (CFI)=0.91). Testing TFEQ-R18V2 in the web-based sample supported the revised structure (CFI=0.96; Cronbach's coefficient alpha of 0.78-0.94). Associations with BMI were small. In the clinical study, the CR domain showed a significant and negative association with BMI. On the basis of the web-based survey, it was shown that the relationship between BMI and CR is population-dependent (obese versus non-obese, healthy versus diabetics).Conclusions In two independent datasets, the TFEQ-R18V2 showed robust factor structure and good reliability. It may provide a useful tool for characterizing UE, CR and EE.
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The Eating Inventory has strong psychometric properties.
“Disinhibition (i.e., eating in response to cues) was measured with the Eating Inventory (EI), which also has strong psychometric properties.33”
From The mind your health project: a randomized controlled trial of an innovative behavioral treatment for obesity (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Authors
- Cappelleri, J. C., Bushmakin, A. G., Gerber, R. A., Leidy, N. K., Sexton, C. C., Lowe, M. R., & Karlsson, J.
- Affiliations
- Pfizer (United States) (US)
- Drexel University (US)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Cappelleri, J C
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2009-04-28
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 611-620
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- OpenAlex
- W2050492184
- Cited by
- 467
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 8.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, dietary habits, obesity, factor structure, scale reliability, body mass index, overweight, diabetes mellitus
- MeSH terms
- Canada, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reference Values, Sex Factors, United States, Body Mass Index
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