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Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales 1978–2003
Abstract
More than twice as much carbon is held in soils as in vegetation or the atmosphere, and changes in soil carbon content can have a large effect on the global carbon budget. The possibility that climate change is being reinforced by increased carbon dioxide emissions from soils owing to rising temperature is the subject of a continuing debate. But evidence for the suggested feedback mechanism has to date come solely from small-scale laboratory and field experiments and modelling studies. Here we use data from the National Soil Inventory of England and Wales obtained between 1978 and 2003 to show that carbon was lost from soils across England and Wales over the survey period at a mean rate of 0.6% yr(-1) (relative to the existing soil carbon content). We find that the relative rate of carbon loss increased with soil carbon content and was more than 2% yr(-1) in soils with carbon contents greater than 100 g kg(-1). The relationship between rate of carbon loss and carbon content is irrespective of land use, suggesting a link to climate change. Our findings indicate that losses of soil carbon in England and Wales--and by inference in other temperate regions-are likely to have been offsetting absorption of carbon by terrestrial sinks.
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“UK wide surveys recording trends in soil carbon over time (at the 0–15 cm depth) have also reported significant reductions (~6%) in soil carbon under managed fertile grasslands between 1998 and 2007 (Bellamy, Loveland, Bradley, Lark, & Kirk, 2005; Emmett et al., 2010).”
From Measured and modelled effect of land‐use change from temperate grassland to Miscanthus on soil carbon stocks after 12 years (2019) · cites this paper as Bellamy et al., 2005
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In addition, there are indications (Bellamy et al., 2005;Monson et al., 2006;Luo, 2007;Arnone et al., 2008;Bond-Lamberty and Thomson, 2010;Smith and Fang, 2010;Yvon-Durocher et al., 2010;Zhao and Running, 2010) of a positive feedback in which increases in global temperature lower the ability of present soils and other parts of the biosphere to absorb CO 2”
From Breeding crop plants with deep roots: their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient and water sequestration (2011) · cites this paper as Bellamy et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“The first thing to note is the huge variation in the organic (carbon) content of soils -at least 15-fold in the UK alone (Bellamy et al., 2005;Bradley et al., 2005;Ostle et al., 2009).”
From Breeding crop plants with deep roots: their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient and water sequestration (2011) · cites this paper as Bellamy et al., 2005
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Citations
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Soil natural capital in europe; a framework for state and change assessment
Robinson, D. A., Panagos, P., Borrelli, P., Jones, A., Montanarella, L., Tye, A. M., & Obst, C. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06819-3 · Cited by 116
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“But this would imply carbon storage could also be increasing and there is no evidence of this additional carbon sequestration [Bellamy et al., 2005].”
BackgroundSchulp, C. J. E., & Verburg, P. H. (2009) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2009.05.005 · Cited by 114
Yang, R., Su, Y., Wang, T., & Yang, Q. (2016) · Journal of Integrative Agriculture · doi:10.1016/s2095-3119(15)61107-8 · Cited by 115
Sanford, G. R., Posner, J. L., Jackson, R. D., Kucharik, C. J., Hedtcke, J. L., & Lin, T. (2012) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2012.08.011 · Cited by 120
Impact of Biochar on Organic Contaminants in Soil: A Tool for Mitigating Risk?
Ogbonnaya, U. O., & Semple, K. T. (2013) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy3020349 · Cited by 118
The value of catch crops and organic manures for spring barley in organic arable farming
Olesen, J. E., Hansen, E. M., Askegaard, M., & Rasmussen, I. A. (2006) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2006.07.001 · Cited by 113
Manning, P., de Vries, F. T., Tallowin, J. R. B., Smith, R. S., Mortimer, S. R., Pilgrim, E. S., Harrison, K. A., Wright, D. G., Quirk, H., Benson, J. B., et al. (2015) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12478 · Cited by 118
“…also complement current soil C mapping approaches, which use a combination of dynamic models such as CENTURY (Parton et al. 1993) and RothC (Smith et al. 2005), direct measurements (Bellamy et al. 2005; Carey et al. 2008) and proxy measures (Jones et al. 2005; Eigenbrod et al. 2010), in two ways.”
