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Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales 1978–2003
Abstract
More than twice as much carbon is held in soils as in vegetation or the atmosphere, and changes in soil carbon content can have a large effect on the global carbon budget. The possibility that climate change is being reinforced by increased carbon dioxide emissions from soils owing to rising temperature is the subject of a continuing debate. But evidence for the suggested feedback mechanism has to date come solely from small-scale laboratory and field experiments and modelling studies. Here we use data from the National Soil Inventory of England and Wales obtained between 1978 and 2003 to show that carbon was lost from soils across England and Wales over the survey period at a mean rate of 0.6% yr(-1) (relative to the existing soil carbon content). We find that the relative rate of carbon loss increased with soil carbon content and was more than 2% yr(-1) in soils with carbon contents greater than 100 g kg(-1). The relationship between rate of carbon loss and carbon content is irrespective of land use, suggesting a link to climate change. Our findings indicate that losses of soil carbon in England and Wales--and by inference in other temperate regions-are likely to have been offsetting absorption of carbon by terrestrial sinks.
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“UK wide surveys recording trends in soil carbon over time (at the 0–15 cm depth) have also reported significant reductions (~6%) in soil carbon under managed fertile grasslands between 1998 and 2007 (Bellamy, Loveland, Bradley, Lark, & Kirk, 2005; Emmett et al., 2010).”
From Measured and modelled effect of land‐use change from temperate grassland to Miscanthus on soil carbon stocks after 12 years (2019) · cites this paper as Bellamy et al., 2005
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In addition, there are indications (Bellamy et al., 2005;Monson et al., 2006;Luo, 2007;Arnone et al., 2008;Bond-Lamberty and Thomson, 2010;Smith and Fang, 2010;Yvon-Durocher et al., 2010;Zhao and Running, 2010) of a positive feedback in which increases in global temperature lower the ability of present soils and other parts of the biosphere to absorb CO 2”
From Breeding crop plants with deep roots: their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient and water sequestration (2011) · cites this paper as Bellamy et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“The first thing to note is the huge variation in the organic (carbon) content of soils -at least 15-fold in the UK alone (Bellamy et al., 2005;Bradley et al., 2005;Ostle et al., 2009).”
From Breeding crop plants with deep roots: their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient and water sequestration (2011) · cites this paper as Bellamy et al., 2005
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UK land-use change and its impact on SOC: 1925-2007
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“By using the linear relationship between rate of change and soil carbon content found in the NSI data (Bellamy et al., 2005; Kirk & Bellamy, 2010), we estimated rates of change in our three land-use categories by fitting to the NSI data for each category an equation of the form: dĈ/dt = a − bĈ,…”
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“Changes in soil mass C are, however, difficult to detect in short-term studies 94 (Paustian et al., 1997; Bellamy et al., 2005; Koga et al., 2006; Subke et al., 2006) even 95 with modern isotopic-fractionation techniques (Hansen et al., 2004; Subke et al., 2006; 96 Clifton-Brown et al., 2007; Toma…”
BackgroundSelective Extraction Methods for Aluminium, Iron and Organic Carbon from Montane Volcanic Ash Soils
Jansen, B., Tonneijck, F. H., & Verstraten, J. M. (2011) · Pedosphere · doi:10.1016/s1002-0160(11)60157-4 · Cited by 25
Steinmann, T., Welp, G., Holbeck, B., & Amelung, W. (2016) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.12376 · Cited by 25
“The soil under arable cultivation in several parts of Europe has been losing organic matter (e.g. Bellamy et al., 2005; Goidts & van Wesemael, 2007; Meersmans et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialDry–wet cycles increase pesticide residue release from soil
Jablonowski, N. D., Linden, A., Köppchen, S., Thiele, B., Hofmann, D., & Burauel, P. (2012) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.1851 · Cited by 25
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Hagedorn, F., & Bellamy, P. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781119970255.ch2 · Cited by 25
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The relative importance of land use and climatic change in Alpine catchments
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Soil classification provides a poor indicator of carbon turnover rates in soil
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Setting priorities for land management to mitigate climate change
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Spatiotemporal Monitoring of Cropland Soil Organic Carbon Changes From Space
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“Similar results have been reported in other studies and can be partly linked to historic land use changes that have influenced SOC dynamics and trends for decades (Bellamy et al. 2005; Heikkinen et al. 2013; Lettens et al. 2005).”
