The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 8 of the 42 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification
Open accessAbstract
The atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) will almost certainly be double that of pre-industrial levels by 2100 and will be considerably higher than at any time during the past few million years. The oceans are a principal sink for anthropogenic CO2 where it is estimated to have caused a 30% increase in the concentration of H+ in ocean surface waters since the early 1900s and may lead to a drop in seawater pH of up to 0.5 units by 2100 (refs 2, 3). Our understanding of how increased ocean acidity may affect marine ecosystems is at present very limited as almost all studies have been in vitro, short-term, rapid perturbation experiments on isolated elements of the ecosystem. Here we show the effects of acidification on benthic ecosystems at shallow coastal sites where volcanic CO2 vents lower the pH of the water column. Along gradients of normal pH (8.1–8.2) to lowered pH (mean 7.8–7.9, minimum 7.4–7.5), typical rocky shore communities with abundant calcareous organisms shifted to communities lacking scleractinian corals with significant reductions in sea urchin and coralline algal abundance. To our knowledge, this is the first ecosystem-scale validation of predictions that these important groups of organisms are susceptible to elevated amounts of pCO2. Sea-grass production was highest in an area at mean pH 7.6 (1,827 μatm pCO2) where coralline algal biomass was significantly reduced and gastropod shells were dissolving due to periods of carbonate sub-saturation…
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8 of 42 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“an effect which probably increases their risk of predation 22 .”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [22] Bibby, R. et al. Ocean acidification disrupts induced defences in the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea . Biol. Lett. 3, 699–701 (2007) source
The Abstract says acidified seawater disrupted induced shell thickening in Littorina littorea, increasing vulnerability to predation. The Results and discussion describes reduced shell thickening under low pH as a potential survival concern; the claim’s “probably” appropriately reflects that predation risk was inferred rather than measured. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Organisms with aragonite skeletons were common outside the vents (for example, Halimeda algae and the corals Caryophyllia, Cladocora and Balanophyllia) but were absent at mean V arag # 2.5 (minimum V arag 0.8-1.2),providing in situ support for predictions of global coral reef dissolution at these concentrations 8 .”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318, 1737–1742 (2007) source
In “Ocean Acidification and Reef Accretion” (page unavailable), the paper says reef carbonate accretion approaches zero or becomes negative at aragonite saturation around 3.3. Its “Trajectories in Response to Climate Change” section predicts that reef erosion will exceed calcification as saturation falls, supporting the cited prediction at ≤2.5. The vent observations are the citing paper’s own evidence, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that Corallinaceae cover was significantly reduced at lowered pH (Table 1 and Supplementary Tables 234).”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sea-grass production was highest in an area at mean pH 7.6 (1,827 matm p CO 2 ) where coralline algal biomass was significantly reduced and gastropod shells were dissolving due to periods of”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Juveniles of Osilinus turbinata and Patella caerulea gastropods were absent in areas with pH minima #7.4,where all adult gastropod shells (including Hexaplex trunculus and Cerithium vulgatum) were weakened by the acidified sea water (Figs 2 and 4, Table 1 and Supplementary Video), an effect which probably increases their risk of predation 22 .”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The species populating the vent sites comprise a suite of organisms that are resilient to naturally high concentrations of p CO 2 and indicate that ocean acidification may benefit highly invasive non-native algal species.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Juveniles of Osilinus turbinata and Patella caerulea gastropods were absent in areas with pH minima #7.4,where all adult gastropod shells (including Hexaplex trunculus and Cerithium vulgatum) were weakened by the acidified sea water (Figs 2 and 4, Table 1 and Supplementary Video), an effect which probably increases their risk of predation 22 .”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rocky-shore stations with a mean pH of 7.8-7.9(mean p CO 2 804-957 matm) showed a 30% reduction in species numbers (notably calcifiers) compared with the normal pH stations (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4).”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A suite of algal genera proved to be resilient to naturally high amounts of p CO 2 (for example, Caulerpa, Cladophora, Asparagopsis, Dictyota and Sargassum), some of which include invasive alien species that have begun to alter shallow marine ecosystems worldwide 17 .”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only Cnidaria in waters undersaturated with aragonite were anemones such as Anemonia viridis, which may benefit from increased p CO 2 for photosynthesis of its endosymbiotic dinoflagellates.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and may lead to a drop in seawater pH of up to 0.5 units by 2100 (refs 2, 3).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Sciences Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (eds Solomon, S. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [3] Caldeira, K. & Wickett, M. E. Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 110 C09S04 doi: 10.1029/2004JC002671 (2005) source
