The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 8 of the 42 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification
Open accessAbstract
The atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) will almost certainly be double that of pre-industrial levels by 2100 and will be considerably higher than at any time during the past few million years. The oceans are a principal sink for anthropogenic CO2 where it is estimated to have caused a 30% increase in the concentration of H+ in ocean surface waters since the early 1900s and may lead to a drop in seawater pH of up to 0.5 units by 2100 (refs 2, 3). Our understanding of how increased ocean acidity may affect marine ecosystems is at present very limited as almost all studies have been in vitro, short-term, rapid perturbation experiments on isolated elements of the ecosystem. Here we show the effects of acidification on benthic ecosystems at shallow coastal sites where volcanic CO2 vents lower the pH of the water column. Along gradients of normal pH (8.1–8.2) to lowered pH (mean 7.8–7.9, minimum 7.4–7.5), typical rocky shore communities with abundant calcareous organisms shifted to communities lacking scleractinian corals with significant reductions in sea urchin and coralline algal abundance. To our knowledge, this is the first ecosystem-scale validation of predictions that these important groups of organisms are susceptible to elevated amounts of pCO2. Sea-grass production was highest in an area at mean pH 7.6 (1,827 μatm pCO2) where coralline algal biomass was significantly reduced and gastropod shells were dissolving due to periods of carbonate sub-saturation…
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8 of 42 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“an effect which probably increases their risk of predation 22 .”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [22] Bibby, R. et al. Ocean acidification disrupts induced defences in the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea . Biol. Lett. 3, 699–701 (2007) source
The Abstract says acidified seawater disrupted induced shell thickening in Littorina littorea, increasing vulnerability to predation. The Results and discussion describes reduced shell thickening under low pH as a potential survival concern; the claim’s “probably” appropriately reflects that predation risk was inferred rather than measured. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Organisms with aragonite skeletons were common outside the vents (for example, Halimeda algae and the corals Caryophyllia, Cladocora and Balanophyllia) but were absent at mean V arag # 2.5 (minimum V arag 0.8-1.2),providing in situ support for predictions of global coral reef dissolution at these concentrations 8 .”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318, 1737–1742 (2007) source
In “Ocean Acidification and Reef Accretion” (page unavailable), the paper says reef carbonate accretion approaches zero or becomes negative at aragonite saturation around 3.3. Its “Trajectories in Response to Climate Change” section predicts that reef erosion will exceed calcification as saturation falls, supporting the cited prediction at ≤2.5. The vent observations are the citing paper’s own evidence, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that Corallinaceae cover was significantly reduced at lowered pH (Table 1 and Supplementary Tables 234).”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sea-grass production was highest in an area at mean pH 7.6 (1,827 matm p CO 2 ) where coralline algal biomass was significantly reduced and gastropod shells were dissolving due to periods of”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Juveniles of Osilinus turbinata and Patella caerulea gastropods were absent in areas with pH minima #7.4,where all adult gastropod shells (including Hexaplex trunculus and Cerithium vulgatum) were weakened by the acidified sea water (Figs 2 and 4, Table 1 and Supplementary Video), an effect which probably increases their risk of predation 22 .”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The species populating the vent sites comprise a suite of organisms that are resilient to naturally high concentrations of p CO 2 and indicate that ocean acidification may benefit highly invasive non-native algal species.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Juveniles of Osilinus turbinata and Patella caerulea gastropods were absent in areas with pH minima #7.4,where all adult gastropod shells (including Hexaplex trunculus and Cerithium vulgatum) were weakened by the acidified sea water (Figs 2 and 4, Table 1 and Supplementary Video), an effect which probably increases their risk of predation 22 .”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rocky-shore stations with a mean pH of 7.8-7.9(mean p CO 2 804-957 matm) showed a 30% reduction in species numbers (notably calcifiers) compared with the normal pH stations (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4).”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A suite of algal genera proved to be resilient to naturally high amounts of p CO 2 (for example, Caulerpa, Cladophora, Asparagopsis, Dictyota and Sargassum), some of which include invasive alien species that have begun to alter shallow marine ecosystems worldwide 17 .”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only Cnidaria in waters undersaturated with aragonite were anemones such as Anemonia viridis, which may benefit from increased p CO 2 for photosynthesis of its endosymbiotic dinoflagellates.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and may lead to a drop in seawater pH of up to 0.5 units by 2100 (refs 2, 3).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Sciences Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (eds Solomon, S. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [3] Caldeira, K. & Wickett, M. E. Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 110 C09S04 doi: 10.1029/2004JC002671 (2005) source
Section 3.1.1 reports that the highest-emission SRES pathway produces a global surface-ocean pH reduction approaching 0.5 units by 2100. The Discussion and Conclusions likewise gives a range of about 0.3–0.5 units by 2100 for the SRES pathways. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The oceans are a principal sink for anthropogenic CO 2 where it is estimated to have caused a 30% increase in the concentration of Hfoot_0 in ocean surface waters since the early 1900s”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Sciences Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (eds Solomon, S. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [3] Caldeira, K. & Wickett, M. E. Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 110 C09S04 doi: 10.1029/2004JC002671 (2005) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (§1) says added CO₂ lowers ocean pH, and Table 1 in Discussion and Conclusions (§5) gives a mean surface-ocean pH decrease of 0.09 from preindustrial conditions to 2000. That corresponds to roughly a 23% increase in H⁺ concentration, not the claimed 30%; the table also uses a preindustrial baseline rather than the early 1900s. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“given that high-latitude pteropods and coral reefs may be unable to make their skeletons by the year 2100 (refs 7, 13).”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] Orr, J. C. et al. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437, 681–686 (2005) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Biological impacts section (p. 5) reports shell dissolution in live pteropods under conditions projected for 2100 and suggests that some high-latitude pteropods may be unable to maintain their shells. For reef-building corals, the paper reports declining calcification rates (p. 1), not that coral reefs may be unable to make skeletons by 2100. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [13] Davies, A. J., Roberts, J. M. & Hall-Spencer, J. Preserving deep-sea natural heritage: emerging issues in offshore conservation and management. Biol. Conserv. 138, 299–312 (2007) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2.1 (page unavailable) says organisms with calcium-carbonate skeletons face hindered growth in undersaturated water and projects that about 70% of known cold-water coral locations could become undersaturated by 2099. It does not say that coral reefs generally will be unable to make skeletons, and the searched passages do not address high-latitude pteropods. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Short-term laboratory experiments show that many calcareous organisms may be unable to build their skeletons as oceans acidify over the next 100 years 6,7 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Feely, R. A. et al. Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans. Science 305, 362–366 (2004) source
- Partly supportedcites [7] Orr, J. C. et al. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437, 681–686 (2005) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The opening section (p. 1) says experimental evidence suggests corals and some plankton will have difficulty maintaining calcium-carbonate skeletons as ocean chemistry changes this century. Biological impacts (p. 5) reports shell dissolution in a 48-hour pteropod experiment and reduced calcification in other organisms. These passages support a risk to skeleton formation, but they do not show that many kinds of organisms may be unable to build skeletons altogether. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This may combine with other stresses, such as global warming, to drive tropical coral reefs towards functional collapse 8 .”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318, 1737–1742 (2007) source