BackgroundMethodYallop, A., & Clutterbuck, B. (2009) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.03.012 · Cited by 112
Sowerby, A., Emmett, B. A., Tietema, A., & Beier, C. (2008) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01643.x · Cited by 109
Stabilization and destabilization of soil organic matter—a new focus
Sollins, P., Swanston, C. W., & Kramer, M. G. (2007) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-007-9099-x · Cited by 113
Conforti, M., Buttafuocò, G., Leone, A. P., Aucelli, P. P. C., Robustelli, G., & Scarciglia, F. (2013) · CATENA · doi:10.1016/j.catena.2013.06.013 · Cited by 111
Changes in soil organic carbon in a mountainous French region, 1990–2004
Saby, N., Arrouays, D., Antoni, V., Lemercier, B., Follain, S., Walter, C. A., & Schvartz, C. (2008) · Soil Use and Management · doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2008.00159.x · Cited by 110
“Assessments of long-term trends in SOC content based on measurements over large areas are very few because long-term resampling schemes are quite rare (e.g. Bellamy et al., 2005; Lettens et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThreats to Soil Quality in Europe
Tóth, G., Montanarella, L., & Ezio, R. (2008) · Joint Research Centre (European Commission) · doi:10.2788/8647 · Cited by 114
Long‐Term Changes in Mollisol Organic Carbon and Nitrogen
David, M. B., McIsaac, G. F., Darmody, R. G., & Omonode, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0132 · Cited by 114
“A recent study in England suggested that for soils with an organic C concentration >30 g kg−1 in the upper 0 to 15 cm, a relatively rapid depletion of C occurred between sampling in 1978 and resampling in 2003 (Bellamy et al., 2005). In contrast, soils with an organic C concentration <30 g kg−1 showed a small increase…”
BackgroundChanges in land cover and vegetation carbon stocks in Andalusia, Southern Spain (1956–2007)
Muñoz‐Rojas, M., de la Rosa, D., Zavala, L. M., Jordán, A., & Romero, M. A. (2011) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.009 · Cited by 110
“Since land use types differ in the amount of carbon stored in soil and vegetation (Arrouays et al., 2001; Rodríguez Murillo, 2001; Lettens et al., 2004; Bellamy et al., 2005) and in the potential rate of carbon stock change, LUCs have significant effects on atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gasses and carbon sto…”
BackgroundLeifeld, J., Reiser, R., & Oberholzer, H. (2009) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.2134/agronj2009.0002 · Cited by 110
Gosling, P., Parsons, N., & Bending, G. D. (2013) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-013-0791-9 · Cited by 118
“However, use of soils for agricultural production generally results in a decline in total SOM over an extended period (Johnson 1991; Bellamy et al. 2005; Sleutel et al. 2006), which may in turn impact on soil functions, although exactly how is far from clear (Loveland and Webb 2003).”
BackgroundLong-term soil organic carbon dynamics in temperate cropland-grassland systems
Guillaume, T., Bragazza, L., Levasseur, C., Libohova, Z., & Sinaj, S. (2020) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2020.107184 · Cited by 114
Riggers, C., Poeplau, C., Don, A., Frühauf, C., & Dechow, R. (2021) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-020-04806-8 · Cited by 108
Multi‐nutrient vs. nitrogen‐only effects on carbon sequestration in grassland soils
Fornara, D. A., Banin, L. F., & Crawley, M. J. (2013) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12323 · Cited by 109
Increased topsoil carbon stock across China's forests
Yang, Y., Li, P., Ding, J., Zhao, X., Ma, W., Ji, C., & Fang, J. (2014) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12536 · Cited by 108
“Given that topsoil is most sensitive to environmental changes, only data in the top 10 cm were used to examine soil carbon dynamics, as did in other studies (Bellamy et al., 2005; Schipper et al., 2007).”
MethodResultSelsted, M. B., Linden, L. G., Ibrom, A., Michelsen, A., Larsen, K. S., Pedersen, J. K., Mikkelsen, T. N., Kim Pilegaard, L., Beier, C., & Ambus, P. (2011) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02634.x · Cited by 107
“Growing evidence suggests that ongoing climatic changes may significantly alter the balance between GPP and RS in temperate soils leading to detrimental losses of soil C (Bellamy et al., 2005).”