Section 3.1.1 reports that the highest-emission SRES pathway produces a global surface-ocean pH reduction approaching 0.5 units by 2100. The Discussion and Conclusions likewise gives a range of about 0.3–0.5 units by 2100 for the SRES pathways. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The oceans are a principal sink for anthropogenic CO 2 where it is estimated to have caused a 30% increase in the concentration of Hfoot_0 in ocean surface waters since the early 1900s”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Sciences Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (eds Solomon, S. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [3] Caldeira, K. & Wickett, M. E. Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 110 C09S04 doi: 10.1029/2004JC002671 (2005) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (§1) says added CO₂ lowers ocean pH, and Table 1 in Discussion and Conclusions (§5) gives a mean surface-ocean pH decrease of 0.09 from preindustrial conditions to 2000. That corresponds to roughly a 23% increase in H⁺ concentration, not the claimed 30%; the table also uses a preindustrial baseline rather than the early 1900s. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“given that high-latitude pteropods and coral reefs may be unable to make their skeletons by the year 2100 (refs 7, 13).”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] Orr, J. C. et al. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437, 681–686 (2005) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Biological impacts section (p. 5) reports shell dissolution in live pteropods under conditions projected for 2100 and suggests that some high-latitude pteropods may be unable to maintain their shells. For reef-building corals, the paper reports declining calcification rates (p. 1), not that coral reefs may be unable to make skeletons by 2100. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [13] Davies, A. J., Roberts, J. M. & Hall-Spencer, J. Preserving deep-sea natural heritage: emerging issues in offshore conservation and management. Biol. Conserv. 138, 299–312 (2007) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2.1 (page unavailable) says organisms with calcium-carbonate skeletons face hindered growth in undersaturated water and projects that about 70% of known cold-water coral locations could become undersaturated by 2099. It does not say that coral reefs generally will be unable to make skeletons, and the searched passages do not address high-latitude pteropods. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Short-term laboratory experiments show that many calcareous organisms may be unable to build their skeletons as oceans acidify over the next 100 years 6,7 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Feely, R. A. et al. Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans. Science 305, 362–366 (2004) source
- Partly supportedcites [7] Orr, J. C. et al. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437, 681–686 (2005) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The opening section (p. 1) says experimental evidence suggests corals and some plankton will have difficulty maintaining calcium-carbonate skeletons as ocean chemistry changes this century. Biological impacts (p. 5) reports shell dissolution in a 48-hour pteropod experiment and reduced calcification in other organisms. These passages support a risk to skeleton formation, but they do not show that many kinds of organisms may be unable to build skeletons altogether. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This may combine with other stresses, such as global warming, to drive tropical coral reefs towards functional collapse 8 .”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318, 1737–1742 (2007) source
The paper’s opening summary says global warming and ocean acidification will compromise reef growth and drive reefs toward a tipping point for functional collapse. The ‘Thermal Stress, Synergies, and Ecological Feedback Loops’ section also says acidification and bleaching together enhance harmful feedbacks in coral ecosystems. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pH and saturation states (V) of calcite and aragonite varied with sea state, being lowest on calm days, and showed large decreases as p CO 2 amounts increased from approximately 300 to more than 2,000 matm through the venting gas fields (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 2).”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus, Arbacia lixula), which have high magnesium calcite skeletons, were the most common large invertebrates on sublittoral rock outside the vents but their abundance was significantly reduced where pH reached minima of 7.4-7.5 (Table 1 and Fig. 2).”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sea-grass leaves at P 1 (pH 8.2) had 75% cover of calcified epiphytes but only 2% cover at P 4 (mean pH 7.6) with a significant reduction in epiphytic calcium carbonate per leaf (Table 1 and Figs 3 and 4).”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sea-grass production was highest in an area at mean pH 7.6 (1,827 matm p CO 2 ) where coralline algal biomass was significantly reduced and gastropod shells were dissolving due to periods of”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Organisms with aragonite skeletons were common outside the vents (for example, Halimeda algae and the corals Caryophyllia, Cladocora and Balanophyllia) but were absent at mean V arag # 2.5 (minimum V arag 0.8-1.2),providing in situ support for predictions of global coral reef dissolution at these concentrations 8 .”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As coralline algal cover fell from .60% outside the vent area to zero within it, non-calcareous algal cover increased significantly from near zero to .60% (Fig. 2 and Table 1).”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“where shoot density was significantly higher (Table 1 and Fig. 3) and approximately 30% higher than that known anywhere else around Ischia 12 .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12] Ambiente. Marino Costiero e Territorio Delle Isole Flegree (eds Gambi, M. C., Lauro, M. & Jannuzzi, F.) (Accademia di Scienze Fische e Matematiche, Italy, 2003)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other calcitic organisms, such as the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus, for example, may survive pH minima by closing their rostral plates as their abundance was not significantly reduced until extremely low mean pH 6.6 (Table 1 and Fig. 2).”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When heavily epiphytised leaves were transplanted from station P 1 to P 4 they showed complete dissolution of Corallinaceae in 2 weeks, whereas transplants moved within P 1 were unaffected.