The paper’s opening summary says global warming and ocean acidification will compromise reef growth and drive reefs toward a tipping point for functional collapse. The ‘Thermal Stress, Synergies, and Ecological Feedback Loops’ section also says acidification and bleaching together enhance harmful feedbacks in coral ecosystems. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pH and saturation states (V) of calcite and aragonite varied with sea state, being lowest on calm days, and showed large decreases as p CO 2 amounts increased from approximately 300 to more than 2,000 matm through the venting gas fields (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 2).”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus, Arbacia lixula), which have high magnesium calcite skeletons, were the most common large invertebrates on sublittoral rock outside the vents but their abundance was significantly reduced where pH reached minima of 7.4-7.5 (Table 1 and Fig. 2).”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sea-grass leaves at P 1 (pH 8.2) had 75% cover of calcified epiphytes but only 2% cover at P 4 (mean pH 7.6) with a significant reduction in epiphytic calcium carbonate per leaf (Table 1 and Figs 3 and 4).”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sea-grass production was highest in an area at mean pH 7.6 (1,827 matm p CO 2 ) where coralline algal biomass was significantly reduced and gastropod shells were dissolving due to periods of”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Organisms with aragonite skeletons were common outside the vents (for example, Halimeda algae and the corals Caryophyllia, Cladocora and Balanophyllia) but were absent at mean V arag # 2.5 (minimum V arag 0.8-1.2),providing in situ support for predictions of global coral reef dissolution at these concentrations 8 .”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As coralline algal cover fell from .60% outside the vent area to zero within it, non-calcareous algal cover increased significantly from near zero to .60% (Fig. 2 and Table 1).”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“where shoot density was significantly higher (Table 1 and Fig. 3) and approximately 30% higher than that known anywhere else around Ischia 12 .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12] Ambiente. Marino Costiero e Territorio Delle Isole Flegree (eds Gambi, M. C., Lauro, M. & Jannuzzi, F.) (Accademia di Scienze Fische e Matematiche, Italy, 2003)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other calcitic organisms, such as the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus, for example, may survive pH minima by closing their rostral plates as their abundance was not significantly reduced until extremely low mean pH 6.6 (Table 1 and Fig. 2).”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When heavily epiphytised leaves were transplanted from station P 1 to P 4 they showed complete dissolution of Corallinaceae in 2 weeks, whereas transplants moved within P 1 were unaffected.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Along gradients of normal pH (8.1-8.2) to lowered pH (mean 7.8-7.9,minimum 7.4-7.5),typical rocky shore communities with abundant calcareous organisms shifted to communities lacking scleractinian corals with significant reductions in sea urchin and coralline algal abundance.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide (p CO 2 ) will almost certainly be double that of pre-industrial levels by 2100 and will be considerably higher than at any time during the past few million years 1 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Pearson, P. N. & Palmer, M. R. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years. Nature 406, 695–699 (2000) source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some marine CO 2 vents are at ambient seawater temperature and lack toxic sulphur compounds; such vents can prevail for years to millenia 12 and may be used as natural experiments to advance our understanding of ocean acidification at the ecosystem level.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12] Ambiente. Marino Costiero e Territorio Delle Isole Flegree (eds Gambi, M. C., Lauro, M. & Jannuzzi, F.) (Accademia di Scienze Fische e Matematiche, Italy, 2003)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mesocosm experiments have led to predictions that Corallinaceae, which help to protect against coral reef erosion in the tropics, are vulnerable to ocean acidification due to the solubility of their high magnesium calcite skeletons 15,16 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Kleypas, J. A. et al. Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Future Research. Report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by NSF, NOAA, and the US Geological Survey. (2006)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Kuffner, I. B. et al. Decreased abundance of crustose coralline algae due to ocean acidification. Nature Geosci 1, 114–117 (2008) source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only Cnidaria in waters undersaturated with aragonite were anemones such as Anemonia viridis, which may benefit from increased p CO 2 for photosynthesis of its endosymbiotic dinoflagellates.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Some marine CO 2 vents are at ambient seawater temperature and lack toxic sulphur compounds; such vents can prevail for years to millenia 12 and may be used as natural experiments to advance our understanding of ocean acidification at the ecosystem level.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12] Ambiente. Marino Costiero e Territorio Delle Isole Flegree (eds Gambi, M. C., Lauro, M. & Jannuzzi, F.) (Accademia di Scienze Fische e Matematiche, Italy, 2003)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A suite of algal genera proved to be resilient to naturally high amounts of p CO 2 (for example, Caulerpa, Cladophora, Asparagopsis, Dictyota and Sargassum), some of which include invasive alien species that have begun to alter shallow marine ecosystems worldwide 17 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Boudouresque, C. F. & Verlaque, M. Biological pollution in the Meditterranean Sea: invasive versus introduced macrophytes. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 44, 32–38 (2002) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Marine CO 2 vents are abundant in the Mediterranean, especially around Italy and Greece where they typically eject volcanic fluids containing up to 1-2% hydrogen sulphide 10,11 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Williams, S. N., Schaefer, S. J., Calvache v, M. L & Lopez, D. Global carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere by volcanoes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 1765–1770 (1992) source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Dando, P. R., Stuben, D. & Varnavas, S. P. Hydrothermalism in the Mediterranean Sea. Prog. Oceanogr. 44, 333–367 (1999) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Mesocosm experiments have shown that sea-grass production can be enhanced at high p CO 2 (ref.19).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Palacios, S. L. & Zimmerman, R. C. Response of eelgrass Zostera marina to CO2 enrichment: possible impacts of climate change and potential for remediation of coastal habitats. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 344, 1–13 (2007) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although scleractinians can survive skeletal dissolution as polyps in the laboratory 14 , reduced calcification due to low V arag may result in increased risk to predation or competition in open ecosystems.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Fine, M. & Tchernov, D. Scleractinian coral species survive and recover from decalcification. Science 315, 1811 (2007) source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Natural CO 2 flux from volcanic vents and high heat flow areas amounts to less than 0.5% of anthropogenic emissions to the global carbon budget, but can alter local ocean chemistry 9,10 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Kerrick, D. M., McKibben, M. A., Seward, T. M. & Caldeira, K. Convective hydrothermal CO2 emission from high heat-flow regions. Chem. Geol. 121, 285–293 (1995) source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Williams, S. N., Schaefer, S. J., Calvache v, M. L & Lopez, D. Global carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere by volcanoes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 1765–1770 (1992) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although atmospheric diffusion of CO 2 is not predicted to result in aragonite undersaturation in shallow waters of the Mediterranean, observations of such areas are relevant to the localized effects caused by deliberate CO 2 sequestration and to the widespread effects predicted for areas that at present have low V arag , given that high-latitude pteropods and coral reefs may be unable to make”
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analysed Posidonia oceanica shoots were .10yr old at the subtidal study sites and will have integrated the effects of lowered pH over this time.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Salinity (38%) and total alkalinity (2.5 mequiv.kg 21 ) were homogeneous between survey stations and temperature-matched ambient seasonal fluctuations (13-25 uC).”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as ocean acidification will probably bring about reductions in biodiversity and radically alter ecosystems.”
§ Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification > NATURE
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This opportunity to observe the tipping points at which principal groups of marine organisms are affected by lowered pH proves that, even without global warming, the projected rise in atmospheric CO 2 concentration is hazardous, as ocean acidification will probably”
§ Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification > NATURE
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the citing paper
“Although our results may apply to CO 2 -limited seagrasses in other tropical and temperate environments”
From Experimental impacts of climate warming and ocean carbonation on eelgrass Zostera marina (2017) · cites this paper as Hall-Spencer et al. 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“At natural CO2 vent sites, growth and areal cover of seagrasses were observed to be much greater than at adjacent non-CO2 enriched sites [15, 25].”
From Light Levels Affect Carbon Utilisation in Tropical Seagrass under Ocean Acidification (2016) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Under future scenarios of OA, marine macrophytes like seagrass could benefit, from both increased DIC concentration and a proportional rise in CO2 [15, 25].”
From Light Levels Affect Carbon Utilisation in Tropical Seagrass under Ocean Acidification (2016) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The calcareous skeleton of coralline algae renders them sensitive to acidi fi ed conditions (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008; Jokiel et al. 2008; Kuffner et al. 2008; Martin et al. 2008; Gao & Zheng 2010).”
From Ocean acidification outweighs nutrient effects in structuring seagrass epiphyte communities (2014) · cites this paper as Hall-Spencer et al. 2008
In the citing paper
“In general, seagrasses seem able to thrive under high CO 2 conditions (Palacios and Zimmerman, 2007;Hall-Spencer et al., 2008), although the associated epiphytic algal cover falls as CO 2 levels increase (Martin et al., 2008).”
From Effects of ocean acidification on macroalgal communities (2011) · cites this paper as Hall-Spencer et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“The unique occurrence of S. vulgare in the most acidified zone (Buia, unpublished data) might relate to a lack of grazing by sea urchins”
From Effects of ocean acidification on macroalgal communities (2011) · cites this paper as Hall-Spencer et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Volcanic vents show that some invasive macroalgae can tolerate persistent high CO 2 levels and also demonstrate what ecological shifts can be expected in vegetated marine ecosystems(Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
From Effects of ocean acidification on macroalgal communities (2011) · cites this paper as Hall-Spencer et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“and completely absent from the Ischia CO 2 vents (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
From Effects of ocean acidification on macroalgal communities (2011) · cites this paper as Hall-Spencer et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Volcanic vents show that some invasive macroalgae can tolerate persistent high CO 2 levels and also demonstrate what ecological shifts can be expected in vegetated marine ecosystems(Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
From Effects of ocean acidification on macroalgal communities (2011) · cites this paper as Hall-Spencer et al., 2008
Citations
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Items 301–400 of 1,358
Hassenrück, C., Fink, A., Lichtschlag, A., Tegetmeyer, H. E., de Beer, D., & Ramette, A. (2016) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiw027 · Cited by 76
“Many naturally CO2-rich sites are associated with hydrothermal activity, which is the primary source of CO2 at these sites (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008).”
BackgroundDonnarumma, L., Lombardi, C., Cocito, S., & Gambi, M. C. (2014) · Mediterranean Marine Science · doi:10.12681/mms.677 · Cited by 72
“8 (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Lombardi et al., 2011b), but it has also a considerable variability in time, also at daily scale (Kerrison et al.”
InfluentialAtamanchuk, D., Tengberg, A., Aleynik, D. L., et al. (2014) · International journal of greenhouse gas control · doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2014.10.021 · Cited by 71
Effects of ocean acidification on sponge communities
Goodwin, C., Rodolfo‐Metalpa, R., PICTON, B. E., & Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2013) · Marine Ecology · doi:10.1111/maec.12093 · Cited by 71
“Within sponges, eight genera were found with an apparent decrease in their distribution from normal to extremely low pH values (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008, supporting information).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationGriffith, G. P., Fulton, E. A., & Richardson, A. J. (2011) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02453.x · Cited by 72
“, 2009), in situ observations (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008) and laboratory studies at realistic pCO2 levels (Kurihara & Shirayama, 2004; Kurihara et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialEspinel-Velasco, N., Hoffmann, L. J., Agüera, A., Byrne, M., Dupont, S., Uthicke, S., Webster, N. S., & Lamare, M. D. (2018) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps12754 · Cited by 79
Carbon System Measurements and Potential Climatic Drivers at a Site of Rapidly Declining Ocean pH
Wootton, J. T., & Pfister, C. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053396 · Cited by 76
“There is accumulating direct evidence that ocean pH has declined over the past two decades [1–5], and that reduced pH can affect selected species in the lab [6–8], key species in their natural environment [9] and the structure and function of marine ecosystems [2,9,10].”
