The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales 1978–2003
Abstract
More than twice as much carbon is held in soils as in vegetation or the atmosphere, and changes in soil carbon content can have a large effect on the global carbon budget. The possibility that climate change is being reinforced by increased carbon dioxide emissions from soils owing to rising temperature is the subject of a continuing debate. But evidence for the suggested feedback mechanism has to date come solely from small-scale laboratory and field experiments and modelling studies. Here we use data from the National Soil Inventory of England and Wales obtained between 1978 and 2003 to show that carbon was lost from soils across England and Wales over the survey period at a mean rate of 0.6% yr(-1) (relative to the existing soil carbon content). We find that the relative rate of carbon loss increased with soil carbon content and was more than 2% yr(-1) in soils with carbon contents greater than 100 g kg(-1). The relationship between rate of carbon loss and carbon content is irrespective of land use, suggesting a link to climate change. Our findings indicate that losses of soil carbon in England and Wales--and by inference in other temperate regions-are likely to have been offsetting absorption of carbon by terrestrial sinks.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“UK wide surveys recording trends in soil carbon over time (at the 0–15 cm depth) have also reported significant reductions (~6%) in soil carbon under managed fertile grasslands between 1998 and 2007 (Bellamy, Loveland, Bradley, Lark, & Kirk, 2005; Emmett et al., 2010).”
From Measured and modelled effect of land‐use change from temperate grassland to Miscanthus on soil carbon stocks after 12 years (2019) · cites this paper as Bellamy et al., 2005
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In addition, there are indications (Bellamy et al., 2005;Monson et al., 2006;Luo, 2007;Arnone et al., 2008;Bond-Lamberty and Thomson, 2010;Smith and Fang, 2010;Yvon-Durocher et al., 2010;Zhao and Running, 2010) of a positive feedback in which increases in global temperature lower the ability of present soils and other parts of the biosphere to absorb CO 2”
From Breeding crop plants with deep roots: their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient and water sequestration (2011) · cites this paper as Bellamy et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“The first thing to note is the huge variation in the organic (carbon) content of soils -at least 15-fold in the UK alone (Bellamy et al., 2005;Bradley et al., 2005;Ostle et al., 2009).”
From Breeding crop plants with deep roots: their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient and water sequestration (2011) · cites this paper as Bellamy et al., 2005
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model
Cox, P. M., Betts, R., JONES, C. D., Spall, S. A., & Totterdell, I. J. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35041539 · Cited by 4,169
Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis
Guo, L. B., & Gifford, R. M. (2002) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1354-1013.2002.00486.x · Cited by 3,972
Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world
BATJES, N. H. (1996) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01386.x · Cited by 3,213
Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world
Batjes, N. H. (2014) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.12114_2 · Cited by 2,593
Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems
Schimel, D. S., House, J. I., Hibbard, K. A., Bousquet, P., Ciais, P., Peylin, P., Braswell, B. H., Apps, M. J., Baker, D., Bondeau, A., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35102500 · Cited by 1,379
Long-term sensitivity of soil carbon turnover to warming
Knorr, W., Prentice, I. C., House, J. I., & Holland, E. A. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03226 · Cited by 1,253
Houghton, R. A. (2003) · Tellus B · doi:10.3402/tellusb.v55i2.16764 · Cited by 1,186
Model estimates of CO2 emissions from soil in response to global warming
Jenkinson, D. S., Adams, D. E., & Wild, A. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/351304a0 · Cited by 1,114
Evidence that decomposition rates of organic carbon in mineral soil do not vary with temperature
Giardina, C. P., & Ryan, M. G. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35009076 · Cited by 1,053
Smith, K. A., Ball, T., Conen, F., Dobbie, K. E., Massheder, J. M., & Rey, A. (2018) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.12539 · Cited by 978
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Hulme, M. et al. Climate Change Scenarios for the United Kingdom: The UKCIP02 Scientific Report (Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Norwich, UK, 2002)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change
Davidson, E. A., & Janssens, I. A. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04514 · Cited by 6,919
Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply
Fontaine, S., Barot, S., Barré, P., Bdioui, N., Mary, B., & Rumpel, C. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06275 · Cited by 2,279
Minasny, B., Malone, B. P., McBratney, A. B., Angers, D. A., Arrouays, D., Chambers, A., Chaplot, V., Chen, Z.-S., Cheng, K., Das, B. S., et al. (2017) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.01.002 · Cited by 2,239
Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence
Pretty, J. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2163 · Cited by 1,941
“6 Gt C yr in the 1990s (Watson et al. 2000; Bellamy et al. 2005).”
