Cited by 467Eating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Psychometric analysis of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R21: results from a large diverse sample of obese and non-obese participants

Cappelleri, J C, Bushmakin, A G, Gerber, R A, Leidy, N K, Sexton, C C, Lowe, M R, Karlsson, J·2009·International Journal of Obesity

DOI 10.1038/ijo.2009.74

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Abstract

Background The 21-item Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21) is a scale that measures three domains of eating behavior: cognitive restraint (CR), uncontrolled eating (UE) and emotional eating (EE).Objectives To assess the factor structure and reliability of TFEQ-R21 (and if necessary, refine the structure) in diverse populations of obese and non-obese individuals.Design Data were obtained from obese adults in a United States/Canadian clinical trial (n=1741), and overweight, obese and normal weight adults in a US web-based survey (n=1275). Confirmatory factor analyses were employed to investigate the structure of TFEQ-R21 using baseline data from the clinical trial. The model was refined to obtain adequate fit and internal consistency. The refined model was then tested using the web-based data. Relationships between TFEQ domains and body mass index (BMI) were examined in both populations.Results Clinical data indicated that TFEQ-R21 needed refinement. Three items were removed from the CR domain, producing the revised version TFEQ-R18V2 (Comparative Fit Index (CFI)=0.91). Testing TFEQ-R18V2 in the web-based sample supported the revised structure (CFI=0.96; Cronbach's coefficient alpha of 0.78-0.94). Associations with BMI were small. In the clinical study, the CR domain showed a significant and negative association with BMI. On the basis of the web-based survey, it was shown that the relationship between BMI and CR is population-dependent (obese versus non-obese, healthy versus diabetics).Conclusions In two independent datasets, the TFEQ-R18V2 showed robust factor structure and good reliability. It may provide a useful tool for characterizing UE, CR and EE.

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Authors: Cappelleri, J. C., Bushmakin, A. G., Gerber, R. A., Leidy, N. K., Sexton, C. C., Lowe, M. R., & Karlsson, J.
Affiliations: Pfizer (United States) (US)
Drexel University (US)
University of Gothenburg (SE)
Corresponding author: Cappelleri, J C
ORCID: Cappelleri, J C
Bushmakin, A G
Sexton, C C
Lowe, M R
Karlsson, J
Venue: International Journal of Obesity
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009-04-28
Volume: 33
Issue: 6
Pages: 611-620
ISSN: 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
1476-5497
DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.74
OpenAlex: W2050492184
Cited by: 467
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 8.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Pfizer
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, dietary habits, obesity, factor structure, scale reliability, body mass index, overweight, diabetes mellitus
MeSH terms: Canada, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reference Values, Sex Factors, United States, Body Mass Index

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Psychometric analysis of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R21: results from a large diverse sample of obese and non-obese participants

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