BackgroundPettit, L. R., Hart, M. B., Medina-Sánchez, A. N., Smart, C., Rodolfo‐Metalpa, R., Hall-Spencer, J. M., & Prol‐Ledesma, R. M. (2013) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.02.011 · Cited by 77
“The vents tend to be present on time scales of hundreds to thousands of years, so the communities present in the area are likely to be adapted to the low pH conditions, avoiding some of the problems of short-term, rapid perturbation experiments (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAnthropogenic impact is negatively related to coral health in Sicily (Mediterranean Sea)
Prada, F., Musco, L., Alagna, A., Agnetta, D., Beccari, E., D’Anna, G., Giacalone, V. M., Pipitone, C., Fernández, T. V., Goffredo, S., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49713-w · Cited by 72
Agostini, S., Harvey, B. P., Milazzo, M., Wada, S., Kon, K., Floc’h, N., Komatsu, K., Kuroyama, M., & Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2021) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15749 · Cited by 85
Self-citationEffects of ocean acidification on Posidonia oceanica epiphytic community and shoot productivity
Cox, T. E., Schenone, S., Delille, J., Díaz‐Castañeda, V., Alliouane, S., Gattuso, J., & Gazeau, F. (2015) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12477 · Cited by 75
“…decreasing pH and increasing Posidonia photosynthesis has been established over a wide range of pH from 9.2 to 7.9 (unknown pH scale; Invers et al. 1997), or with more extreme low levels (pHT 7.3 this study; pH 7.5 (unknown pH scale), Invers et al. (2002); pHT 7.0, Hall-Spencer et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialPossible effects of ocean acidification on coral reef biogeochemistry: topics for research
Atkinson, M., & Cuet, P. (2008) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps07867 · Cited by 70
“At a shallow coastal site in the Mediterranean where vents of volcanic carbon dioxide reduce seawater pH (pH 7.8 to 7.9), non-calcareous algae proved to be resilient to naturally high pCO2, replacing typical rocky shore communities (pH 8.1 to 8.2) with >60% cover of Corallinaceae (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialMarine Biodiversity of Eastern Tropical Pacific Coral Reefs
Cortés, J., Enochs, I. C., Sibaja-Cordero, J. A., Hernández, L., Alvarado, J. J., Breedy, O., Cruz‐Barraza, J. A., Esquivel-Garrote, O., Fernández‐García, C., Hermosillo, A., et al. (2016) · Coral reefs of the world · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_7 · Cited by 74
Effects of Ocean Warming and Acidification on Rhodolith/Maërl Beds
Martin, S. G., & Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2016) · Coastal research library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29315-8_3 · Cited by 80
Self-citationSeasonality Affects Macroalgal Community Response to Increases in pCO2
Baggini, C., Salomidi, M., Voutsinas, E., Bray, L., Krasakopoulou, Ε., & Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106520 · Cited by 74
“Results from surveys off Ischia and Vulcano (both in Italy) show how increased carbon dioxide is likely to cause changes in macroalgal communities: as CO 2 increases coralline algae are replaced by fleshy brown algae such as Dictyota spp., Cystoseira spp. and Sargassum vulgare [22] together with decalcified Padina pav…”
InfluentialSelf-citationMollusks: Tools in Environmental and Climate Research*
Fortunato, H. (2015) · American Malacological Bulletin · doi:10.4003/006.033.0208 · Cited by 77
“Producers of aragonite and high-magnesium calcite Key words: collections, paleoecology, climate change, ocean acidifi cation, indicators are of special concern due to the much higher solubility of these forms (Kleypas et al. 2006, Hall-Spencer et al. 2008, Ries 2011).”
BackgroundUthicke, S., & Fabricius, K. (2012) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02715.x · Cited by 75
“However, field data suggest substantial vulnerability of foraminifera to long-term exposure to OA, as recorded near volcanic CO2 seeps (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Fabricius et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPotential applications for geopolymers in carbon capture and storage
Freire, A. L., José, H. J., & Moreira, R. D. F. P. M. (2022) · International journal of greenhouse gas control · doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103687 · Cited by 76
MABERLY, S. C., Berthelot, S. A., Stott, A. W., & Gontero, B. (2014) · Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2014.07.025 · Cited by 69
Towards improved socio-economic assessments of ocean acidification’s impacts
Hilmi, N., Allemand, D., Dupont, S., Safa, A., Haraldsson, G., Nunes, P., Moore, C. C., Hattam, C., Reynaud, S., Hall-Spencer, J. M., et al. (2012) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-012-2031-5 · Cited by 71
“The importance of ecological interactions is illustrated by the work performed on areas that are naturally enriched with CO2 such as CO2 vents (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008; Fabricius et al. 2011; Rodolfo-Metalpa et al. 2011), hydrothermal vents (Couto et al. 2010; Vizzini et al. 2010; Bianchi et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHofmann, L., Straub, S. C., & Bischof, K. (2012) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps09892 · Cited by 68
“…communities outside of the Mediterranean, de spite the fact that both crustose and articulated coralline algae co-exist with noncalcifying species in diverse macroalgal communities (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008, Martin et al. 2008, Hepburn et al. 2011, Porzio et al. 2011, Russell et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSmith, A. M., Sutherland, J. E., Kregting, L., Farr, T. J., & Winter, D. J. (2012) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.06.003 · Cited by 68
Duarte, C., Navarro, J. M., Acuña, K., Torres, R., Manríquez, P. H., Lardies, M. A., Vargas, C. A., Lagos, N. A., & Aguilera, V. M. (2014) · Estuaries and Coasts · doi:10.1007/s12237-014-9845-y · Cited by 67
“…proposed that the differences in the sensitivity of the organisms and therefore the described mixed responses might depend of the pCO2 content (or pH) to which they are naturally exposed in the field (Wootton et al. 2008; Hall-Spencer et al. 2008; Gazeau et al. 2010; Thomsen et al. 2010, 2013).”