InfluentialBeesley, L., Moreno-Jiménez, E., Gomez-Eyles, J. L., Harris, E., Robinson, B., & Sizmur, T. (2011) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.023 · Cited by 1,610
“Given that contaminated land often contains young, poorly developed soils with little or no vegetation cover (Bellamy et al., 2005; Mench et al., 2010) the revegetation of contaminated soils is key to its stabilisation (Arienzo et al., 2004; Ruttens et al., 2006) and the presence of a vegetative…”
BackgroundQuantifying global soil carbon losses in response to warming
Crowther, T. W., Todd-Brown, K. E., Rowe, C. W., Wieder, W. R., Carey, J. C., Machmuller, M. B., Snoek, B. L., Fang, S., Zhou, G. S., Allison, S., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature20150 · Cited by 1,485
“Equation (1) was extrapolated with 95% confidence interval bounds by randomly selecting 200 samples from all studies, randomizing the control–warmed pairings and repeating the regression 1,000 times.”
MethodInfluentialSOM genesis: microbial biomass as a significant source
Miltner, A., Bombach, P., Schmidt-Brücken, B., & Kästner, M. (2012) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-011-9658-z · Cited by 1,123
“Changes in SOM stocks will therefore affect atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Bellamy et al. 2005).”
BackgroundBalancing the Global Carbon Budget
Houghton, R. A. (2007) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140057 · Cited by 1,165
“Changes in soil organic matter observed over a 25-year period across England and Wales indicated a net loss of carbon at a mean rate of 0.6% year−1 from all types of soil (Bellamy et al. 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialMICROBIAL NITROGEN LIMITATION INCREASES DECOMPOSITION
Craine, J. M., Morrow, C. D., & Fierer, N. (2007) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/06-1847.1 · Cited by 1,081
Ecological Restoration and Global Climate Change
Harris, J. A., Hobbs, R. J., Higgs, E. S., & Aronson, J. C. (2006) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1526-100x.2006.00136.x · Cited by 952
Smith, P., Soussana, J., Angers, D. A., Schipper, L. A., Chenu, C., Rasse, D. P., Batjes, N. H., van Egmond, F., McNeill, S. J. E., Kuhnert, M., et al. (2019) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14815 · Cited by 855
Climate change, human impacts, and carbon sequestration in China
Fang, J., Yu, G., Liu, L., Hu, S., & Chapin, F. S. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1700304115 · Cited by 767
Carbon respiration from subsurface peat accelerated by climate warming in the subarctic
Dorrepaal, E., Toet, S., van Logtestijn, R. S. P., Swart, E. M., van de Weg, M. J., Callaghan, T. V., & Aerts, R. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08216 · Cited by 751
Powlson, D. S., Whitmore, A. P., & Goulding, K. W. T. (2011) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01342.x · Cited by 829
Crossing Disciplines and Scales to Understand the Critical Zone
Brantley, S. L., Goldhaber, M. B., & Ragnarsdottir, K. V. (2007) · Elements · doi:10.2113/gselements.3.5.307 · Cited by 701
“The data document systematic carbon loss of 0.6% per year (relative to the existing soil carbon content) from the upper 15 cm regardless of soil properties and land use (Bellamy et al. 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhao, Y., Wang, M., Hu, S., Zhang, X., Ouyang, Z., Zhang, G., Huang, B., Zhao, S., Wu, J., Xie, D., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1700292114 · Cited by 658
Radiocarbon and Soil Carbon Dynamics
Trumbore, S. E. (2009) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124300 · Cited by 651
“Observations of change in soil C cycling, such as the loss of soil C (Bellamy et al. 2005) and increases in stream and lake dissolved organic carbon (Evans et al. 2006) over recent decades in the United Kingdom, underscore the need to understand the complex and interacting factors—physical and chemical as well as biol…”
BackgroundStorage, patterns and controls of soil organic carbon in the Tibetan grasslands
Yang, Y., FANG, J., Tang, Y., Ji, C., Zheng, C., HE, J., & Zhu, B. (2008) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01591.x · Cited by 634
“A number of studies have showed that plant production is a major C input to soil in arid and semi-arid ecosystems (Jobba´gy & Jackson, 2000; Austin, 2002; Epstein et al., 2002) and a strong allometric relationship exists between above and belowground C (Enquist & Niklas, 2002).”