BackgroundQiu, H., Ge, T., Liu, J., Chen, X., Hu, Y., Wu, J., Su, Y., & Kuzyakov, Y. V. (2017) · European Journal of Soil Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.12.003 · Cited by 108
RetractedDistinct controls over the temporal dynamics of soil carbon fractions after land use change
Luo, Z., Rossel, R. A. V., & Shi, Z. (2020) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15157 · Cited by 114
Temperature sensitivity of forest soil organic matter decomposition along two elevation gradients
Schindlbacher, A., de Gonzalo, C., Díaz‐Pinés, E., Gorría, P., Matthews, B., Inclán, R. M., Zechmeister‐Boltenstern, S., Rubio, A., & Jandl, R. (2010) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2009jg001191 · Cited by 106
HOPKINS, D. W., Waite, I. S., McNicol, J. W., Poulton, P. R., Macdonald, A. J., & O’Donnell, A. G. (2008) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01809.x · Cited by 107
“For all soils in Great Britain, Howard et al. (1995) proposed the general relationship: bulk density ðg cm 3Þ ¼ 1:3 ½0:275 ln SOC concentration ð%Þ ; which we applied to estimate SOC contents for all six plots.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialShelley, F., Abdullahi, F., Grey, J., & Trimmer, M. (2014) · Freshwater Biology · doi:10.1111/fwb.12480 · Cited by 106
“in both dissolved and particulate form (Walling & Amos, 1999; Worrall et al., 2004; Bellamy et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMilne, E., Al‐Adamat, R., Batjes, N. H., Bernoux, M., Bhattacharyya, T., Cerri, C. E. P., Cerri, C. E. P., Coleman, K., Easter, M., Falloon, P., et al. (2007) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.002 · Cited by 105
Jensen, J. L., Christensen, B. T., Schjønning, P., Watts, C. W., & Munkholm, L. J. (2018) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.12558 · Cited by 106
“Historical as well as recent estimates of SOC have relied on less accurate analytical approaches such as dichromate oxidation followed by titration and LOI (Bellamy et al., 2005; Xie et al., 2007; Reynolds et al., 2013; Aitkenhead & Coull, 2016).”
The influence of climate change on the soil organic carbon content in Italy from 1961 to 2008
Fantappiè, M., L’Abate, G., & Costantini, E. A. C. (2011) · Geomorphology · doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.006 · Cited by 103
Assessing land cover and soil quality by remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS)
Obade, V. D. P., & Lal, R. (2012) · CATENA · doi:10.1016/j.catena.2012.10.014 · Cited by 108
Cropland soils in China have a large potential for carbon sequestration based on literature survey
Tao, F., Palosuo, T., Valkama, E., & Mäkipää, R. (2018) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2018.10.009 · Cited by 105
From geochemical prospecting to international geochemical mapping: a historical overview
Garrett, R. G., Clemens Reimann, C., Smith, D. B., & Xie, X. (2008) · Geochemistry Exploration Environment Analysis · doi:10.1144/1467-7873/08-174 · Cited by 105
“Some countries have even started to do this, e.g. China and the UK (Bellamy et al. 2005).”