BackgroundThe subtle effects of sea water acidification on the amphipod Gammarus locusta
Hauton, C., Tyrrell, T., & Williams, J. L. (2009) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-6-1479-2009 · Cited by 67
“Indeed, experimental exposure to reduced pH, and the associated changes in sea water carbonate chemistry, has been shown to reduce the calcification of various marine invertebrate species (Kleypas et al., 1999; Gazeau et al., 2007; Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
Nighttime dissolution in a temperate coastal ocean ecosystem increases under acidification
Kwiatkowski, L., Gaylord, B., Hill, T. M., Hosfelt, J. D., Kroeker, K. J., Nebuchina, Y., Ninokawa, A. T., Russell, A. D., Rivest, E. B., Sesboüé, M., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep22984 · Cited by 69
Free-ocean CO 2 enrichment (FOCE) systems: present status and future developments
Gattuso, J., Kirkwood, W. J., Barry, J., Cox, E., Gazeau, F., Hansson, L., Hendriks, I. E., Kline, D. I., Mahacek, P., Martin, S. G., et al. (2014) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-11-4057-2014 · Cited by 68
Self-citationHeinemann, A., Fietzke, J., Melzner, F., Böhm, F., Thomsen, J., Garbe‐Schönberg, D., & Eisenhauer, A. (2011) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2011gc003790 · Cited by 69
Pansch, C., Nasrolahi, A. H., Appelhans, Y. S., & Wahl, M. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2012.03.023 · Cited by 67
“6 in the vicinity of volcanic CO2 vents in Ischia, Italy (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
BackgroundBuffer Capacity, Ecosystem Feedbacks, and Seawater Chemistry under Global Change
Jury, C. P., Thomas, F. I. M., Atkinson, M. J., & Toonen, R. J. (2013) · Water · doi:10.3390/w5031303 · Cited by 65
“Volcanic CO2 vents off Ischia Island in the Mediterranean [42,43], volcanic CO2 vents off Papua New Guinea [44], and ojos groundwater discharges in Mexico [9,45] show dramatic pH variation (0.8–1.5 units) over short periods of time, likely as a consequence of variable rates of CO2 or CO2-enriched groundwater discharge…”
BackgroundInfluentialBusch, D. S., & McElhany, P. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160669 · Cited by 75
“Modern day evidence from carbon dioxide (CO2) vent sites documents community changes with increased CO2, such as a decline in calcifying species and increase in non-calcifying, photosynthetic species [7,8,9].”
BackgroundMenge, B., Hacker, S., Freidenburg, T., Lubchenco, J., Craig, R., Rilov, G., Noble, M., & Richmond, E. (2011) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/10-1508.1 · Cited by 41
“In a shallow subtidal Mediterranean system, structure shifted from a calcifier-dominated assemblage to an assemblage dominated by fleshy macrophytes along a pH gradient created by a CO2 seep (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008).”
BackgroundEffects of local and global change on an inland sea: the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada
Johannessen, S., & Macdonald, R. W. (2009) · Climate Research · doi:10.3354/cr00819 · Cited by 72
Olabarría, C., Arenas, F., Viejo, R. M., Gestoso, I., Vaz‐Pinto, F., Incera, M., Rubal, M., Cacabelos, E., Veiga, P., & Sobrino, C. (2012) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20825.x · Cited by 67
Dissolution: The Achilles’ Heel of the Triton Shell in an Acidifying Ocean
Harvey, B. P., Agostini, S., Wada, S., Inaba, K., & Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00371 · Cited by 67
Self-citationThe challenges of detecting and attributing ocean acidification impacts on marine ecosystems
Doo, S. S., Kealoha, A. K., Andersson, A. J., Cohen, A. L., Hicks, T. L., Johnson, Z. I., Long, M. H., McElhany, P., Mollica, N. R., Shamberger, K. E. F., et al. (2020) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsaa094 · Cited by 67
Seaweed metabolomics: A review on its nutrients, bioactive compounds and changes in climate change
Park, E., Yu, H., Lim, J., Choi, J. H., Park, K., & Lee, J. (2022) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112221 · Cited by 70
Metabolically active microbial communities in marine sediment under high-CO2 and low-pH extremes
Yanagawa, K., Morono, Y., de Beer, D., Haeckel, M., Sunamura, M., Futagami, T., Hoshino, T., Terada, T., Nakamura, K., Urabe, T., et al. (2012) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.124 · Cited by 64
“The results of direct CO2 deep-sea injection experiments and ecological surveys of elevated CO2 environments around volcanic vents suggest that changes in seawater chemistry associated with high concentrations of CO2 may reduce the biodiversity of benthic ecosystems (Barry et al., 2004; Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Tunn…”
BackgroundGambi, M. C., Musco, L., Giangrande, A., Badalamenti, F., Micheli, F., & Kroeker, K. J. (2016) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps11727 · Cited by 63
“…Aragonese (Ischia Island, Italy, Mediterranean Sea) serve as a primary example of a naturally acidified marine ecosystem where variability in pH and pCO2 is not confounded by other environmental factors such as salinity, temperature or oxygen content (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008, Kroeker et al. 2011).”
BackgroundByrne, M., & Hernández, J. C. (2020) · Developments in aquaculture and fisheries science · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819570-3.00016-0 · Cited by 67
Vizzini, S., Tomasello, A., Maida, G. D., Pirrotta, M., Mazzola, A., & Calvo, S. (2010) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01730.x · Cited by 62
Collard, M., Rastrick, S. P. S., Calosi, P., Demolder, Y., Dille, J. A. F., Findlay, H. S., Hall-Spencer, J. M., Milazzo, M., Moulin, L., Widdicombe, S., et al. (2015) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsv018 · Cited by 63
“This lack of a significant pH and / or temperature effect on skeletal mechanical properties might appear contradictory to the decrease in the abundance of P. lividus observed near CO 2 seeps (Hall-Spencer et al. , 2008; Calosi et al., 2013b).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCox, T. E., Gazeau, F., Alliouane, S., Hendriks, I. E., Mahacek, P., Fur, A. L., & Gattuso, J. (2016) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-13-2179-2016 · Cited by 62
“Around natural CO2 vents in Ischia (Italy), P. oceanica biomass was greatest at the station nearest the CO2 source with a mean pH of 7.6 and minimum of 6.98 (on the total scale, pHT, Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialKamenos, N. A., Perna, G., Gambi, M. C., Micheli, F., & Kroeker, K. J. (2016) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1159 · Cited by 64
Ocean acidification outweighs nutrient effects in structuring seagrass epiphyte communities
Campbell, J. E., & Fourqurean, J. W. (2014) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12233 · Cited by 60
“ocean acidification) are now being realized and are gaining importance in terms of how they might alter ecosystem functionality over both short and long time spans (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008; Kroeker et al. 2011).”