BackgroundEcosystems, their properties, goods and services
Fischlin, A., Midgley, G. F., Turley, C., & Velichko, A. A. (2007) · IRIS · Cited by 623
The interdisciplinary nature of SOIL
Brevik, E. C., Cerdà, A., Mataix‐Solera, J., Pereg, L. L., Quinton, J. N., Six, J., & Oost, K. V. (2015) · SOIL · doi:10.5194/soil-1-117-2015 · Cited by 608
“…by soils (de Vries et al., 2013); (ii) soils are being paved over at an increasing rate (Procop et al., 2011); (iii) soil C stores are dwindling (Bellamy et al., 2005); (iv) soil compaction, acidification, and salinization are widespread problems (e.g., Jones et al., 2003); and (v) rates of…”
BackgroundEvidence for biological nitrification inhibition in Brachiaria pastures
Subbarao, G. V., Nakahara, K., Hurtado, M. P., Ono, H., Moreta, D., Salcedo, A., Yoshihashi, A. T., Ishikawa, T., Ishitani, M., Ohnishi‐Kameyama, M., et al. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0903694106 · Cited by 575
Horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2011
Sutherland, W. J., Bardsley, S., Bennun, L., Clout, M. N., Côté, I. M., Depledge, M. H., Dicks, L. V., Dobson, A. P., Fellman, L., & Fleishman, E. (2010) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2010.11.002 · Cited by 558
Subbarao, G. V., Ito, O., Sahrawat, K. L., Berry, W. L., Nakahara, K., Ishikawa, T., Watanabe, T., Suenaga, K., Rondón, M., & Rao, I. M. (2006) · Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences · doi:10.1080/07352680600794232 · Cited by 572
“Another unintended side effect of the large-scale use of N fertilizer is a general worldwide reduction of SOM ( McGill et al , 1981 ; Lal, 2003 ; Bellamy et al , 2005 ).”
BackgroundJohnson, J. M. F., Allmaras, R. R., & Reicosky, D. C. (2006) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.2134/agronj2005.0179 · Cited by 548
Temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition—what do we know?
Lützow, M. V., & Kögel‐Knabner, I. (2009) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-009-0413-8 · Cited by 535
“Recent findings by Kirkby et al. (2005) and Hopkins et al. (2009) do not support the estimates of Bellamy et al. (2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSoussana, J., Tallec, T., & Blanfort, V. (2009) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731109990784 · Cited by 586
The Significance of the Erosion-induced Terrestrial Carbon Sink
Berhe, A. A., Harte, J., Harden, J. W., & Torn, M. S. (2007) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/b570408 · Cited by 484
“In conclusion, the criterion that needs to be satisfied for soil erosion to constitute a C sink consists of two components: (1) at least partial replacement of eroded SOC by new photosynthate in the eroded site, and (2) preservation of SOC at the depositional site in more passive pools (with a longer residence time) t…”
BackgroundInfluentialDigital Mapping of Soil Carbon
Minasny, B., McBratney, A. B., Malone, B., & Wheeler, I. (2012) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-405942-9.00001-3 · Cited by 483
“For example, Bellamy et al. (2005) used data from the National Soil Inventory of England and Wales obtained between 1978 and 2003 to show that carbon was lost from soils across England and Wales over the survey period at a mean rate of 0.6% yr−1.”