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Soil sampling and preparation for monitoring soil carbon
Arrouays, D., Saby, N., Boukir, H., Jolivet, C. C., Ratié, C., Schrumpf, M., Merbold, L., Gielen, B., Gogo, S., Delpierre, N., et al. (2018) · International Agrophysics · doi:10.1515/intag-2017-0047 · Cited by 26
Soil carbon stock change in the forests of Denmark between 1990 and 2008
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Role of Microbial Diversity for Soil, Health and Plant Nutrition
Bhatia, C. R. (2008) · Soil biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75575-3_2 · Cited by 23
Quantitative attribution of major driving forces on soil organic carbon dynamics
Wu, Y., Liu, S., & Tan, Z. (2014) · Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems · doi:10.1002/2014ms000361 · Cited by 24
An Assessment of Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity in Europe
FITTER, A. H., Elmqvist, T., Haines-Young, R. H., Potschin, M., Rinaldo, A., Setälä, H. M., Stoll-Kleemann, S., Zobel, M., & Murlis, J. (2010) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781849731058-00001 · Cited by 23
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Nie, X., Peng, Y., Li, F., Yang, L., Xiong, F., Li, C., & Zhou, G. (2018) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-018-2037-9 · Cited by 23
“Small changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) storage could therefore release large amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere, thus affecting the global climate (Bellamy et al. 2005; Davidson and Janssens 2006; Schipper et al. 2007; Stockmann et al. 2013; Han et al. 2016).”
BackgroundForest topsoil organic carbon content in Southwest Bohemiaregion
Cienciala, E., Exnerova, Z., Macků, J., & Henžlík, V. (2006) · Journal of Forest Science · doi:10.17221/4519-jfs · Cited by 23
INCORPORATING PRIVATE LANDS IN CONSERVATION PLANNING: PROTECTED AREAS IN BRITAIN
Jackson, S. F., & Gaston, K. J. (2008) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/07-0662.1 · Cited by 23
Bellassen, V., Manlay, R. J., Chéry, J.-P., Gitz, V., Touré, A., Bernoux, M., & Chotte, J. (2009) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9635-x · Cited by 22
Soil health – What should the doctor order?
Wood, M., & Litterick, A. (2017) · Soil Use and Management · doi:10.1111/sum.12344 · Cited by 22
“There is no doubt that many farmers and growers in the UK are concerned about the current health of their soils (compared with say 30 or 40 years ago), and some of these concerns are supported by soil analysis data collected over the same period, for example, a general decline in soil organic matter (Webb et al., 2001…”
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Extrapolating herbivore-induced carbon loss across an arctic landscape
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Effect of sampling density on regional soil organic carbon estimation for cultivated soils
Sun, W., Zhao, Y., Huang, B., Shi, X., Darilek, J. L., Yang, J., Wang, Z., & Zhang, B. (2012) · Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science · doi:10.1002/jpln.201100181 · Cited by 22
Spatial Variability in Properties Affecting Organic Horizon Carbon Storage in Upland Soils
Stutter, M. I., Lumsdon, D. G., Billett, M. F., Low, D., & Deeks, L. K. (2009) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2008.0413 · Cited by 22
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Wildfire alters belowground and surface wood decomposition on two national forests in Montana, USA
Page‐Dumroese, D. S., Jurgensen, M. F., Miller, C. A., Pickens, J. B., & Tirocke, J. M. (2019) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf18218 · Cited by 21
Sun, X., ZHAO, Y. ‐., Wu, Y., Zhao, M. ‐., Wang, H., & Zhang, G. (2012) · Soil Use and Management · doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2012.00421.x · Cited by 22
“Estimates of spatio-temporal change of a soil property in an area are usually related to global climate change (Zhang & McGrath, 2004; Bellamy et al., 2005; Saby et al., 2008; Edicha & Yahaya, 2010), sustainable soil management (Lark, 2002b; Hu et al., 2007; Darilek et al., 2009) and other environmental problems (Lark…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAre Nitrogen-Fertilized Forest Soils Sinks or Sources of Carbon?
Miegroet, H. V., & Jandl, R. (2006) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9410-7 · Cited by 22
“Soils across all types of land use in the UK have lost C during the last decades and increasing temperatures are a driving factor ( Bellamy, Loveland, Bradley, Lark, & Kirk, 2005 ).”
