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Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales 1978–2003
Abstract
More than twice as much carbon is held in soils as in vegetation or the atmosphere, and changes in soil carbon content can have a large effect on the global carbon budget. The possibility that climate change is being reinforced by increased carbon dioxide emissions from soils owing to rising temperature is the subject of a continuing debate. But evidence for the suggested feedback mechanism has to date come solely from small-scale laboratory and field experiments and modelling studies. Here we use data from the National Soil Inventory of England and Wales obtained between 1978 and 2003 to show that carbon was lost from soils across England and Wales over the survey period at a mean rate of 0.6% yr(-1) (relative to the existing soil carbon content). We find that the relative rate of carbon loss increased with soil carbon content and was more than 2% yr(-1) in soils with carbon contents greater than 100 g kg(-1). The relationship between rate of carbon loss and carbon content is irrespective of land use, suggesting a link to climate change. Our findings indicate that losses of soil carbon in England and Wales--and by inference in other temperate regions-are likely to have been offsetting absorption of carbon by terrestrial sinks.
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“UK wide surveys recording trends in soil carbon over time (at the 0–15 cm depth) have also reported significant reductions (~6%) in soil carbon under managed fertile grasslands between 1998 and 2007 (Bellamy, Loveland, Bradley, Lark, & Kirk, 2005; Emmett et al., 2010).”
From Measured and modelled effect of land‐use change from temperate grassland to Miscanthus on soil carbon stocks after 12 years (2019) · cites this paper as Bellamy et al., 2005
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In addition, there are indications (Bellamy et al., 2005;Monson et al., 2006;Luo, 2007;Arnone et al., 2008;Bond-Lamberty and Thomson, 2010;Smith and Fang, 2010;Yvon-Durocher et al., 2010;Zhao and Running, 2010) of a positive feedback in which increases in global temperature lower the ability of present soils and other parts of the biosphere to absorb CO 2”
From Breeding crop plants with deep roots: their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient and water sequestration (2011) · cites this paper as Bellamy et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“The first thing to note is the huge variation in the organic (carbon) content of soils -at least 15-fold in the UK alone (Bellamy et al., 2005;Bradley et al., 2005;Ostle et al., 2009).”
From Breeding crop plants with deep roots: their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient and water sequestration (2011) · cites this paper as Bellamy et al., 2005
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“Indeed, we only examined the sequestration of fresh plant-C and losses of C from the large background of pre-existing SOC could offset any gains in sequestration of fresh plant-C (Bellamy et al., 2005; Schulze & Freibauer, 2005; Dijkstra & Cheng, 2007).”
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“Annual CO 2 emissions from intensively cropped soils could be as much as 8% of national industrial CO 2 emissions (Bellamy et al., 2005).”
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“Bellamy et al. (2005) reported that in all land use in England and Wales, SOC was lost at a mean rate of 0.6% yr−1 (relative to the existing soil carbon content) from 1973 to 2003.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEffect of cultivation history on soil organic carbon status of arable land in northeastern China
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“While the amounts of carbon that might be released are not known with certainty, it is evident that soils that are high in organic matter have the highest rates of carbon loss (Bellamy et al., 2005).”
BackgroundThe European land and inland water CO 2 , CO, CH 4 and N 2 O balance between 2001 and 2005
Luyssaert, S., Abril, G., Andres, R. J., Bastviken, D., Bellassen, V., Bergamaschi, P., Bousquet, P., Chevallier, F., Ciais, P., Corazza, M., et al. (2012) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-9-3357-2012 · Cited by 58
“, 2010c) and grasslands (Lettens et al., 2005; Goidts and Wesemael, 2007; Soussana et al., 2004; Bellamy et al., 2005) and are based on deterministic modelling for forests (Luyssaert et al.”
BackgroundVogel, L., Makowski, D., Garnier, P., Gonod, L. V., Coquet, Y., Raynaud, X., Nunan, N., Chenu, C., Falconer, R. E., & Pot, V. (2015) · Advances in Water Resources · doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.05.020 · Cited by 59
Invertebrates increase the sensitivity of non-labile soil carbon to climate change
Briones, M. J. I., Ostle, N., & Garnett, M. H. (2006) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.09.007 · Cited by 58
Ungaro, F., Staffilani, F., & Tarocco, P. (2010) · Land Degradation and Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.998 · Cited by 58
Water‐table management in lowland UK peat soils and its potential impact on CO 2 emission
Kechavarzi, C., Dawson, Q., Leeds-Harrison, P. B., Szatyłowicz, J., & Gnatowski, T. (2007) · Soil Use and Management · doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2007.00125.x · Cited by 58
“Indeed, although estimates vary considerably, numerous studies (Woodwell et al., 1978; Houghton & Woodwell, 1989; Gorham, 1991; Oechel et al., 1993; Zimov et al., 1999; Moore, 2002; Bellamy et al., 2005) suggest that loss of carbon from soil systems contributes significantly to CO2 emissions.”
BackgroundHeim, A., Wehrli, L., Werner Eugster, A., & Schmidt, M. W. I. (2009) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.12.018 · Cited by 58
“Despite these large-39 scale efforts, there is also a need for independent estimates of carbon stock changes, such 40 as inventory methods (e.g. Bellamy et al., 2005).”