BackgroundRelationship between CO2 emissions and soil properties of differently tilled soils
Buragienė, S., Šarauskis, E., Romaneckas, K., Adamavičienė, A., Kriaučiūnienė, Z., Avižienytė, D., Marozas, V., & Naujokienė, V. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.236 · Cited by 106
Changes in carbon stocks of D anish agricultural mineral soils between 1986 and 2009
Taghizadeh‐Toosi, A., Olesen, J. E., Kristensen, K., Elsgaard, L., Østergaard, H. S., Lægdsmand, M., Greve, M. H., & Christensen, B. T. (2014) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.12169 · Cited by 102
“…effects on SOC contents of grassland cultivation (Goidts et al., 2009; van Wesemael et al., 2010), production intensity and changes in climate (Bellamy et al., 2005), and SOC inventories have been used to validate simulations of changes in SOC at regional and national scales using information…”
MethodTime for a shift in crop production: embracing complexity through diversity at all levels
Østergård, H., Finckh, M. R., Fontaine, L., Goldringer, I., Hoad, S. P., Kristensen, K., Bueren, E. L. V., Mascher, F., Munk, L., & Wolfe, M. S. (2009) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.3615 · Cited by 109
Kechavarzi, C., Dawson, Q., Bartlett, M., & Leeds-Harrison, P. B. (2009) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.02.018 · Cited by 101
Evans, C., Page, S., Jones, T. G., Moore, S., Gauci, V., Laiho, R., Hruška, J., Allott, T., Billett, M. F., Tipping, E., et al. (2014) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1002/2013gb004782 · Cited by 104
The Temperature Dependence of the Carbon Cycle in Aquatic Ecosystems
Yvon‐Durocher, G., Allen, A. P., Montoya, J. M., Trimmer, M., & Woodward, G. (2010) · Advances in ecological research/Advances in Ecological Research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385005-8.00007-1 · Cited by 102
“However, its magnitude remains unclear because the fraction of soil carbon susceptible to enhanced decomposition in response to warming is highly variable between ecosystems (Bellamy et al. , 2005; Luo et al. , 2001).”
BackgroundForest soils in France are sequestering substantial amounts of carbon
Jonard, M., Nicolas, M., Coomes, D. A., Caignet, I., Saenger, A., & Ponette, Q. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.028 · Cited by 100
Increase in soil organic carbon stock over the last two decades in China's Jiangsu Province
Liao, Q., Zhang, X., Li, Z., Pan, G., Smith, P., Jin, Y., & WU, X. (2008) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01792.x · Cited by 100
“…that C sequestration in regions with intensive agricultural production might make only very modest contribution to GHG mitigation potential and also contrasts with the findings of Bellamy et al. (2005) which showed apparent declines in SOC levels in England and Wales over a similar period.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHaygarth, P. M., Bilotta, G. S., Bol, R. A., Brazier, R. E., Butler, P. J., Freer, J. E., Gimbert, L. J., Granger, S. J., Krueger, T., Macleod, C. J. A., et al. (2006) · Hydrological Processes · doi:10.1002/hyp.6598 · Cited by 100
“amounts of organic matter (Bellamy et al., 2005), brought about by deposits of excreta and recy-”
BackgroundInfluentialWolf, A. A., Drake, B. G., Erickson, J. E., & Megonigal, J. P. (2007) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01407.x · Cited by 99
“Anaerobic systems, including northern peatlands, hold a large portion of the world’s soil C, and substantial losses of soil C have already been observed in some of these systems (Bellamy et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSchurig, C., Smittenberg, R. H., Berger, J., Kraft, F., Woche, S. K., Goebel, M., Heipieper, H. J., Miltner, A., & Kästner, M. (2012) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-012-9791-3 · Cited by 101
Wilson, L., Wilson, J., Holden, J., Johnstone, I. G., Armstrong, A., & Morris, M. (2011) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.036 · Cited by 98
Are Swedish forest soils sinks or sources for CO2—model analyses based on forest inventory data
Ågren, G. I., Hyvönen, R., & Nilsson, T. (2007) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-006-9064-0 · Cited by 98
Lettens, S., Vos, B. D., Quataert, P., van Wesemael, B., Muys, B., & Orshoven, J. V. (2007) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2007.00916.x · Cited by 97
“Driven mainly by the Kyoto Protocol, national or regional soil organic carbon inventories are compiled across the globe (e.g. Batjes, 1996; Batjes, 2002; Falloon et al., 2002; Tate et al., 2003; Bellamy et al., 2005).”