BackgroundResponses of three tropical seagrass species to CO2 enrichment
Ow, Y. X., Collier, C. J., & Uthicke, S. (2015) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-015-2644-6 · Cited by 62
Short, J., Foster, T., Falter, J. L., Kendrick, G. A., & McCulloch, M. T. (2015) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/j.csr.2015.07.003 · Cited by 62
Peña, V., Clerck, O. D., Carrillo, J. M. A., Ballesteros, E., Bárbara, I., Barreiro, R., & Gall, L. L. (2014) · European Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1080/09670262.2014.981294 · Cited by 62
“…negative effects of a lower pH (ocean acidification), causing dissolution of the high-Mg calcite skeleton, are exacerbated by rising temperatures (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Nelson, 2009; Büdenbender et al., 2011; Porzio et al., 2011; Díaz-Pulido et al., 2012; Kamenos et al., 2013; Noisette et…”
BackgroundAcid test for marine biodiversity
Riebesell, U. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/454046a · Cited by 62
Tresguerres, M., Clifford, A. M., Harter, T. S., Roa, J. N., Thies, A. B., Yee, D. P., & Brauner, C. J. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2367 · Cited by 62
“But in environments with a very high density of respiring biomass at night (Furch & Junk, 1997), in the proximity of geological CO2 seeps (Hall‐Spencer et al., 2008), and in high‐density aquaculture systems (Ellis, Urbina, & Wilson, 2017), environmental”
BackgroundCampbell, J. E., Fisch, J., Langdon, C., & Paul, V. J. (2015) · Coral Reefs · doi:10.1007/s00338-015-1377-9 · Cited by 60
“Moreover, it is interesting to note that while tropical CO2 seeps harbor multiple species of Halimeda (Vogel et al. 2015b), temperate species are notably excluded from similar seeps within the colder Mediterranean (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialHuang, X., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., et al. (2017) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.183 · Cited by 60
Experimental impacts of climate warming and ocean carbonation on eelgrass Zostera marina
Zimmerman, R., Hill, V., Jinuntuya, M., Celebi, B., Ruble, D., Smith, M., Cedeno, T., & Swingle, W. (2017) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps12051 · Cited by 59
Byrne, M., Smith, A. M., West, S., Collard, M., Dubois, P., Graba‐Landry, A., & Dworjanyn, S. A. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es5017526 · Cited by 58
Noisette, F., Duong, G., Six, C., Davoult, D., & Martin, S. G. (2013) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/jpy.12085 · Cited by 64
Self-citationBiodiversity response to natural gradients of multiple stressors on continental margins
Sperling, E. A., Frieder, C. A., & Levin, L. A. (2016) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0637 · Cited by 62
Díaz-Pulido, G., Cornwall, C. E., Gartrell, P., Hurd, C. L., & Tran, D. V. (2016) · Coral Reefs · doi:10.1007/s00338-016-1481-5 · Cited by 61
“However, little is known about the nature of these shifts in tropical algal communities (Enochs et al. 2015; for Mediterranean examples: Hall-Spencer et al. 2008; Linares et al. 2015).”
BackgroundThe Status of Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean Sea 2012
Gabrie, C., Lagabrielle, E., Bissery, C., Crochelet, E. C., Meola, B., Webster, C., Claudet, J., Chassanite, A., Marinesque, S., Robert, P., et al. (2012) · HAL · Cited by 60
Gibbin, E., Chakravarti, L., Jarrold, M. D., Christen, F., Turpin, V., N'Siala, G. M., Blier, P., & Calosi, P. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.149989 · Cited by 61
“, 2015), which will in turn have severe consequences for the structure, dynamics and function of marine ecosystems (Solan et al., 2004; Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Christen et al., 2013; Godbold and Solan, 2013).”
BackgroundAsnaghi, V., Mangialajo, L., Gattuso, J., Francour, P., Privitera, D., & Chiantore, M. (2013) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.08.005 · Cited by 58
“, 2013), while adult sea urchin sensitivity to ocean acidification has been reported particularly by in situ records in naturally acidified areas (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Calosi et al., 2013).”
BackgroundUthicke, S., Ebert, T., Liddy, M., Johansson, C., Fabricius, K., & Lamare, M. D. (2016) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.13223 · Cited by 63
“…on responses to long-term exposure to reduced seawater pH is to study biota at naturally occurring CO2 vents as found in Mediterranean rocky shores (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008), White Island, New Zealand (Nagelkerken et al., 2015), and in coral reefs in Mariana Islands and Papua New Guinea (PNG)…”
InfluentialShell Condition and Survival of Puget Sound Pteropods Are Impaired by Ocean Acidification Conditions
Busch, D. S., Maher, M. T., Thibodeau, P. S., & McElhany, P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105884 · Cited by 62
“Earth’s history [11,12,13,14].”
Interactive effects of global climate change and pollution on marine microbes: the way ahead
Coelho, F. J. R. C., Santos, A. L., Coimbra, J., Almeida, A., Cunha, Â., Cleary, D. F. R., Calado, R., & Gomes, N. C. M. (2013) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.565 · Cited by 62
“Microbial observatories that generate long-term data series from different habitats and across several gradients (e.g., polluted vs. nonpolluted areas or areas of volcanic activity where CO2 gas is released into the water creating a natural gradient of pH levels; Hall-Spencer et al. 2008) can also provide valuable inf…”
BackgroundOng, E. Z., Briffa, M., Moens, T., & Colen, C. V. (2017) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.07.001 · Cited by 70
“As cockle has a thin periostracum of ar und 2µm (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008) and 387 its shell is solely composed of aragonite - the most s luble polymorph of carbonate (Cubillas 388 et al., 2005; Taylor, 1973), cockles may be particularly vulnerable to OA.”
