Activation of the peripheral endocannabinoid system in human obesity
Open accessAbstract
Obesity is the main risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Activation of the central endocannabinoid system increases food intake and promotes weight gain. Blockade of the cannabinoid type 1 (CB-1) receptor reduces body weight in animals by central and peripheral actions; the role of the peripheral endocannabinoid system in human obesity is now being extensively investigated. We measured circulating endocannabinoid concentrations and studied the expression of CB-1 and the main degrading enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), in adipose tissue of lean (n = 20) and obese (n = 20) women and after a 5% weight loss in a second group of women (n = 17). Circulating levels of anandamide and 1/2-arachidonoylglycerol were increased by 35 and 52% in obese compared with lean women (P < 0.05). Adipose tissue mRNA levels were reduced by -34% for CB-1 and -59% for FAAH in obese subjects (P < 0.05). A strong negative correlation was found between FAAH expression in adipose tissue and circulating endocannabinoids. Circulating endocannabinoids and CB-1 or FAAH expression were not affected by 5% weight loss. The expression of CB-1 and FAAH was increased in mature human adipocytes compared with in preadipocytes and was found in several human tissues. Our findings support the presence of a peripheral endocannabinoid system that is upregulated in human obesity.
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Increased endocannabinoids in obese Type II diabetes likely result from downregulation of FAAH gene expression.
“and this effect is likely to result from downregulation of FAAH gene expression, an effect which has also been observed in adipocytes sampled from obese women.110”
From Cannabinoids as Pharmacotherapies for Neuropathic Pain: From the Bench to the Bedside (2009) · cites this paper as [110]
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“In humans, increased endocannabinoid levels are associated with intra-abdominal obesity (4,5,15,16), type 2 diabetes (5), and binge-eating disorder (6).”
BackgroundSugamura, K., Sugiyama, S., Nozaki, T., Matsuzawa, Y., Izumiya, Y., Miyata, K., Nakayama, M., Kaikita, K., Obata, T., Takeya, M., et al. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.811992 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“Age (mean), y 61.714.9 63.011.6 0.76 Men/women, n 11/9 15/5 0.32 Smoking, n (%) 1 (5) 5 ( 25 ) 0.16 Hypertension, n (%) 12 (60) 16 (80) 0.30 BMI, kg/m”
InfluentialEndocannabinoid Dysregulation in the Pancreas and Adipose Tissue of Mice Fed With a High‐fat Diet
Starowicz, K., Cristino, L., Matias, I., Capasso, R., Racioppi, A., Izzo, A. A., & Marzo, V. D. (2008) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.106 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“Also with regard to the effect of obesity on CB1 receptor expression in the adipose tissue, there are discrepant results in the literature, with decreases (10) and no changes (11) in obese patients and increases in rats (30) having been reported to date.”
BackgroundResultPresence of functional cannabinoid receptors in human endocrine pancreas
Bermúdez‐Silva, F. J., Suárez, J., Baixerás, E., Čobo, N., Bautista, D., Cuesta-Muñoz, A. L., Fuentes, E., Juan-Picó, P., Castro, M. J., Milman, G., et al. (2007) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0890-y · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“The endocannabinoids are relevant homeostatic signals whose dysregulation contributes to obesity and type 2 diabetes [6, 13].”
BackgroundThe expression of receptors for endocannabinoids in human and rodent skeletal muscle
Cavuoto, P., McAinch, A. J., Hatzinikolas, G., Janovská, A., Game, P. A., & Wittert, G. (2007) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.099 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Zoerner, A. A., Gutzki, F., Bátkai, S., May, M., Rakers, C., Engeli, S., Jordan, J., & Tsikas, D. (2011) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.004 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“Because of this difficulty, commonly the peaks of 2AG and 1AG are summed in quantitative experiments [30,97].”