MethodInfluentialYang, R., Zhang, G., Liu, F., Lü, Y., Yang, F., Yang, F., Yang, M., Zhao, Y.-G., & Li, C. (2015) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.036 · Cited by 459
Johnston, A. E., Poulton, P. R., & Coleman, K. (2009) · Advances in Agronomy · doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(08)00801-8 · Cited by 568
Kell, D. B. (2011) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcr175 · Cited by 439
“In addition, there are indications (Bellamy et al., 2005; Monson et al., 2006; Luo, 2007; Arnone et al., 2008; Bond-Lamberty and Thomson, 2010; Smith and Fang, 2010; Yvon-Durocher et al., 2010; Zhao and Running, 2010) of a positive feedback in which increases in global temperature lower the ability…”
BackgroundLu, F., Wang, X., Han, B., Ouyang, Z., Duan, X., Zheng, H., & MIAO, H. (2008) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01743.x · Cited by 433
How accurately can soil organic carbon stocks and stock changes be quantified by soil inventories?
Schrumpf, M., Schulze, E., Kaiser, K., & Schumacher, J. (2011) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-8-1193-2011 · Cited by 406
Global pattern of soil carbon losses due to the conversion of forests to agricultural land
Wei, X., Shao, M., Gale, W., & Li, L. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep04062 · Cited by 400
Zeraatpisheh, M., Ayoubi, S., Jafari, A., Tajik, S., & Finke, P. (2018) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.09.006 · Cited by 376
Sollins, P., Kramer, M. G., Swanston, C. W., Lajtha, K., Filley, T. R., Aufdenkampe, A. K., Wagai, R., & Bowden, R. D. (2009) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-009-9359-z · Cited by 380
“As the earth warms, this SOM is being oxidized at an increasing rate (Bellamy et al. 2005; Leifeld and Fuhrer 2005; Raich et al. 2006).”
Effect of straw returning on soil organic carbon in rice–wheat rotation system: A review
Jin, Z., Shah, T. M., Zhang, L., Liu, H., Peng, S., & Nie, L. (2020) · Food and Energy Security · doi:10.1002/fes3.200 · Cited by 372
Carbon losses from soil and its consequences for land-use management
Dawson, J. J. C., & Smith, P. (2007) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.03.023 · Cited by 351
Schuur, E. A. G., & Abbott, B. W. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/480032a · Cited by 346
The moisture response of soil heterotrophic respiration: interaction with soil properties
Moyano, F. E., Vasilyeva, N., Bouckaert, L., Cook, F. J., Craine, J. M., Yuste, J. C., Don, A., Epron, D., Formánek, P., Franzluebbers, A. J., et al. (2012) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-9-1173-2012 · Cited by 345
Impact of Global Warming on Soil Organic Carbon
Smith, P., Fang, C., Dawson, J. J. C., & Moncrieff, J. B. (2008) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(07)00001-6 · Cited by 337
Expert assessment of vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change
Schuur, E. A. G., Abbott, B. W., Bowden, W. B., Brovkin, V. A., Camill, P., Canadell, J. G., Chanton, J. P., Chapin, F. S., Christensen, T. R., Ciais, P., et al. (2013) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0730-7 · Cited by 349
“We do know the expected 7–11 % decrease in the permafrost C pool size by 2100 is comparable to the 7–14 % decrease measured over 1 to 2 decades in landscape soil C inventories in England and Wales possibly as a result of climate change (Bellamy et al. 2005).”
BackgroundGlobal soil organic carbon assessment
Stockmann, U., Padarian, J., McBratney, A. B., Minasny, B., de Brogniez, D., Montanarella, L., Hong, S. Y., Rawlins, B. G., & Field, D. J. (2015) · Global Food Security · doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2015.07.001 · Cited by 326
Finér, L., Ohashi, M., Noguchi, K., & Hirano, Y. (2011) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.08.042 · Cited by 317
Biochar mediated alterations in herbicide breakdown and leaching in soil
Jones, D. L., Edwards-Jones, G., & Murphy, D. V. (2011) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.015 · Cited by 313
Storage, patterns and environmental controls of soil organic carbon in China
Yang, Y., Mohammat, A., Feng, J., Zhou, R., & Fang, J. (2007) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-007-9109-z · Cited by 315
The responses of agriculture in Europe to climate change
Bindi, M., & Olesen, J. E. (2010) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-010-0173-x · Cited by 309
Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon stocks in France
Martin, M. P., Wattenbach, M., Smith, P., Meersmans, J., Jolivet, C. C., Boulonne, L., & Arrouays, D. (2011) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-8-1053-2011 · Cited by 312
Acidity controls on dissolved organic carbon mobility in organic soils
Evans, C., Jones, T. G., Burden, A., Ostle, N., Zieliński, P., Cooper, M. D. A., Peacock, M., Clark, J. M., Oulehle, F., Cooper, D. M., et al. (2012) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02794.x · Cited by 300
“, 2004; Worrall & Burt, 2007), and thus evidence of ecosystem destabilization, contributing to terrestrial carbon losses (Bellamy et al., 2005).”