Peltoniemi, M., Palosuo, T., Monni, S., & Mäkipää, R. (2006) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.045 · Cited by 96
Comparing the effect of digestate and chemical fertiliser on soil bacteria
Sapp, M., Harrison, M., Hany, U., Charlton, A. J., & Thwaites, R. (2014) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2014.10.004 · Cited by 105
Comparison of soil carbon stocks in S cottish soils between 1978 and 2009
Chapman, S., Bell, J. S., Campbell, C. D., Hudson, G., Lilly, A., Nolan, A. J., Robertson, A. H. J., Potts, J. M., & Towers, W. (2013) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.12041 · Cited by 94
Conforti, M., Lucà, F., Scarciglia, F., Matteucci, G., & Buttafuocò, G. (2016) · CATENA · doi:10.1016/j.catena.2016.04.023 · Cited by 98
Hartley, I. P., ARMSTRONG, A. F., MURTHY, R., Barron‐Gafford, G. A., Ineson, P., & Atkin, O. K. (2006) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01214.x · Cited by 95
“In addition, terrestrial ecosystems have large stores of carbon, especially in soils, which are potentially vulnerable to temperature changes (Cox et al., 2000; Bellamy et al., 2005).”
BackgroundQuine, T. A., & Oost, K. V. (2007) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01457.x · Cited by 93
“Third, there is evidence to suggest that increase in temperature has led to enhanced mineralization of soil carbon and reduction of some soil carbon stocks (Bellamy et al., 2005).”
BackgroundDiscriminatory classification of natural and anthropogenic waters in two U.K. estuaries
Spencer, R. G. M., Baker, A., Ahad, J. M. E., Cowie, G. L., Ganeshram, R. S., Upstill-Goddard, R. C., & Uher, G. (2006) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.10.052 · Cited by 94
“…here may be utilised in monitoring DOC 811 export and determining the source of the organic matter under different river regimes and 812 therefore improve our understanding in the mid and high latitude regions where riverine 813 DOC loads are increasing (Worrall et al., 2004; Bellamy et al., 2005).”
MethodReynolds, B., Chamberlain, P., Poskitt, J. M., Woods, C., Scott, W. A., Rowe, E. C., Robinson, D. A., Frogbrook, Z. L., Keith, A. M., Henrys, P. A., et al. (2013) · Vadose Zone Journal · doi:10.2136/vzj2012.0114 · Cited by 96
“…soil sampling schemes in the UK, including the British Geological Survey’s Geochemical Baselines Survey of the Environment and sampling reported by Bellamy et al. (2005) from the National Soil Inventory soil survey. his is important with regards to data interpretation in terms of change in…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPreston, B. L., & Jones, R. N. (2006) · Cited by 94
Countryside Survey: Soils Report from 2007
Emmett, B. A., Reynolds, B., Chamberlain, P., Rowe, E. C., Spurgeon, D. J., Brittain, S., Frogbrook, Z. L., Hughes, S. A., Lawlor, A. J., Poskitt, J. M., et al. (2010) · Cited by 99
Canedoli, C., Ferré, C., Khair, D. A. E., Comolli, R., Liga, C., Mazzucchelli, F., Proietto, A., Rota, N., Colombo, G., Bassano, B., et al. (2020) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101135 · Cited by 91
Yang, Y., Fang, J., Ji, C., Ma, W., Mohammat, A., Wang, S., Wang, S., Datta, A., Robinson, D., & Smith, P. (2012) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12025 · Cited by 92
“Due to the sensitivity of soil organic C (SOC) decomposition to temperature (Dorrepaal et al., 2009; Schuur et al., 2009; Melillo et al., 2011), it is possible that C losses from mineral soil could offset the vegetation C sink in terrestrial ecosystems under warmer conditions (Bellamy et al., 2005).”
BackgroundBrazil’s Amazonian forest carbon: the key to Southern Amazonia’s significance for global climate
Fearnside, P. M. (2016) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-016-1007-2 · Cited by 93
“Temperature increases have a greater effect on speeding release of slow carbon pools than on labile carbon (Bellamy et al. 2005).”
BackgroundSoil inorganic carbon stock in the Tibetan alpine grasslands
Yang, Y., Fang, J., Ji, C., Ma, W., Su, S., & Tang, Z. (2010) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2010gb003804 · Cited by 90
“Although the modified Walkley‐Black method has been widely used to determine SOC concentration in regional carbon budgets [e.g., Bellamy et al., 2005; Lettens et al., 2005], potential errors involved in SOC measurements might be subsequently propagated into the SIC stock estimation.”