BackgroundInfluentialÇınar, R., Godlewski, G., Liu, J., Tam, J., Jourdan, T., Mukhopadhyay, B., Harvey-White, J. D., & Kunos, G. (2013) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.26606 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Elman, I., Borsook, D., & Lukas, S. E. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301051 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Nicolai, A., Li, M., Kim, D. H., Peterson, S. J., Vanella, L., Positano, V., Gastaldelli, A., Rezzani, R., Rodella, L. F., Drummond, G., et al. (2009) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.124701 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Izzo, A. A., Piscitelli, F., Capasso, R., Aviello, G., Romano, B., Borrelli, F., Petrosino, S., & Marzo, V. D. (2009) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00183.x · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“, 2005) and in obese post-menopausal women (Engeli et al., 2005), in whom elevated blood levels of endocannabinoids were reported.”
BackgroundMehrpouya‐Bahrami, P., Chitrala, K. N., Ganewatta, M. S., Tang, C., Murphy, E. A., Enos, R. T., Velázquez, K. T., McCellan, J., Nagarkatti, M., & Nagarkatti, P. S. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15154-6 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“Obesity has been characterized by over-activation of eCB system 13 .”
BackgroundMcPartland, J. M., Guy, G. W., & Marzo, V. D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089566 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“[232] measured CB1 and FAAH gene expression, and serum AEA and 2-AG, in obese postmenopausal women.”
BackgroundThe l -α-Lysophosphatidylinositol/ GPR55 System and Its Potential Role in Human Obesity
Moreno‐Navarrete, J. M., Catalán, V., Whyte, L. S., Díaz–Arteaga, A., Vázquez‐Martínez, R., Rotellar, F., Guzmán‐Ruiz, R., Gómez‐Ambrosi, J., Pulido, M. R., Russell, W. R., et al. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-0649 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Although endocannabinoid levels are increased in obesity (39), data on CB1 gene expression in WAT is controversial because reduced (39), increased (42), or unchanged (43) expression between obese and lean subjects has been reported.”
BackgroundMatias, I., Petrosino, S., Racioppi, A., Capasso, R., Izzo, A. A., & Marzo, V. D. (2008) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2008.01.026 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Van Gaal, L. F., Scheen, A. J., Rissanen, A. M., Rössner, S., Hanotin, C., & Ziegler, O. (2008) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn076 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“The role played by hepatic and pancreatic CBB1 receptors is an evolving field of study, but there is now evidence that overactivity of the ECS is associated with abdominal obesity and type 2 diabetes.(13-15)”
BackgroundEckardt, K., Sell, H., Taube, A., Koenen, M., Platzbecker, B., Cramer, A., Horrighs, A., Lehtonen, M., Tennagels, N., & Eckel, J. (2008) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-008-1240-4 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The Endocannabinoid System and Plant-Derived Cannabinoids in Diabetes and Diabetic Complications
Horváth, B., Mukhopadhyay, P., Haskó, G., & Pacher, P. (2011) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.003 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Rajesh, M., Pan, H., Mukhopadhyay, P., Bátkai, S., Osei‐Hyiaman, D., Haskó, G., Liaudet, L., Gao, B., & Pacher, P. (2007) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0307180 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Quercioli, A., Pataky, Z., Vincenti, G. M., Makoundou, V., Marzo, V. D., Montecucco, F., Carballo, S., Thomas, A., Staub, C., Steffens, S., et al. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr029 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“In fact, previous studies have demonstrated that elevated plasma levels of 2-AG are most often found in men with abdominal OB, whereas elevated plasma levels of AEA are observed in post-menopausal women.(19,20) These divergent characteristics of AEA and 2-AG concentrations in individuals with increasing body weight re…”
BackgroundTedesco, L., Valerio, A., Cervino, C., Cardile, A., Pagano, C., Vettor, R., Pasquali, R., Carruba, M. O., Marsicano, G., Lutz, B., et al. (2008) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-1623 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Notably, in adipocytes, CB1 receptor expression increases with cell differentiation (10,11).”
BackgroundThe emerging role of the endocannabinoid system in cardiovascular disease
Pacher, P., & Steffens, S. (2009) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-009-0145-8 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“, myocardium) [11–13], human coronary artery endothelial and smooth muscle cells [14, 15], adipose tissue [16, 17], and the liver [17–19].”