BackgroundCiais, P., Dolman, A. J., Bombelli, A., Duren, R., Peregon, A. M., Rayner, P. J., Miller, C. E., Gobron, N., Kindermann, G., Marland, G., et al. (2014) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-11-3547-2014 · Cited by 313
“The best soil carbon inventories sample countries with a typical grid of a few km and a revisit time of 10 years (Bellamy et al., 2005).”
The European carbon balance. Part 3: forests
Luyssaert, S., Ciais, P., Piao, S. L., Schulze, E., Jung, M., Zaehle, S., Schelhaas, M., Reichstein, M., Churkina, G., Papale, D., et al. (2009) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02056.x · Cited by 311
“Future climate, with more frequent and intense summer droughts (Beniston, 2004; Luterbacher et al., 2004), is expected to increase the fire risk of forests in the EU.”
BackgroundA geographically weighted regression kriging approach for mapping soil organic carbon stock
Kumar, S., Lal, R., & Liu, D. (2012) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.05.022 · Cited by 287
Carbon and nitrogen dynamics during forest stand development: a global synthesis
Yang, Y., Luo, Y., & Finzi, A. C. (2011) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03645.x · Cited by 287
“It has been suggested that substantial C release from soil may even offset C sequestration in vegetation (Bellamy et al., 2005).”
BackgroundCritical evaluation of municipal solid waste composting and potential compost markets
Farrell, M., & Jones, D. L. (2009) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.04.029 · Cited by 297
Lugato, E., Bampa, F., Panagos, P., Montanarella, L., & Jones, A. (2014) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12551 · Cited by 287
“At European level, several long-term soil monitoring networks have reported soil organic carbon (SOC) decreases (Bellamy et al., 2005; Goidts & van Wesemael, 2007; Capriel, 2013; Heikkinen et al., 2013), even if contrasting trends are evident in the past decades (Chapman et al.”
BackgroundHermann, B. G., Debeer, L., Wilde, B. D., Blok, K., & Patel, M. K. (2011) · Polymer Degradation and Stability · doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.12.026 · Cited by 283
The carbon footprints of food crop production
Hillier, J., Hawes, C., Squire, G. R., Hilton, A., Wale, S., & Smith, P. (2009) · International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability · doi:10.3763/ijas.2009.0419 · Cited by 282
“Management of arable land through repeated disturbance has turned many arable soils into C sources (Lal, 2004b; Bellamy et al., 2005).”
BackgroundDecadal soil carbon accumulation across Tibetan permafrost regions
Ding, J., Chen, L., Ji, C., Hugelius, G., Li, Y., Liu, L., Qin, S., Zhang, B., Yang, G., Li, F., et al. (2017) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo2945 · Cited by 282
PHYTOREMEDIATION OF INORGANICS: REALISM AND SYNERGIES
DICKINSON, N. M., Baker, A. J. M., Doronila, A., Laidlaw, A. S., & Reeves, R. D. (2008) · International Journal of Phytoremediation · doi:10.1080/15226510802378368 · Cited by 293
“Various forms of organic matter amendments, including composts and sludges, form an important component of many site remediations of contaminated land, which often contain younger soils without deep buried layers of organic carbon (Bellamy et al., 2005).”
BackgroundFuture carbon sequestration in Europe—Effects of land use change
Schulp, C. J. E., Nabuurs, G. J., & Verburg, P. H. (2008) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2008.04.010 · Cited by 272
The importance of the relationship between scale and process in understanding long-term DOC dynamics
Clark, J. M., Bottrell, S. H., Evans, C., Monteith, D., Bartlett, R., Rose, R. J., Newton, R. J., & Chapman, P. J. (2010) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.02.046 · Cited by 265
“, 2007), and the further possibility that climate change is causing degradation of soil carbon stores (Freeman et al., 2001a; Bellamy et al., 2005).”