BackgroundThe need for harmonizing methodologies for assessing soil threats in Europe
Beek, C. L., Tóth, T., Hagyó, A., Tóth, G., Boix, L. R., Vidal, C. A., Malet, J., Maquaire, O., van den Akker, J. J. H., van der Zee, S. E. A. T. M., et al. (2010) · Soil Use and Management · doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2010.00280.x · Cited by 22
Uncertainties related to the temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition
Briones, M. J. I. (2009) · NATO science for peace and security series. C, Environmental security · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2636-1_14 · Cited by 20
“Similar re-analyses of previous published data have been produced by Smith et al. (2007) who concluded that the predicted carbon losses for the England and Wales ( Bellamy et al., 2005 ) are only possible if an unrealistic Q10 value of 13 is included in the model and consequently, only 10–20% of the overall losses rep…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialUsing airborne thermal imaging data to measure near‐surface hydrology in upland ecosystems
Luscombe, D. J., Anderson, K., Gatis, N., Grand‐Clement, E., & Brazier, R. E. (2014) · Hydrological Processes · doi:10.1002/hyp.10285 · Cited by 21
“Globally, peat-covered landscapes are recognized for their importance in providing valuable ecosystem services such as water and carbon storage, water supply and flood attenuation (Cannell et al., 1993; Joosten and Clarke, 2002; Bellamy et al., 2005).”
BackgroundIndirect effects of experimental warming on dissolved organic carbon content in subsurface peat
Delarue, F., Gogo, S., Buttler, A., Bragazza, L., Jassey, V. E. J., Bernard, G., & Laggoun‐Défarge, F. (2014) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-014-0945-x · Cited by 21
“Most studies have dealt with seasonal or annual variations, indicating that enhanced temperature and microbial activities resulted in a rise of DOC as a consequence of higher peat decomposition (Bellamy et al. 2005; Waldron et al. 2009; Ward et al. 2013).”
BackgroundIs there an impact of climate change on soil carbon contents in E ngland and W ales?
Barraclough, D., Smith, P., Worrall, F., Black, H. I. J., & Bhogal, A. (2015) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.12253 · Cited by 21
“The changes reported by Bellamy et al. (2005) are shown as solid circles.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIndicators of Carbon Storage in U.S. Ecosystems: Baseline for Terrestrial Carbon Accounting
Negra, C., Sweedo, C. C., Cavender‐Bares, K. K., & O’Malley, R. (2008) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2007.0290 · Cited by 20
“ecosystems, and there is growing interest in the potential for enhanced carbon sequestration by ecosystems to help to off set industrial and other carbon emissions (Goodale et al., 2002; Dilling et al., 2003; Suyker et al., 2003; Bellamy et al., 2005; Millar et al., 2007; Peters et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSoil carbon dynamics in successional and plantation forests in subtropical China
Song, X., Kimberley, M. O., Zhou, G., & Wang, H. (2016) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-016-1421-6 · Cited by 21
“Globally, the pool of carbon in the soil is greater than in the vegetation or atmosphere (Raich and Schlesinger 1992; Bellamy et al. 2005), and because land-use change can influence soil respiration (Rs) rates leading to changes in soil carbon content (IPCC 2007), understanding the influence of…”
BackgroundFilippi, P., Minasny, B., Cattle, S. R., & Bishop, T. F. A. (2016) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/bs.agron.2016.06.001 · Cited by 22
Dryland soils in northern China sequester carbon during the early 2000s warming hiatus period
Kou, D., Ma, W., Ding, J., Zhang, B., Fang, K., Hu, H., Yu, J., Wang, T., Qin, S., Zhao, X., et al. (2018) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13088 · Cited by 21
Carbon storage dynamics of temperate freshwater wetlands in Pennsylvania
Mazurczyk, T., & Brooks, R. P. (2018) · Wetlands Ecology and Management · doi:10.1007/s11273-018-9619-6 · Cited by 21
“This is a widely accepted method used by a significant number of researchers (Gortner 1916; Ranney 1969; Nelson and Sommers 1996; Brady and Weil 1999; Cambardella et al. 2001; Kuikman et al. 2003; Bellamy et al. 2005; Mitsch and Gosselink 2007; Pribyl 2010; Plante et al. 2011; Ahn and Jones 2013; Schipper et al. 2014;…”
BackgroundMethodSpatial distribution and controls on organic and inorganic carbon in the soils of Cyprus
Zissimos, A. M., Christoforou, I. C., Cohen, D. R., Mooney, S., & Rutherford, N. F. (2018) · Journal of Geochemical Exploration · doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.10.005 · Cited by 21
Monitoring Carbon Stock Changes in European Soils: Process Understanding and Sampling Strategies
Schrumpf, M., Schumacher, J., Schöning, I., & Schulze, E. (2008) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-76570-9_9 · Cited by 21
“In a recent study, Bellamy et al. (2005) demonstrated a C loss across England over the past 20 years which is equivalent to the fossil fuel reduction of England since 1990 (Schulze and Freibauer 2005).”