MethodCarbon dioxide fluxes from cyanobacteria crusted soils in the Kalahari
Thomas, A. D., Hoon, S. R., & Linton, P. E. (2008) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.12.015 · Cited by 89
Yang, Y., Ji, C., Chen, L., Ding, J., Cheng, X., & Robinson, D. (2014) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12393 · Cited by 87
Ciais, P., Canadell, J. G., Luyssaert, S., Chevallier, F., Shvidenko, А., Poussi, Z., Jonas, M., Peylin, P., King, A. W., Schulze, E., et al. (2010) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2010.06.008 · Cited by 85
Predicting Total Organic Carbon Content of Soils from Walkley and Black Analysis
Jha, P., Biswas, A. K., Lakaria, B. L., Saha, R., Singh, M., & Rao, A. S. (2014) · Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis · doi:10.1080/00103624.2013.874023 · Cited by 84
“After implementation of Kyoto protocol, regional and national TOC stocks are computed in several countries (Batjes 1996, 2002; Fallon et al. 2002; Bellamy et al. 2005; Bhattacharyya et al. 2000; Lettens 2007).”
MethodOberholzer, H. R., Leifeld, J., & Mayer, J. (2014) · Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science · doi:10.1002/jpln.201300385 · Cited by 87
Keel, S. G., Anken, T., Büchi, L., Chervet, A., Fließbach, A., Flisch, R., Huguenin‐Elie, O., Mader, P. M., Mayer, J., Sinaj, S., et al. (2019) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2019.106654 · Cited by 94
Just, C., Armbruster, M., Barkusky, D., Baumecker, M., Diepolder, M., Döring, T. F., Heigl, L., Honermeier, B., Jate, M., Merbach, I., et al. (2023) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116472 · Cited by 95
Yu, Y., Guo, Z., Wu, H., Kahmann, J. A., & Oldfield, F. (2009) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2008gb003428 · Cited by 86
Models in country scale carbon accounting of forest soils
Peltoniemi, M., Thürig, E., Ogle, S. M., Palosuo, T., Schrumpf, M., Wutzler, T., Butterbach‐Bahl, K., Chertov, O., Komarov, A. S., Mikhailov, A., et al. (2007) · Silva Fennica · doi:10.14214/sf.290 · Cited by 85
“Average of changes of soil C in groups of both coniferous and deciduous woodland were significant; group sizes were not reported (Bellamy et al. 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialGains and losses in C and N stocks of New Zealand pasture soils depend on land use
Schipper, L. A., Parfitt, R., Ross, C. W., Baisden, W. T., Claydon, J. J., & Fraser, S. (2010) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2010.10.005 · Cited by 83
Remote sensing of soil surface properties
Anderson, K., & Croft, H. L. (2009) · Progress in Physical Geography Earth and Environment · doi:10.1177/0309133309346644 · Cited by 85
“Globally, the continued monitoring of soils is important because signifi cantly more carbon is stored in soils than is present in the atmosphere or vegetation (Davidson and Janssens, 2006), and changes in soil condition can have a large effect on the global carbon budget (Batjes, 1996; Bellamy et al., 2005).”
BackgroundChen, L., Jing, X., Flynn, D. F. B., Shi, Y., Kuhn, P. E., Scholten, T., & He, J.-S. (2016) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.11.016 · Cited by 84
“…variations in grassland ecosystems, current evidence comesmainly from the observations and models in European and New Zealand temperate grasslands (Bellamy et al., 2005; Janssens et al., 2005; Lettens et al., 2005; Schipper et al., 2007; Soussana et al., 2007; Hopkins et al., 2009; Schulze et…”
BackgroundResultInitial soil organic carbon stocks govern changes in soil carbon: Reality or artifact?
Slessarev, E. W., Mayer, A. C., Kelly, C., Georgiou, K., Pett‐Ridge, J., & Nuccio, E. (2022) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16491 · Cited by 88
“These surveys initially indicated that SOC- rich soils were losing carbon, while SOC- poor soils were not (Bellamy et al., 2005), but this pattern was later partly attributed to regression to the mean (Lark et al., 2006; Potts et al., 2009).”