BackgroundWalkley–Black analysis of forest soil organic carbon: recovery, limitations and uncertainty
Vos, B. D., Lettens, S., Muys, B., & Deckers, J. A. (2007) · Soil Use and Management · doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2007.00084.x · Cited by 264
“In some cases these data sets have been recently reconsidered and the locations resampled to assess temporal changes in SOC contents and stocks in the context of greenhouse gas balance assessment (Ronse et al., 1988 and Lettens et al., 2005 in Belgium, Bellamy et al., 2005 in England, Wang et al., 2003 in China).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUK land use and soil carbon sequestration
Ostle, N., Levy, P., Evans, C., & Smith, P. (2009) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.08.006 · Cited by 273
Boreal forest soil carbon: distribution, function and modelling
DeLuca, T. H., & Boisvenue, C. (2012) · Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1093/forestry/cps003 · Cited by 276
TOWARD A COMPLETE SOIL C AND N CYCLE: INCORPORATING THE SOIL FAUNA
Osler, G. H. R., & Sommerkorn, M. (2007) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/06-1357.1 · Cited by 256
Effects of forest management on productivity and carbon sequestration: A review and hypothesis
Asko Noormets, A., Epron, D., Domec, J., McNulty, S. G., Fox, T. R., Sun, G., & King, J. S. (2015) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.05.019 · Cited by 274
The greenhouse gas impacts of converting food production in England and Wales to organic methods
Smith, L. G., Kirk, G. J. D., Jones, P., & Williams, A. G. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12622-7 · Cited by 251
Self-citationSoil monitoring in Europe: a review of existing systems and requirements for harmonisation
Morvan, X., Saby, N. P. A., Arrouays, D., Le Bas, C., Jones, R. J. A., Verheijen, F. G. A., Bellamy, P. H., Stephens, M., & Kibblewhite, M. G. (2008) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.046 · Cited by 246
Self-citationSoil pores and their contributions to soil carbon processes
Kravchenko, A., & Guber, A. K. (2016) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.06.027 · Cited by 255
Current status, uncertainty and future needs in soil organic carbon monitoring
Jandl, R., Rodeghiero, M., Martinez, C., Cotrufo, M. F., Bampa, F., van Wesemael, B., Harrison, R. B., Guerrini, I. A., Richter, D. D., Rustad, L. E., et al. (2013) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.026 · Cited by 263
“Evidence for rapidly changing SOC pools has been shown for different ecosystems and continued warming may lead to strong climate-induced SOC loss (Bellamy et al., 2005; Cox et al., 2000; Rumpel and Chabbi, 2010; Post and Kwon, 2000; West et al., 2004).”
BackgroundDon, A., Schumacher, J., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Scholten, T., & Schulze, E.-D. (2007) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.06.003 · Cited by 244
“Many studies in the past did not include bulk density measurements (Arrouays et al., 2006; Bellamy et al., 2005; Collins et al., 2000; Hassink, 1994; Jones et al., 2005).”
BackgroundImpacts of Climate Change on Indirect Human Exposure to Pathogens and Chemicals from Agriculture
Boxall, A. B. A., Hardy, A., Beulke, S., Boucard, T. K., Burgin, L. E., Falloon, P., Haygarth, P. M., Hutchinson, T. H., Kovats, S. R., Leonardi, G. S., et al. (2008) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0800084 · Cited by 247
The European carbon balance. Part 2: croplands
Ciais, P., Wattenbach, M., Vuichard, N., Smith, P. L., Piao, S. L., Don, A., Luyssaert, S., Janssens, I. A., Bondeau, A., Dechow, R., et al. (2009) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02055.x · Cited by 239
“A detailed repeated gridded soil inventory over England and Wales at 5 km resolution (Bellamy et al., 2005) shows practically no change in cropland soil carbon concentrations during 1978–2003, in contrast with larger C losses from other land use types.”