BackgroundPeltoniemi, M., Heikkinen, J. E. P., & Mäkipää, R. (2007) · Silva Fennica · doi:10.14214/sf.287 · Cited by 21
Changes in Soil Temperature Associated with Reforestation in Central New York State
Scull, P. R. (2007) · Physical Geography · doi:10.2747/0272-3646.28.4.360 · Cited by 21
“For example, Bellamy et al. (2005) showed that since 1978 increasing global air temperatures have caused soils across England to lose organic carbon at a rate of 0.06%yr-1.”
BackgroundInfluentialMeasurement instability and temporal bias in chemical soil monitoring: sources and control measures
Desaules, A. (2011) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-011-1982-1 · Cited by 21
“Although claims for unbiased soil monitoring studies without artifacts exist (Skinner and Todd 1998; Bellamy et al. 2005), the literature on the subject is rather scarce and hardly covers the whole measurement chain.”
BackgroundBuilding EDENs: The Rise of Environmentally Distributed Ecological Networks
Craine, J. M., Battersby, J., Elmore, A. J., & Jones, A. W. (2007) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/b570108 · Cited by 21
Abrupt change in climate and climate models
Pitman, A. J., & Stouffer, R. J. (2006) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-10-903-2006 · Cited by 21
How much is soil erosion costing us?
Boardman, J. (2021) · Geography · doi:10.1080/00167487.2020.1862584 · Cited by 20
Long-Term Field Experiments (LTEs)—Importance, Overview, Soil Organic Matter
Körschens, M. (2021) · Innovations in landscape research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67448-9_8 · Cited by 20
Zhang, Z., Zhan, T., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Yu, T., & Sun, J. (2022) · Land Degradation and Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.4463 · Cited by 20
“Previous studies have revealed that the vulnerability of soil is positively associated with the initial SOC stock (Bellamy et al., 2005; Meyer et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2021), which is consistent with the significantly positive relationship between SOC loss and initial SOC stock at the same…”
ResultUrban Land Conversion Reduces Soil Organic Carbon Density Under Impervious Surfaces
Ding, Q., Shao, H., Chen, X., & Zhang, C. (2022) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2021gb007293 · Cited by 20
CO2-Free Energy and Hydrogen Production from Hydrocarbons
Fridman, A., Gutsol, A. F., Dolgopolsky, A., & Shtessel', É. A. (2006) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/ef050247n · Cited by 20
Land use is the main driver of soil organic carbon spatial distribution in a high mountain ecosystem
Fusaro, C., Sarria-Guzmán, Y., Chávez-Romero, Y. A., Luna-Guido, M. L., Muñoz-Arenas, L. C., Dendooven, L., Estrada‐Torres, A., & Navarro‐Noya, Y. E. (2019) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.7897 · Cited by 20
“These practices reduced strongly the soil organic matter content (Bellamy et al., 2005; Du, Ren & Hu, 2010; Moussadek et al., 2014).”
BackgroundLoveland, P. J., Conen, F., & van Wesemael, B. (2014) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.12114_1 · Cited by 20
“Bellamy et al. (2005) reported significant losses of soil C in England and Wales based on samplings around 25 years apart, whereas Hopkins et al. (2011) found little change in soil carbon content in an experiment in northern England between 1980 and 2006 (they also recommended that ALL surveys of…”
BackgroundSelf-citationShort-term changes in upland soil erosion in England and Wales: 1999 to 2002
McHugh, M. (2007) · Geomorphology · doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.06.010 · Cited by 20
Chuman, T., Oulehle, F., Zajícová, K., & Hruška, J. (2020) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.13073 · Cited by 19
“…and moisture gradients) is the principal factor explaining spatial SOC variability due to its influence on forest productivity and decomposition activity (Bellamy, Lovejoy, Bradley, Lark, & Kirk, 2005; Chiti, Díaz-Pinés, & Rubio, 2012; Liski, Perruchoud, & Karjalainen, 2002; Lorenz & Lal, 2010).”