BackgroundOcean acidification causes variable trait‐shifts in a coral species
Teixidó, N., Caroselli, E., Alliouane, S., Ceccarelli, C., Comeau, S., Gattuso, J., Fici, P., Micheli, F., Mirasole, A., Monismith, S. G., et al. (2020) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15372 · Cited by 58
“Natural volcanic CO2 vents cause local acidification of seawater and are used as a proxy to study future ocean acidification (Enochs et al., 2015; Fabricius et al., 2011; Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
BackgroundThe indirect effects of ocean acidification on corals and coral communities
Hill, T., & Hoogenboom, M. O. (2022) · Coral Reefs · doi:10.1007/s00338-022-02286-z · Cited by 65
Arctic rhodolith beds and their environmental controls (Spitsbergen, Norway)
Teichert, S., Woelkerling, W. J., Rüggeberg, A., Wisshak, M., Piepenburg, D., Meyerhöfer, M., Form, A. U., & Freiwald, A. (2013) · Facies · doi:10.1007/s10347-013-0372-2 · Cited by 56
“Additionally, the abundance of gastropods and sea urchins, whose function as surface grazers is often essential for the thriving of coralline algae (Steneck 1985, 1986), may be negatively affected by lower pH levels (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008).”
BackgroundSinutok, S., Hill, R., Doblin, M. A., Kühl, M., & Ralph, P. J. (2012) · Coral Reefs · doi:10.1007/s00338-012-0952-6 · Cited by 55
Buffer capacity of the coelomic fluid in echinoderms
Collard, M., Laitat, K., Moulin, L., Catarino, A. I., Grosjean, P., & Dubois, P. (2013) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.06.002 · Cited by 56
“Moreover, numerous echinoderm species occur under the saturation horizon for magnesium calcite (David et al., 2005; Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Sewell and Hofmann, 2011), indicating a possible tolerance to corrosive seawaters.”
BackgroundPunt, A. E., Poljak, D., DALTON, M. G., & Foy, R. J. (2014) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.04.017 · Cited by 57
Ma, S., Xue, J., Zhou, Y., et al. (2014) · CrystEngComm · doi:10.1039/c4ce00110a · Cited by 56
Climate science in support of sustainable agriculture and food security
Selvaraju, R., Gommes, R., & Bernardi, M. (2010) · Climate Research · doi:10.3354/cr00954 · Cited by 58
“Fisheries-dependent communities are particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels, changes in ocean salinity, cyclones, and a decrease in fish stocks and availability due to increasing water temperature (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008).”
BackgroundChanges in fish communities due to benthic habitat shifts under ocean acidification conditions
Cattano, C., Agostini, S., Harvey, B. P., Wada, S., Quattrocchi, F., Turco, G., Inaba, K., Hall-Spencer, J. M., & Milazzo, M. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138501 · Cited by 62
Self-citationMaggioni, F., Pujo‐Pay, M., Aucan, J. P., Cerrano, C., Calcinai, B., Payri, C. E., Benzoni, F., Letourneur, Y., & Rodolfo‐Metalpa, R. (2021) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-18-5117-2021 · Cited by 58
Self-citationRodrigues, L. C., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Loureiro, M. L., Nunes, P. A. L. D., & Rossi, S. (2015) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-015-9935-8 · Cited by 53
“Underwater marine life scenery may thus alter considerably, possibly involving a loss of habitat complexity, weaker trophic interactions, and changes in species dominance patterns (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008; Rossi 2013; Fabricius et al. 2014).”
BackgroundAlbright, R., Bland, C., Gillette, P. R., Serafy, J. E., Langdon, C., & Capo, T. R. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2012.05.017 · Cited by 56
“…pH gradients near a natural CO2 vent [normal pH (8.1–8.2) to low pH (mean 7.8–7.9, minimum 7.4–7.5)] and found significant reductions in the abundance of sea urchins and other calcifying organisms (e.g. scleractinian corals and coralline algae) approaching the vent (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialFillinger, L., & Richter, C. (2013) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.194 · Cited by 57
“For zooxanthellate shallow water corals, spatial differences in coral distribution were found around volcanic CO2 seeps in Italy (Hall Spencer et al. 2008; Riebesell 2008) and Papua New Guinea (Fabricius et al. 2011).”
BackgroundRossi, T., Connell, S. D., & Nagelkerken, I. (2016) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.3046 · Cited by 55
Benthic marine calcifiers coexist with CaCO3‐undersaturated seawater worldwide
Lebrato, M., Andersson, A. J., Ries, J. B., Aronson, R. B., Lamare, M. D., Koeve, W., Oschlies, A., Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D., Thatje, S., Amsler, M. O., et al. (2016) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1002/2015gb005260 · Cited by 59
“…point, but this value is not theoretically appropriate for taxa with skeletons that are more (or less) soluble than aragonite [Feely et al., 2004; Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; McNeil and Matear, 2008; Steinacher et al., 2009; Yamamoto-Kawai et al., 2009; Kroeker et al., 2010] (Figures 4–6 and S1…”
BackgroundOcean acidification and climate change
Findlay, H. S., & Turley, C. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821575-3.00013-x · Cited by 71
Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on an intertidal meiobenthic community
Meadows, A. S., Ingels, J., Widdicombe, S., Hale, R., & Rundle, S. D. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2015.04.001 · Cited by 57
“At the same time, observational studies on naturally acidified ecosystems such as vents and seeps have their own limitations since these may under- or overestimate the effects owing to spatial variability in pH and the spatial proximity of organisms and populations unaffected by acidification (Hall-Spencer et al., 200…”
BackgroundAn inland sea high nitrate‐low chlorophyll (HNLC) region with naturally high pCO 2
Murray, J. W., Roberts, E. A., Howard, E. M., O’Donnell, M. J., Bantam, C., Bell, E. C., Foy, M. S., Paul, B., & Fay, A. R. (2015) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.10062 · Cited by 61
Niehoff, B., Schmithüsen, T., Knüppel, N., Daase, M., Czerny, J., & Boxhammer, T. (2013) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-10-1391-2013 · Cited by 54
“When settled, some barnacle species such as Chthamalus stellatusinhabiting the sediment close to a volcanic vent may survive pH minima by closing their rostral plates (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
BackgroundEnvironmental considerations for subseabed geological storage of CO : A review
Carroll, A. G., Przeslawski, R., Radke, L. C., Black, J. R., Picard, K., Moreau, J. W., Haese, R. R., & Nichol, S. (2013) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/j.csr.2013.11.012 · Cited by 56
Individual and population-level responses to ocean acidification
Harvey, B. P., McKeown, N. J., Rastrick, S. P. S., Bertolini, C., Foggo, A., Graham, H., Hall-Spencer, J. M., Milazzo, M., Shaw, P. W., Small, D. P., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep20194 · Cited by 54
Self-citationImpact and recovery of pH in marine sediments subject to a temporary carbon dioxide leak
Taylor, P., Lichtschlag, A., Toberman, M., Sayer, M. D. J., Reynolds, A., Sato, T., & Stahl, H. J. (2014) · International journal of greenhouse gas control · doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2014.09.006 · Cited by 56
“Several studies have attempted to fill this gap in knowledge by researching natural carbon dioxide seeps (Caramanna et al., 2011; Espa et al., 2010; Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Vizzini et al., 2010).”
