Regulation of phyllotaxis by polar auxin transport
Abstract
The regular arrangement of leaves around a plant's stem, called phyllotaxis, has for centuries attracted the attention of philosophers, mathematicians and natural scientists; however, to date, studies of phyllotaxis have been largely theoretical. Leaves and flowers are formed from the shoot apical meristem, triggered by the plant hormone auxin. Auxin is transported through plant tissues by specific cellular influx and efflux carrier proteins. Here we show that proteins involved in auxin transport regulate phyllotaxis. Our data indicate that auxin is transported upwards into the meristem through the epidermis and the outermost meristem cell layer. Existing leaf primordia act as sinks, redistributing auxin and creating its heterogeneous distribution in the meristem. Auxin accumulation occurs only at certain minimal distances from existing primordia, defining the position of future primordia. This model for phyllotaxis accounts for its reiterative nature, as well as its regularity and stability.
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Auxin response maxima instruct the position of leaf primordia at the shoot apex and the pattern of leaflets during complex leaf development.
“Auxin response maxima instruct, for example, the position of leaf primordia at the shoot apex (Reinhardt et al., 2003;Bayer et al., 2009) and the pattern of leaflets during complex leaf development (Barkoulas et al., 2008;Koenig et al., 2009;Ben-Gera et al., 2012).”
From <i>Divide et impera</i>: boundaries shape the plant body and initiate new meristems (2016) · cites this paper as Reinhardt et al., 2003
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- Authors
- Reinhardt, D., Pesce, E.-R., Stieger, P., Mandel, T., Baltensperger, K., Bennett, M., Traas, J., Friml, J., & Kuhlemeier, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Bern (CH)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Kuhlemeier, Cris
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2003-11
- Volume
- 426
- Issue
- 6964
- Pages
- 255-260
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1975288257
- Cited by
- 1,523
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 83
- FWCI
- 70.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Parasitism and Resistance
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant nutrient uptake and metabolism
- Keywords
- phyllotaxis, polar auxin transport, auxin, shoot apical meristem, leaf primordia, plant development
- MeSH terms
- Biological Transport, Indoleacetic Acids, Membrane Proteins, Mutation, RNA, Messenger, Arabidopsis, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Plant Leaves, Meristem, Body Patterning, Membrane Transport Proteins, Arabidopsis Proteins, Flowers, Organogenesis
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