MethodSoil Characteristics in Relation to Vegetation Communities in the Wetlands of Poyang Lake, China
Xiaolong, W., Han, J., Xu, L., Wan, R., & Yuwei, C. (2014) · Wetlands · doi:10.1007/s13157-014-0546-x · Cited by 58
Prietzel, J., Stetter, U., Klemmt, H.-J., & Rehfuess, K. E. (2006) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-006-9120-5 · Cited by 58
“Therefore, many forest soils here—in contrast to recent results reported from Great Britain (Bellamy et al. 2005)—are likely to accumulate organic carbon rather than losing it and thus to be a relevant sink of atmospheric CO2, except soils where recent lime application may have resulted in considerable organic matter…”
ResultAssessing the influence of historic net and gross land changes on the carbon fluxes of Europe
Fuchs, R., Schulp, C. J. E., Hengeveld, G., Verburg, P. H., Clevers, J. G. P. W., Schelhaas, M., & Herold, M. (2015) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.13191 · Cited by 58
“The amount of carbon stored in the soil and in vegetation varies amongst different land cover/use types (Arrouays et al., 2001; Guo & Gifford, 2002; Bellamy et al., 2005; Don et al., 2011; Poeplau et al., 2011).”
BackgroundEllili‐Bargaoui, Y., Walter, C. A., Michot, D., Pichelin, P., & Lemercier, B. (2019) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.03.005 · Cited by 57
Huber, C., Baier, R., Göttlein, A., & Weis, W. (2006) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.058 · Cited by 58
McGovern, S., Evans, C. D., Dennis, P., Walmsley, C., & McDonald, M. A. (2011) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01256.x · Cited by 55
“(2010) rather than Bellamy et al. (2005).”
Bullock, J. M., Jefferson, R. G., Blackstock, T. H., Pakeman, R. J., Emmett, B. A., Pywell, R. F., Grime, J. P., & SILVERTOWN, J. W. (2011) · Cited by 58
Dechow, R., Franko, U., Kätterer, T., & Kolbe, H. (2018) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.10.001 · Cited by 57
Sequestration of carbon in the humus layer of Swedish forests — direct measurements
Berg, B., Johansson, M., Nilsson, Å., Gundersen, P., & Norell, L. (2009) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x09-022 · Cited by 56
“Repeated soil sampling in England and Wales showed a decrease in C content in forest soils over 25 years (Bellamy et al. 2005).”
BackgroundSchrama, M. J. J., Vandecasteele, B., Carvalho, S., Muylle, H., & van der Putten, W. H. (2014) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12236 · Cited by 61
Carbon saturation drives spatial patterns of soil organic matter losses under long-term bare fallow
Meyer, N., Bornemann, L., Welp, G., Schiedung, H., Herbst, M., & Amelung, W. (2017) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.07.004 · Cited by 57
Environmental and management controls of soil carbon storage in grasslands of southwestern China
Balasubramanian, D., Zhou, W., Ji, H., Grace, J., Bai, X., Song, Q., Liu, Y., Sha, L.-Q., Fei, X.-H., Zhang, X., et al. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109810 · Cited by 56
Quantification of soil organic carbon sequestration potential in cropland: A model approach
Qin, Z., & Huang, Y. (2010) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-010-4023-3 · Cited by 56
The carbon sequestration potential of China's grasslands
Song, J., Wan, S., Peng, S., Piao, S. L., Ciais, P., Han, X., Zeng, D., Cao, G., Wang, Q., Bai, W., et al. (2018) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.2452 · Cited by 53
Hijbeek, R., Pronk, A. A., van Ittersum, M. K., Verhagen, A., Ruysschaert, G., Bijttebier, J., Zavattaro, L., Bechini, L., Schlatter, N., & ten Berge, H. F. M. (2019) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2019.01.008 · Cited by 55
Wu, C.-Y., Jacobson, A. R., Laba, M., & Baveye, P. C. (2009) · Soil Science · doi:10.1097/ss.0b013e3181b21491 · Cited by 55
Soil Disinfestation: From Soil Treatment to Soil and Plant Health
Gullino, M. L., Garibaldi, A., Gamliel, A., & Katan, J. (2022) · Plant Disease · doi:10.1094/pdis-09-21-2023-fe · Cited by 54
Spatial Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon Density Through Random Forests Based Imputation
Sreenivas, K., Sujatha, G., Sudhir, K., Kiran, D. V., Fyzee, M. A., Ravisankar, T., & Dadhwal, V. K. (2014) · Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing · doi:10.1007/s12524-013-0332-x · Cited by 50
“The high spatial variability of SOC requires a very high sampling density to get accurate estimates (Bellamy et al. 2005).”
BackgroundEstimating the spatial distribution of organic carbon density for the soils of Ohio, USA
Kumar, S., Lal, R., Liu, D., & Rafiq, R. (2013) · Journal of Geographical Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11442-013-1010-1 · Cited by 53
“…been developed globally and used by researchers to up-scale the SOC pool at global (Batjes, 1996; Post et al., 1990), continental (Jones et al., 2005), national (Bellamy et al., 2005; Kern, 1994), regional (Knowles and Singh, 2003), and state (Tan et al., 2004) scales with satisfactory estimations.”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Bellamy, P. H., Loveland, P. J., Bradley, R. I., Lark, R. M., & Kirk, G. J. D.
- Affiliations
- Cranfield University (GB)
- Rothamsted Research (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kirk, Guy J. D.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 437
- Issue
- 7056
- Pages
- 245-248
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2013840199
- Cited by
- 1,131
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 64
- FWCI
- 110.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rothamsted Repository (Rothamsted Repository) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- CERES (Cranfield University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Geostatistics and Mapping
- Keywords
- soil carbon loss, soil carbon feedback, climate change, global carbon budget, soil carbon content, terrestrial carbon sink, England and Wales
- MeSH terms
- Carbon, Carbon Dioxide, England, Poaceae, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Temperature, Wales, Water, Linear Models, Greenhouse Effect, Ecosystem, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
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