BackgroundEndocannabinoids Measurement in Human Saliva as Potential Biomarker of Obesity
Matias, I., Gatta‐Cherifi, B., Tabarin, A., Clark, S., Lesté-Lasserre, T., Marsicano, G., Piazza, P. V., & Cota, D. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042399 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“For instance, Engeli and colleagues showed that in obese women fasting circulating endocannabinoid levels were not affected by a 5% weight loss obtained after 13–15 weeks of dietary weight reduction protocol [40].”
BackgroundShould peripheral CB1 cannabinoid receptors be selectively targeted for therapeutic gain?
Kunos, G., Osei‐Hyiaman, D., Bátkai, S., Sharkey, K. A., & Makriyannis, A. (2008) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2008.10.001 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“The role of CB1 receptors in the central neural control of appetite [4] and evidence for the tonic activity of the endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor system in obesity [5,6] provide a rationale for the use of CB1 antagonists as antiobesity agents.”
BackgroundLifestyle and Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution of the Endocannabinoidome
Marzo, V. D., & Silvestri, C. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081956 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“The observed increases in AEA and 2-AG levels appear to be due to changes in expression of adipose tissue-metabolizing enzymes, as the AEA-catabolizing enzyme FAAH was decreased and the 2-AG-anabolizing enzyme DAGLα was increased in the adipose tissue from obese individuals in conjunction with decreased CB1 expression…”
BackgroundAdvances in the Physiology of GPR55 in the Central Nervous System
Marichal‐Cancino, B. A., Fajardo-Valdez, A., Ruiz‐Contreras, A. E., Méndez‐Díaz, M., & Prospero-Garcia, O. E. (2016) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666160729155441 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“On the other hand, obesity seems to be associated with hyperactivity of the human GPR55/LPI system [71] and the endocannabinoids as anandamide and 2-AG [73].”
BackgroundToxicity of Weight Loss Agents
Yen, M., & Ewald, M. B. (2012) · Journal of Medical Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s13181-012-0213-7 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Endocannabinoids in adipocytes during differentiation and their role in glucose uptake
Gasperi, V., Fezza, F., Pasquariello, N., Bari, M., Oddi, S., Finazzi‐Agrò, A., & Maccarrone, M. (2006) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-006-6445-4 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Mallat, A., Teixeira-Clerc, F., Deveaux, V., Manin, S., & Lotersztajn, S. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01397.x · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Thus, in three studies, obese individuals displayed elevated serum levels of 2-AG, compared with lean individuals (Engeli et al., 2005; Bluher et al., 2006; Cote et al., 2007).”
BackgroundThe role of metabolic syndrome in heart failure
Filardi, P. P., Paolillo, S., Costanzo, P., Savarese, G., Trimarco, B., & Bonow, R. O. (2015) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv350 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“cannabinoids, have been reported to be elevated compared with controls.(39) In an experimental mouse model, DM-induced cardiomyopathy was associated with increased endocannabinoid concentration and receptor expression, leading to increased oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis.”
ResultThe thrifty lipids: endocannabinoids and the neural control of energy conservation
DiPatrizio, N. V., & Piomelli, D. (2012) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.04.006 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The Endocannabinoid System and Energy Metabolism
Bellocchio, L., Cervino, C., Pasquali, R., & Pagotto, U. (2008) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01728.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Cota, D. (2007) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.764 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“found that plasma anandamide and 2-AG levels were significantly elevated in obese women compared with lean women [98].”
BackgroundZoerner, A. A., Bátkai, S., Suchy, M.-T., Gutzki, F., Engeli, S., Jordan, J., & Tsikas, D. (2011) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.06.025 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Dol-Gleizes, F., Paumelle, R., Visentin, V., Marés, A.-M., Desitter, P., Hennuyer, N., Gilde, A. J., Staels, B., Schaeffer, P., & Bono, F. (2008) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.108.168757 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Endocannabinoid signaling and food addiction
D’Addario, C., Bonaventura, M. V. M. D., Pucci, M., Romano, A., Gaetani, S., Ciccocioppo, R., Cifani, C., & Maccarrone, M. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.008 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“in adipose tissue of obese women (Engeli et al., 2005).”