BackgroundCao, R., Chen, L., Hou, X., Lü, X., & Li, H. (2021) · Ecological Processes · doi:10.1186/s13717-021-00319-z · Cited by 19
“The maintenance of the soil C pool is critical to the global C cycle and climate change as even slight changes in the soil organic C (SOC) pool can seriously affect atmospheric CO2 concentration and global C budget (Schlesinger and Andrews 2000; Bellamy et al. 2005).”
BackgroundKaštovská, E., Choma, M., Angst, G., Remus, R., Augustin, J., Kolb, S., & Wirth, S. J. (2023) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2023.105871 · Cited by 20
Lee, Y., Lee, H.-I., Lee, C., Lee, K.-H., Kim, R.-H., & Ali, A. (2024) · CATENA · doi:10.1016/j.catena.2024.107827 · Cited by 22
Soil carbon sequestration is a climate stabilization wedge: Comments on Sommer and Bossio (2014)
Lassaletta, L., & Aguilera, E. (2015) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.01.038 · Cited by 19
“4) In particular, positive feedbacks between climate and soil carbon, through enhanced soil respiration driven by increased temperature (Bellamy et al., 2005; Davidson and Janssens, 2006; Dieleman et al., 2012), may turn the soil into a source of CO2.”
BackgroundThe flux of suspended sediment from the UK 1974 to 2010
Worrall, F., Burt, T., & Howden, N. J. K. (2013) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.09.012 · Cited by 19
Soil organic matter dynamics: Controls and management for sustainable ecosystem functioning
Paul, E. A., Kravchenko, A., Grandy, A. S., & Morris, S. J. (2015) · Cited by 19
Wu, Y., Liu, S., Young, C. J., Dahal, D., Sohl, T. L., & Davis, B. W. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep10830 · Cited by 19
Colomb, V., Bernoux, M., Chotte, J., Martin, S., Martin-Phipps, C., Mousset, J., & Tinlot, M. (2012) · Cited by 19
Inoue, Y. (2018) · Springer remote sensing/photogrammetry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67474-2_28 · Cited by 19
Hoogsteen, M. J. J., Bakker, E., van Eekeren, N. J. M., Tittonell, P. A., Groot, J. C. J., van Ittersum, M. K., & Lantinga, E. A. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12031260 · Cited by 19
Life cycle sustainability assessment of biofuels
Azapagic, A., & Stichnothe, H. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857090492.1.37 · Cited by 19
Stocks of organic carbon in Estonian soils; pp. 95–108
Kõlli, R., Ellermäe, O., Köster, T., Lemetti, I., Asi, E., & Kauer, K. (2009) · Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences Geology · doi:10.3176/earth.2009.2.01 · Cited by 19
“The humus status of soils formed in various pedo-ecological conditions may be substantially influenced by agricultural practices (Filcheva & Mitova 2002; Katterer et al. 2004; Bellamy et al. 2005; Koch & Stockfisch 2006).”
BackgroundMonitoring soil condition across Australia: recommendations from the expert panels
McTainsh, G. H., Leys, J., Carter, D. P., Butler, H. J., McCord, A., & Wain, A. (2006) · University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) · Cited by 19
Wang, Z., Wu, W., & Liu, H. (2024) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs16173268 · Cited by 21
Campbell, T. A., Booth, E. G., Gratton, C., Jackson, R. D., & Kucharik, C. J. (2021) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-021-00668-y · Cited by 18
Shifts in Soil Structure, Biological, and Functional Diversity Under Long-Term Carbon Deprivation
George, P. B. L., Fidler, D. B., Nostrand, J. D. V., Atkinson, J. A., Mooney, S. J., Creer, S., Griffiths, R. I., McDonald, J. E., Robinson, D. A., & Jones, D. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.735022 · Cited by 18
“Bioinformatics were performed on the Supercomputing Wales system following George et al. (2019).”