BackgroundOrganic Farming and Climate Change
Niggli, U. A., Schmid, H., & Fließbach, A. (2008) · Organic Eprints (International Centre for Research in Organic Food Systems, and Research Institute of Organic Agriculture) · Cited by 84
Soil organic carbon stocks of conifers, broadleaf and evergreen broadleaf forests of Spain
Chiti, T., Díaz‐Pinés, E., & Rubio, A. (2012) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-012-0676-3 · Cited by 83
Smith, J., Smith, P., Wattenbach, M., Gottschalk, P., Романенков, В. А., Shevtsova, L., Sirotenko, O. D., Рухович, Д. И., Koroleva, P. V., Romanenko, I. A., et al. (2006) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01297.x · Cited by 84
“Uncertainty in the impact in changes in technology is not explicitly simulated here, but was found to be important in projections of SOC change in Western Europe (Smith et al., 2005a).”
BackgroundInfluentialPost, J., Hattermann, F. F., Krysanova, V., & Suckow, F. (2007) · Environmental Modelling & Software · doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2007.05.010 · Cited by 84
Briones, M. J. I., McNamara, N. P., Poskitt, J. M., Crow, S. E., & Ostle, N. (2014) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12585 · Cited by 85
“…stability of organic soil C and its response to projected climate changes has been directly correlated with the total carbon content of the soil (e.g. Bellamy et al., 2005), litter quality (e.g. Conant et al., 2011) and the fresh supply of C entering into the system (e.g. Fontaine et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSoil Carbon Sequestration in Crop Production
Meena, R. S., Kumar, S., & Yadav, G. S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8660-2_1 · Cited by 85
Zhao, G., Bryan, B. A., King, D., Luo, Z., Wang, E., Song, X., & Yu, Q. (2013) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12145 · Cited by 83
“…number of process-based terrestrial carbon models such as CENTURY, DNDC, and Rothamsted carbon model (RothC) (Schimel et al., 1994; Li et al., 1997; Bellamy et al., 2005; Jones et al., 2005; Smith et al., 2005; Bonan, 2008) have been equipped with crop growth modules to simulate SOC in…”
MethodResultWertebach, T., Hölzel, N., Kämpf, I., Yurtaev, A. A., Tupitsin, S., Kiehl, K., Kamp, J., & Kleinebecker, T. (2017) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.13650 · Cited by 86
Carbon balance of an intensively grazed temperate dairy pasture over four years
Rutledge-Jonker, S., Mudge, P. L., Campbell, D. I., Woodward, S. L., Goodrich, J. P., Wall, A. M., Kirschbaum, M. U. F., & Schipper, L. A. (2015) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.011 · Cited by 82
Tefs, C., & Gleixner, G. (2011) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.09.010 · Cited by 81
Vanguelova, E., Bonifacio, E., Vos, B. D., Hoosbeek, M. R., Berger, T. W., Vesterdal, L., Armolaitis, K., Celi, L., Dincă, L., Kjønaas, O. J., et al. (2016) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-016-5608-5 · Cited by 83
“At regional or national scale, it is necessary to assess the effect of the number of observations and associated soil spatial variability on the detection of possible changes in SOC (Saby and Arrouays 2004; Bellamy et al. 2005, Chamberlain et al. 2010).”
BackgroundHeyburn, J., McKenzie, P., Crawley, M. J., & Fornara, D. A. (2017) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.1963 · Cited by 83
Essl, F., Dullinger, S., Moser, D., Rabitsch, W. B., & Kleinbauer, I. (2011) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-011-0206-x · Cited by 80
“Wetlands in general and mires in particular belong to the most important carbon stocks on the European and global scale (Bellamy et al. 2005; Parish et al. 2008; Joosten 2009; Le Quéré et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSoil order and grazing management effects on changes in soil C and N in New Zealand pastures
Schipper, L. A., Parfitt, R. L., Fraser, S., Littler, R. A., Baisden, W. T., & Ross, C. W. (2013) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2013.11.012 · Cited by 79
Carbon sequestration and forest management.