BackgroundThe Endocannabinoid System and Its Relevance for Nutrition
Maccarrone, M., Gasperi, V., Catani, M. V., Diep, T. A., Dainese, E., Hansen, H. S., & Avigliano, L. (2010) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104701 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Indeed, endocannabinoid levels are increased before the onset of obesity (24), thus indicating that a hyperactive ECS could be a cause rather than a consequence of metabolic disorders.”
BackgroundDysregulation of the Endocannabinoid System in Obesity
Engeli, S. (2008) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01683.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Pálóczi, J., Varga, Z. V., Hasko, G., & Pacher, P. (2017) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2017.7144 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Dysregulation of endocannabinoid production and/or receptor expression have been reported under different pathophysiological conditions, including nociception (2, 290), emotional disorders (80, 114), energy imbalance (59, 81, 305), neurodegenerative diseases (5, 85, 87), cancer (337), diabetes and metabolic disorders…”
BackgroundModulation of the Endocannabinoid System in Cardiovascular Disease
Pacher, P., Mukhopadhyay, P., Rajesh, M., Godlewski, G., Bátkai, S., & Kunos, G. (2008) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.105.063651 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Role of cannabinoid CB2 receptors in glucose homeostasis in rats
Bermúdez‐Silva, F. J., Sánchez-Vera, I., Suárez, J., Serrano, A., Fuentes, E., Juan-Picó, P., Nadal, Á., & de Fonseca, F. R. (2007) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.02.066 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Biomarkers of Endocannabinoid System Activation in Severe Obesity
Sipe, J. C., Scott, T. M., Murray, S., Harismendy, O., Simon, G. M., Cravatt, B. F., & Waalen, J. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008792 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“It has become apparent that human obesity is associated with activation of the ECS and with increased levels of ECs in many tissues, as well as in the circulation [17] However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of ECS dysregulation in obesity need clarification to better understand ECS risk factors in obesity and to…”
BackgroundInfluentialMarzo, V. D., Verrijken, A., Hakkarainen, A., Petrosino, S., Mertens, I. L., Lundbom, N. M. I., Piscitelli, F., Westerbacka, J., Soro‐Paavonen, A., Matias, I., et al. (2009) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-09-0643 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Peripheral endocannabinoid signaling controls hyperphagia in western diet-induced obesity
Argueta, D. A., & DiPatrizio, N. V. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.044 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Furthermore, when compared to normal weight human subjects, plasma levels of 2-AG were elevated in obese women [38], and both 2-AG and anandamide were elevated in saliva of obese male and female subjects [36].”
BackgroundCannabinoids and Endocannabinoids in Metabolic Disorders with Focus on Diabetes
Marzo, V. D., Piscitelli, F., & Mechoulam, R. (2011) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17214-4_4 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“2005b), the white adipose tissue (Engeli et al. 2005) and adipocytes (Bensaid et al.”
BackgroundCan we ‘seize’ the gut microbiota to treat epilepsy?
De Caro, C., Iannone, L. F., Citraro, R., Striano, P., De Sarro, G., Constanti, A., Cryan, J. F., & Russo, E. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.002 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Fong, T. M., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.132 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Köfalvi, A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74349-3 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Metabolically Healthy Obesity—Heterogeneity in Definitions and Unconventional Factors
Brandão, I., Martins, M. J., & Monteiro, R. (2020) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo10020048 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors induces glucose intolerance in rats
Bermúdez‐Silva, F. J., Serrano, A., Diaz-Molina, F. J., Sánchez-Vera, I., Juan-Picó, P., Nadal, Á., Fuentes, E., & de Fonseca, F. R. (2006) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.016 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Matias, I. (2007) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.11.001 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Bátkai, S., Rajesh, M., Mukhopadhyay, P., Haskó, G., Liaudet, L., Cravatt, B. F., Csiszár, A., Ungvari, Z. I., & Pacher, P. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00373.2007 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“The natural ligands [endocannabinoids: arachidonoyl ethanolamide or anandamide (AEA) and 2arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)], similarly to their synthetic analogs, exert various antiinflammatory and other effects mediated through the activation of two known cannabinoid (CB) receptors: the CB1 receptor, which is highly expre…”
BackgroundKunos, G., & Tam, J. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01352.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“The situation is less clear in human obesity, where CB1 expression was reportedly decreased in subcutaneous fat (Engeli et al., 2005), but increased in visceral fat (Bordicchia et al.”