ResultInfluentialLembaid, I., Moussadek, R., Mrabet, R., & Bouhaouss, A. (2022) · Climate · doi:10.3390/cli10020023 · Cited by 18
Using a multi‐lens framework for landscape decisions
Cole, B., Bradley, A. V., Willcock, S., Gardner, E., Allinson, E., Hagen‐Zanker, A., Calo, A. J., Touza, J., Petrovskii, S., Yu, J., et al. (2023) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10474 · Cited by 18
“…of these developments included increased leaching of soil nutrients to surface- and ground- waters (Holman et al., 2010; Howden et al., 2010; Whitmore et al., 1992), potential reduction in soil carbon stocks (Bellamy et al., 2005) and a loss of biodiversity in the landscape (Stoate et al., 2001).”
BackgroundJačimović, G., Aćìn, V., Mirosavljević, M., Brbaklić, L., Vujić, S., Dunđerski, D., & Šeremešıć, S. (2023) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy13061529 · Cited by 18
A new approach to estimate soil organic carbon content targets in European croplands topsoils
Pacini, L., Arbelet, P., Chen, S., Bacq-Labreuil, A., Calvaruso, C., Schneider, F., Arrouays, D., Saby, N., Cécillon, L., & Barré, P. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165811 · Cited by 18
Soinne, H., Hyyrynen, M., Jokubė, M., Keskinen, R., Hyväluoma, J., Pihlainen, S., Hyytiäinen, K., Miettinen, A., Rasa, K., Lemola, R., et al. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119945 · Cited by 21
Plugge, D., Baldauf, T., Ratsimba, H., Rajoelison, G. L., & Köhl, M. (2010) · Madagascar Conservation & Development · doi:10.4314/mcd.v5i1.57337 · Cited by 18
“Bellamy et al. (2005) analysed data of the National Soil Inventory in England and Wales, which were assessed between 1978 and 2003.”
MethodSoil Organic Carbon Variability in Croplands
Zhang, W., Weindorf, D. C., & Zhu, Y. (2011) · Soil Science · doi:10.1097/ss.0b013e31821eb7d2 · Cited by 18
“To detect SOC concentration changes with 95% confidence across England and Wales between 1978 and 2003, Bellamy et al. (2005) used the S.D. of the original population for calculating the minimum number of samples in resampling.”
MethodVertical Profiles of Soil Properties and Microbial Activities in Peatbog Soils in Slovakia
Bobuľská, L., Fazekašová, D., & Angelovičová, L. (2015) · Environmental Processes · doi:10.1007/s40710-015-0073-7 · Cited by 18
“Field experiments show that CO2 loss and soil microbial activity in peat soils is seasonal and strongly depends on environmental factors such as temperature, soil water content, peat type (i.e., organic carbon availability) and depth of soil horizon (Bellamy et al. 2005; Kechavarzi et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSchon, N. L., Mackay, A. D., Gray, R. A. J., & Dodd, M. B. (2014) · European Journal of Soil Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2014.03.002 · Cited by 18
Effect of sampling classification patterns on SOC variability in the red soil region, China
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Hakala, K., Heikkinen, J., Sinkko, T., & Pahkala, K. (2016) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.08.021 · Cited by 18
Periodic solutions for soil carbon dynamics equilibriums with time-varying forcing variables
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Soil phosphorus crisis in the Tibetan alpine permafrost region
Hong, J., Pang, B., Zhao, L., Shu, S., Feng, P., Liu, F., Du, Z., & Wang, X. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61501-x · Cited by 20
“The resampling method can accurately estimate historical changes in the soil pool of elements at large spatial scales 21 – 23 .”
Metadata
- Authors
- Bellamy, P. H., Loveland, P. J., Bradley, R. I., Lark, R. M., & Kirk, G. J. D.
- Affiliations
- Cranfield University (GB)
- Rothamsted Research (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kirk, Guy J. D.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 437
- Issue
- 7056
- Pages
- 245-248
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2013840199
- Cited by
- 1,131
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 64
- FWCI
- 110.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rothamsted Repository (Rothamsted Repository) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- CERES (Cranfield University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Geostatistics and Mapping
- Keywords
- soil carbon loss, soil carbon feedback, climate change, global carbon budget, soil carbon content, terrestrial carbon sink, England and Wales
- MeSH terms
- Carbon, Carbon Dioxide, England, Poaceae, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Temperature, Wales, Water, Linear Models, Greenhouse Effect, Ecosystem, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
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