BackgroundHaygarth, P. M., & Ritz, K. (2009) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.09.016 · Cited by 237
Integrating Soil Ecological Knowledge into Restoration Management
Heneghan, L., Miller, S. P., Baer, S. G., Callaham, M. A., Montgomery, J. A., Pavao‐Zuckerman, M. A., Rhoades, C. C., & Richardson, S. (2008) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1526-100x.2008.00477.x · Cited by 240
“This is evident, given the predicted changes to fundamental characteristics of and processes in soils under different climate change scenarios (Bellamy et al. 2005; Saxon et al. 2005).”
BackgroundDoes the Acid Hydrolysis–Incubation Method Measure Meaningful Soil Organic Carbon Pools?
Paul, E. A., Morris, S. J., Conant, R. T., & Plante, A. F. (2006) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2005.0103 · Cited by 237
“Reanalysis of a large number of soils between 1978 and 2003 across England and Wales (Bellamy et al., 2005) showed a very large loss during that period.”
BackgroundLong‐Term Soil Experiments: Keys to Managing Earth's Rapidly Changing Ecosystems
Richter, D. D., Hofmockel, M., Callaham, M. A., Powlson, D. S., & Smith, P. (2007) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2006.0181 · Cited by 235
“Below we discuss results from two notable RSSs that aim to quantify decadal soil change across England and Wales (Bellamy et al., 2005) and across Belgium as well (van Wesemael et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialForest soil carbon is threatened by intensive biomass harvesting
Achat, D. L., Fortin, M., Landmann, G., Ringeval, B., & Augusto, L. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep15991 · Cited by 238
Do grasslands act as a perpetual sink for carbon?
Smith, P. (2014) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12561 · Cited by 262
Integrated assessment of promising measures to decrease nitrogen losses from agriculture in EU-27
Oenema, O., Witzke, P., Klimont, Z., Lesschen, J. P., & Velthof, G. L. (2009) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.025 · Cited by 230
Macedo, M. O., de Resende, A. S., Garcia, P. C., Boddey, R. M., Jantalia, C. P., Urquiaga, S. S., Campello, E. F. C., & Franco, A. A. (2008) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.11.007 · Cited by 229
van Straaten, O., Corre, M. D., Wolf, K., Tchienkoua, M., Bautista, J. E. C., Matthews, R., & Veldkamp, E. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1504628112 · Cited by 227
Desmatamento na Amazônia: dinâmica, impactos e controle
Fearnside, P. M. (2006) · Acta Amazonica · doi:10.1590/s0044-59672006000300018 · Cited by 267
Soil carbon stock and its changes in northern China's grasslands from 1980s to 2000s
Yang, Y., FANG, J., Ma, W., Smith, P., Mohammat, A., Wang, S., & Wang, W. (2010) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02123.x · Cited by 221
Declining trend of carbon in Finnish cropland soils in 1974–2009
Heikkinen, J., Ketoja, E., Nuutinen, V., & Regina, K. (2013) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12137 · Cited by 213
De Deyn, G. B., Shiel, R. S., Ostle, N. J., McNamara, N. P., Oakley, S., Young, I., Freeman, C., Fenner, N., Quirk, H., & Bardgett, R. D. (2011) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01925.x · Cited by 216
Luo, C., XU, G., Chao, Z., Wang, S., Lin, X., Hu, Y., Zhang, Z., Duan, J., Chang, X., Su, A., et al. (2009) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02026.x · Cited by 217
“…received considerable attention (Giardina et al., 2000; Melillo et al., 2002; Fang et al., 2005; Davidson & Janssens, 2006) because of its importance in the global C cycle and potential feedbacks to climate change (Davidson et al., 2000; Mack et al., 2004; Bellamy et al., 2005; Knorr et al., 2005).”