BackgroundA 120‐year record of resilience to environmental change in brachiopods
Cross, E. L., Harper, E. M., & Peck, L. S. (2018) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14085 · Cited by 53
“2018;24:2262–2271. experiments, including in situ mesocosms (Nagelkerken & Munday, 2015) and CO2 vent sites (Fabricius et al., 2011; Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Uthicke et al., 2016), are another common approach which allows for the investigation of impacts on more long-term scales and also often…”
BackgroundEffect of climate change on marine ecosystems
Williamson, P. C., & Guinder, V. A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822373-4.00024-0 · Cited by 62
Structural and functional vulnerability to elevated pCO2 in marine benthic communities
Christen, N., Calosi, P., McNeill, C. L., & Widdicombe, S. (2012) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-012-2097-0 · Cited by 53
“The loss of calcifying organisms at the lower pH levels has previously been documented at sites with naturally occurring low pH (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008; Martin et al. 2008; Cigliano et al. 2010; Wootton et al. 2008) and mesocosm studies (e.”
BackgroundInfluentialSavini, A., Basso, D., Bracchi, V. A., et al. (2012) · Geodiversitas · doi:10.5252/g2012n1a5 · Cited by 53
Doropoulos, C., & Díaz-Pulido, G. (2012) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps10096 · Cited by 53
Falkenberg, L. J., Russell, B. D., & Connell, S. D. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033841 · Cited by 52
“While there is recent recognition that these alterations of the physical environment will affect species interactions [13,14,15,16] experiments to date have not progressed sufficiently to identify how they will affect biological communities dominated by foundation species such as kelp.”
BackgroundThe effects of long-term in situ CO2 enrichment on tropical seagrass communities at volcanic vents
Takahashi, M., Noonan, S. H. C., Fabricius, K. E., & Collier, C. J. (2016) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsv157 · Cited by 53
“…Fourqurean (2013b) did not detect changes in seagrass shoot density, while shoot densities were two to four times higher around volcanic CO2 vents, where seagrass have been exposed to elevated pCO2 for decades or centuries (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Fabricius et al., 2011; Russell et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBasallote, M. D., de Orte, M. R., DelValls, T. Á., et al. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es5015373 · Cited by 53
Donohue, P., Calosi, P., Bates, A., Laverock, B., Rastrick, S. P. S., Mark, F. C., Ströbel, A., & Widdicombe, S. (2012) · Aquatic Biology · doi:10.3354/ab00408 · Cited by 52
Langer, G., Nehrke, G., Baggini, C., et al. (2014) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-11-7363-2014 · Cited by 52
Self-citationEffects of ocean acidification on the potency of macroalgal allelopathy to a common coral
del Mónaco, C., Hay, M. E., Gartrell, P., Mumby, P. J., & Díaz-Pulido, G. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep41053 · Cited by 56
“The dominance of these Dictyotaceae seaweeds has been attributed mainly to reductions of grazing by reef herbivores and to additional space made available by coral mortality from cyclones, disease, thermal bleaching, and crown-of-thorn-starfish 49,60,61 .”
InfluentialKennedy, E. V., Ordoñez, A., Lewis, B., & Díaz-Pulido, G. (2017) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps12076 · Cited by 55
“Mesocosm studies (Anthony et al. 2008, Kuffner et al. 2008, Ordonez et al. 2014) and in situ investigations using natural CO2 seeps (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008, Fabricius et al. 2011) have demonstrated declines in abundance and calcification rates of CCA communities exposed to end-ofcentury CO2…”
BackgroundModelling the effects of ‘coastal’ acidification on copper speciation
Richards, R., Chaloupka, M. Y., Sanò, M., et al. (2011) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.08.017 · Cited by 52
Agostini, S., Wada, S., Kon, K., Omori, A., Kohtsuka, H., Fujimura, H., Tsuchiya, Y., Satō, T., Shinagawa, H., Yamada, Y., et al. (2015) · Regional Studies in Marine Science · doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2015.07.004 · Cited by 52
Ricevuto, E., Vizzini, S., & Gambi, M. C. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2015.03.016 · Cited by 53
Metadata
- Authors
- Hall-Spencer, J. M., Rodolfo-Metalpa, R., Martin, S., Ransome, E., Fine, M., Turner, S. M., Rowley, S. J., Tedesco, D., & Buia, M.-C.
- Affiliations
- University of Plymouth (GB)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Bar-Ilan University (IL)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (IT)
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Hall-Spencer, Jason M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2008-06-08
- Volume
- 454
- Issue
- 7200
- Pages
- 96-99
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2122938469
- Cited by
- 1,359
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 100 · 2015: 100 · 2014: 108 · 2013: 98 · 2012: 110
- FWCI
- 45.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Leverhulme Trust
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Biology and Ecology Research
- Keywords
- ocean acidification, volcanic CO2 vents, rocky shore communities, benthic ecosystems, pH gradient, scleractinian corals, sea urchins, coralline algae, seagrass, climate change impacts on marine ecosystems, sea surface temperature
- MeSH terms
- Acids, Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Calcium Carbonate, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Invertebrates, Italy, Population Density, Seawater, Ecosystem, Volcanic Eruptions, Alismatales, Eukaryota
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