Jandl, R., Vesterdal, L., Olsson, M. M., Bens, O., Badeck, F., & Roc, J. (2007) · CABI Reviews · doi:10.1079/pavsnnr20072017 · Cited by 80
“A prominent example is the substantial change in C-rich soils in the southwest parts of the UK [19].”
BackgroundCole, B., Mcmorrow, J., & Evans, M. (2014) · ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.01.010 · Cited by 79
“Detailed physiological changes and processes that occur on smaller spectral scales are not captured with this approach (Blackburn, 2006; Gamon et al., 1992, 2001; Garbulsky et al., 2011; Penuelas et al., 1995; Stylinski et al., 2002; Vogelmann et al., 1993).”
BackgroundEnvironmental stress response limits microbial necromass contributions to soil organic carbon
Crowther, T. W., Sokol, N. W., Oldfield, E. E., Maynard, D. S., Thomas, S. M., & Bradford, M. A. (2015) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.03.002 · Cited by 80
The greenhouse gas balance of European grasslands
Chang, J., Ciais, P., Viovy, N., Vuichard, N., Sultan, B., & Soussana, J. (2015) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12998 · Cited by 81
The nitrogen, carbon and greenhouse gas budget of a grazed, cut and fertilised temperate grassland
Jones, S., Helfter, C., Anderson, M., Coyle, M., Campbell, C., Famulari, D., Marco, C. F. D., van Dijk, N., Tang, Y. S., Topp, K., et al. (2017) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-14-2069-2017 · Cited by 79
Restoration of nitrogen cycling community in grapevine soil by a decade of organic fertilization
Pereg, L. L., Morugán‐Coronado, A., McMillan, M., & García‐Orenes, F. (2018) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2018.01.007 · Cited by 78
Achievable agricultural soil carbon sequestration across Europe from country‐specific estimates
Rodrigues, L., Hardy, B., Huyghebeart, B., Fohrafellner, J., Fornara, D. A., Barančíková, G., Bárcena, T. G., Boever, M. D., Bene, C. D., Feizienė, D., et al. (2021) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15897 · Cited by 82
Review of existing information on the interrelations between soil and climate change.
Schils, R. L. M., Kuikman, P. J., Liski, J., Oijen, M. A. V., Smith, P., Webb, J., Alm, J., Somogyi, Z., van den Akker, J., Billett, M. F., et al. (2008) · Cited by 78
Self-citationTrends in atmospheric evaporative demand in Great Britain using high-resolution meteorological data
Robinson, E. L., Blyth, E., Clark, D. B., Finch, J., & Rudd, A. C. (2017) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-21-1189-2017 · Cited by 78
“In addition, the UK natural resources of freshwater (Watts et al., 2015), soils (Reynolds et al., 2013; Bellamy et al., 2005) and vegetation (Berry et al., 2002; Hickling et al., 2006; Norton et al., 2012) are changing.”
BackgroundBehaviour of neonicotinoids in contrasting soils
Aseperi, A. K., Busquets, R., Hooda, P. S., Cheung, P. C. W., & Barker, J. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111329 · Cited by 82
Arunrat, N., Sereenonchai, S., & Wang, C. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112458 · Cited by 79
Metadata
- Authors
- Bellamy, P. H., Loveland, P. J., Bradley, R. I., Lark, R. M., & Kirk, G. J. D.
- Affiliations
- Cranfield University (GB)
- Rothamsted Research (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kirk, Guy J. D.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 437
- Issue
- 7056
- Pages
- 245-248
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2013840199
- Cited by
- 1,131
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 64
- FWCI
- 110.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rothamsted Repository (Rothamsted Repository) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- CERES (Cranfield University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Geostatistics and Mapping
- Keywords
- soil carbon loss, soil carbon feedback, climate change, global carbon budget, soil carbon content, terrestrial carbon sink, England and Wales
- MeSH terms
- Carbon, Carbon Dioxide, England, Poaceae, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Temperature, Wales, Water, Linear Models, Greenhouse Effect, Ecosystem, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
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