BackgroundManaging for soil carbon sequestration: Let’s get realistic
Schlesinger, W. H., & Amundson, R. (2018) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14478 · Cited by 233
Tifafi, M., Guenet, B., & Christine, H. Y. (2017) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1002/2017gb005678 · Cited by 230
“…within the International Soil Carbon Network (ISCN) (International Soil Carbon Network (ISCN), 2012), the National Survey Inventory of England and Wales (NSI) (Bellamy et al., 2005), and the Réseau de Mesures de la Qualité des Sols of France (RMQS) (Arrouays et al., 2003; Jolivet et al., 2006) .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStorage and Turnover of Organic Matter in Soil
Torn, M. S., Swanston, C. W., Castanha, C., & Trumbore, S. E. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470494950.ch6 · Cited by 218
The sensitivity of annual grassland carbon cycling to the quantity and timing of rainfall
CHOU, W. W., Silver, W. L., Jackson, R. D., THOMPSON, A. W., & Allen‐Diaz, B. (2008) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01572.x · Cited by 207
“After biomass harvests, we trimmed the litter buildup in all plots to conform to standard grazing management practices for the region and minimize thatch accumulation (Heady, 1956; Bartolome, 1979 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPrediction and digital mapping of soil carbon storage in the Lower Namoi Valley
Minasny, B., McBratney, A. B., Mendonça-Santos, M. D. L., Odeh, I., & Guyon, B. (2006) · Soil Research · doi:10.1071/sr05136 · Cited by 206
“…the soil is currently an important topic; carbon stored in the soil to a given depth has been estimated for the whole world (Batjes 1996), for the continent (Jones et al. 2005), countries (Bellamy et al. 2005; Bernoux et al. 2002; Mikhailova and Post 2006), and regionally (Knowles and Singh 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialRegional assessment of soil organic carbon changes under agriculture in Southern Belgium (1955–2005)
Goidts, E., & van Wesemael, B. (2007) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.06.013 · Cited by 211
Soil respiration under climate change: prolonged summer drought offsets soil warming effects
Schindlbacher, A., Wunderlich, S., Borken, W., Kitzler, B., Zechmeister‐Boltenstern, S., & Jandl, R. (2012) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02696.x · Cited by 209
“If increased soil CO2 efflux is not balanced by increased C uptake by plant biomass or soil, then warming could even turn whole biomes from current C sinks into C sources (Cox et al., 2000; Bellamy et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMuñoz‐Rojas, M., Jordán, A., Zavala, L. M., de la Rosa, D., Abd‐Elmabod, S. K., & Romero, M. A. (2012) · Land Degradation and Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.2194 · Cited by 203
“Moreover, Bellamy et al. (2005) used data from the National Soil Inventory of England and Wales to estimate SOC changes between 1978 and 2003, obtaining 0 31MgCha 1 y 1, consistent with our results.”
ResultBanwart, S. A. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/474151a · Cited by 201
Subbarao, G. V., Sahrawat, K. L., Nakahara, K., Ishikawa, T., Kishii, M., Rao, I. M., Hash, C. T., George, T., Rao, P. S., Nardi, P., et al. (2012) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394275-3.00001-8 · Cited by 211
Grazing Impacts on Soil Carbon and Microbial Communities in a Mixed‐Grass Ecosystem
Ingram, L. J., Stahl, P. D., Schuman, G. E., Buyer, J. S., Vance, G. F., Ganjegunte, G. K., Welker, J. M., & Derner, J. (2008) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2007.0038 · Cited by 200
Abdalla, K., Chivenge, P. P., Ciais, P., & Chaplot, V. A. M. (2016) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-13-3619-2016 · Cited by 212
“While inventories can be made of the different carbon pools (Bellamy et al., 2005), carbon pool changes are small and difficult to detect; they require sampling programs with periodic revisits over many years.”
BackgroundThe potential role of compost in reducing greenhouse gases
Favoino, E., & Hogg, D. (2008) · Waste Management & Research The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy · doi:10.1177/0734242x08088584 · Cited by 196
Metadata
- Authors
- Bellamy, P. H., Loveland, P. J., Bradley, R. I., Lark, R. M., & Kirk, G. J. D.
- Affiliations
- Cranfield University (GB)
- Rothamsted Research (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kirk, Guy J. D.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 437
- Issue
- 7056
- Pages
- 245-248
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2013840199
- Cited by
- 1,131
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 64
- FWCI
- 110.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rothamsted Repository (Rothamsted Repository) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- CERES (Cranfield University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Geostatistics and Mapping
- Keywords
- soil carbon loss, soil carbon feedback, climate change, global carbon budget, soil carbon content, terrestrial carbon sink, England and Wales
- MeSH terms
- Carbon, Carbon Dioxide, England, Poaceae, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Temperature, Wales, Water, Linear Models, Greenhouse Effect, Ecosystem, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