BackgroundDas, S., & O’Keefe, J. H. (2006) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-006-0048-2 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Intra-abdominal obesity further accentuates the physiologic response to stress-induced hormone disturbances, compelling the person to continue to overeat, which causes further worsening of obesity and hormonal balance [ 50 ].”
BackgroundNakata, M., & Yada, T. (2007) · Regulatory Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2007.08.009 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
2-Arachidonoylglycerol Signaling in Forebrain Regulates Systemic Energy Metabolism
Jung, K., Clapper, J. R., Fu, J., D’Agostino, G., Guijarro, A. I., Thongkham, D., Avanesian, A., Astarita, G., DiPatrizio, N. V., Frontini, A., et al. (2012) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.021 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“First, feeding and obesity regulate the production of two endocannabinoid mediators – 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG) and anandamide – in peripheral tissues (Gomez et al., 2002; Engeli et al., 2005; Osei-Hyiaman et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Endocannabinoids and metabolism: past, present and future
Simon, V., & Cota, D. (2017) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-16-1044 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Gatta‐Cherifi, B., Matias, I., Vallée, M., Tabarin, A., Marsicano, G., Piazza, P. V., & Cota, D. (2011) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.165 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
A peripheral endocannabinoid mechanism contributes to glucocorticoid-mediated metabolic syndrome
Bowles, N. P., Karatsoreos, I. N., Li, X., Vemuri, K. V., Wood, J.-A., Li, Z., Tamashiro, K. L., Schwartz, G. J., Makriyannis, A., Kunos, G., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1421420112 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“The ability of eCB signaling to regulate metabolic function is clearly a complex process that involves many sites of action (12, 13).”
BackgroundEndocannabinoids and the Control of Energy Homeostasis
Kunos, G., Osei‐Hyiaman, D., Liu, J., Godlewski, G., & Bátkai, S. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.r800012200 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Russo, P., Strazzullo, P., Cappuccio, F. P., Trégouët, D., Lauria, F., Loguercio, M., Barba, G., Versiero, M., & Siani, A. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2523 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“In the last years, a wealth of data indicated that the endogenous cannabinoid system is also an important homeostatic modulator of energy balance and weight control through appetite-stimulating mechanisms as well as other physiological pathways, such as peripheral lipogenesis (17, 18).”
BackgroundFanelli, F., Lallo, V. D. D., Belluomo, I., IASIO, R. D., Baccini, M., Casadio, E., Gasparini, D. I., Colavita, M., Gambineri, A., Grossi, G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m021378 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Enhanced endocannabinoid tone as a potential target of pharmacotherapy
Toczek, M., & Malinowska, B. (2018) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.054 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
- Authors
- Engeli, S., Böhnke, J., Feldpausch, M., Gorzelniak, K., Janke, J., Bátkai, S., Pacher, P., Harvey-White, J., Luft, F. C., Sharma, A. M., & Jordan, J.
- Affiliations
- Helios Hospital Berlin-Buch (DE)
- Franz Volhard Clinical Research Center, Charité Campus Buch, and HELIOS Klinikum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2005-10-01
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2838-2843
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- PMC
- PMC2228268
- OpenAlex
- W2162112945
- Cited by
- 686
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 38.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- MDC Repository (Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Sanofi
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (Z01AA000375)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- obesity, cannabinoid type 1 receptor, fatty acid amide hydrolase, anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, adipose tissue, weight loss, human adipocytes, type 2 diabetes risk
- MeSH terms
- Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases, Adipose Tissue, Amidohydrolases, Arachidonic Acids, Body Composition, Female, Glycerides, Humans, Middle Aged, Obesity, RNA, Messenger, Weight Loss, Gene Expression, Body Mass Index, Linear Models, Postmenopause, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1, Polyunsaturated Alkamides, Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators, Endocannabinoids
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