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Along gradients of normal pH (8.1-8.2) to lowered pH (mean 7.8-7.9,minimum 7.4-7.5),typical rocky shore communities with abundant calcareous organisms shifted to communities lacking scleractinian corals with significant reductions in sea urchin and coralline algal abundance.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide (p CO 2 ) will almost certainly be double that of pre-industrial levels by 2100 and will be considerably higher than at any time during the past few million years 1 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Pearson, P. N. & Palmer, M. R. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years. Nature 406, 695–699 (2000) source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some marine CO 2 vents are at ambient seawater temperature and lack toxic sulphur compounds; such vents can prevail for years to millenia 12 and may be used as natural experiments to advance our understanding of ocean acidification at the ecosystem level.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12] Ambiente. Marino Costiero e Territorio Delle Isole Flegree (eds Gambi, M. C., Lauro, M. & Jannuzzi, F.) (Accademia di Scienze Fische e Matematiche, Italy, 2003)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mesocosm experiments have led to predictions that Corallinaceae, which help to protect against coral reef erosion in the tropics, are vulnerable to ocean acidification due to the solubility of their high magnesium calcite skeletons 15,16 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Kleypas, J. A. et al. Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Future Research. Report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by NSF, NOAA, and the US Geological Survey. (2006)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Kuffner, I. B. et al. Decreased abundance of crustose coralline algae due to ocean acidification. Nature Geosci 1, 114–117 (2008) source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only Cnidaria in waters undersaturated with aragonite were anemones such as Anemonia viridis, which may benefit from increased p CO 2 for photosynthesis of its endosymbiotic dinoflagellates.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Some marine CO 2 vents are at ambient seawater temperature and lack toxic sulphur compounds; such vents can prevail for years to millenia 12 and may be used as natural experiments to advance our understanding of ocean acidification at the ecosystem level.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12] Ambiente. Marino Costiero e Territorio Delle Isole Flegree (eds Gambi, M. C., Lauro, M. & Jannuzzi, F.) (Accademia di Scienze Fische e Matematiche, Italy, 2003)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A suite of algal genera proved to be resilient to naturally high amounts of p CO 2 (for example, Caulerpa, Cladophora, Asparagopsis, Dictyota and Sargassum), some of which include invasive alien species that have begun to alter shallow marine ecosystems worldwide 17 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Boudouresque, C. F. & Verlaque, M. Biological pollution in the Meditterranean Sea: invasive versus introduced macrophytes. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 44, 32–38 (2002) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Marine CO 2 vents are abundant in the Mediterranean, especially around Italy and Greece where they typically eject volcanic fluids containing up to 1-2% hydrogen sulphide 10,11 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Williams, S. N., Schaefer, S. J., Calvache v, M. L & Lopez, D. Global carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere by volcanoes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 1765–1770 (1992) source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Dando, P. R., Stuben, D. & Varnavas, S. P. Hydrothermalism in the Mediterranean Sea. Prog. Oceanogr. 44, 333–367 (1999) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Mesocosm experiments have shown that sea-grass production can be enhanced at high p CO 2 (ref.19).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Palacios, S. L. & Zimmerman, R. C. Response of eelgrass Zostera marina to CO2 enrichment: possible impacts of climate change and potential for remediation of coastal habitats. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 344, 1–13 (2007) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although scleractinians can survive skeletal dissolution as polyps in the laboratory 14 , reduced calcification due to low V arag may result in increased risk to predation or competition in open ecosystems.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Fine, M. & Tchernov, D. Scleractinian coral species survive and recover from decalcification. Science 315, 1811 (2007) source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Natural CO 2 flux from volcanic vents and high heat flow areas amounts to less than 0.5% of anthropogenic emissions to the global carbon budget, but can alter local ocean chemistry 9,10 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Kerrick, D. M., McKibben, M. A., Seward, T. M. & Caldeira, K. Convective hydrothermal CO2 emission from high heat-flow regions. Chem. Geol. 121, 285–293 (1995) source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Williams, S. N., Schaefer, S. J., Calvache v, M. L & Lopez, D. Global carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere by volcanoes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 1765–1770 (1992) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although atmospheric diffusion of CO 2 is not predicted to result in aragonite undersaturation in shallow waters of the Mediterranean, observations of such areas are relevant to the localized effects caused by deliberate CO 2 sequestration and to the widespread effects predicted for areas that at present have low V arag , given that high-latitude pteropods and coral reefs may be unable to make”
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analysed Posidonia oceanica shoots were .10yr old at the subtidal study sites and will have integrated the effects of lowered pH over this time.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Salinity (38%) and total alkalinity (2.5 mequiv.kg 21 ) were homogeneous between survey stations and temperature-matched ambient seasonal fluctuations (13-25 uC).”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as ocean acidification will probably bring about reductions in biodiversity and radically alter ecosystems.”
§ Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification > NATURE
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This opportunity to observe the tipping points at which principal groups of marine organisms are affected by lowered pH proves that, even without global warming, the projected rise in atmospheric CO 2 concentration is hazardous, as ocean acidification will probably”
§ Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification > NATURE
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the citing paper
“Although our results may apply to CO 2 -limited seagrasses in other tropical and temperate environments”
From Experimental impacts of climate warming and ocean carbonation on eelgrass Zostera marina (2017) · cites this paper as Hall-Spencer et al. 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“At natural CO2 vent sites, growth and areal cover of seagrasses were observed to be much greater than at adjacent non-CO2 enriched sites [15, 25].”
From Light Levels Affect Carbon Utilisation in Tropical Seagrass under Ocean Acidification (2016) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Under future scenarios of OA, marine macrophytes like seagrass could benefit, from both increased DIC concentration and a proportional rise in CO2 [15, 25].”
From Light Levels Affect Carbon Utilisation in Tropical Seagrass under Ocean Acidification (2016) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The calcareous skeleton of coralline algae renders them sensitive to acidi fi ed conditions (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008; Jokiel et al. 2008; Kuffner et al. 2008; Martin et al. 2008; Gao & Zheng 2010).”
From Ocean acidification outweighs nutrient effects in structuring seagrass epiphyte communities (2014) · cites this paper as Hall-Spencer et al. 2008
In the citing paper
“In general, seagrasses seem able to thrive under high CO 2 conditions (Palacios and Zimmerman, 2007;Hall-Spencer et al., 2008), although the associated epiphytic algal cover falls as CO 2 levels increase (Martin et al., 2008).”
From Effects of ocean acidification on macroalgal communities (2011) · cites this paper as Hall-Spencer et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“The unique occurrence of S. vulgare in the most acidified zone (Buia, unpublished data) might relate to a lack of grazing by sea urchins”
From Effects of ocean acidification on macroalgal communities (2011) · cites this paper as Hall-Spencer et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Volcanic vents show that some invasive macroalgae can tolerate persistent high CO 2 levels and also demonstrate what ecological shifts can be expected in vegetated marine ecosystems(Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
From Effects of ocean acidification on macroalgal communities (2011) · cites this paper as Hall-Spencer et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“and completely absent from the Ischia CO 2 vents (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
From Effects of ocean acidification on macroalgal communities (2011) · cites this paper as Hall-Spencer et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Volcanic vents show that some invasive macroalgae can tolerate persistent high CO 2 levels and also demonstrate what ecological shifts can be expected in vegetated marine ecosystems(Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
From Effects of ocean acidification on macroalgal communities (2011) · cites this paper as Hall-Spencer et al., 2008
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Self-citationSelective electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to CO on CuO-derived Cu nanowires
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“For example, the abundance of calcifying organisms, including corals, decreased to zero as distance fromCO2-releasing coldwater hydrothermal vents andΩarag decreased (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Al and Fe co-doped ZnO nanorods for methylene blue degradation
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Bioerosion: the other ocean acidification problem
Schönberg, C. H. L., Fang, J. K., Carreiro‐Silva, M., Tribollet, A. D., & Wisshak, M. (2017) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsw254 · Cited by 193
“Field sites with natural pH or CO2 gradients are rare and also require involved background studies and assessment of natural variation (e.g. Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Fabricius et al., 2011; McGinnis et al., 2011).”
BackgroundCornwall, C. E., Hepburn, C. D., Pritchard, D., Currie, K. I., McGraw, C. M., Hunter, K. A., & Hurd, C. L. (2012) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01085.x · Cited by 176
“Noncalcareous macroalgal abundance is higher in some areas of naturally occurring low-pH seawater (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008), and, in some locations, abundance of noncalcareous macroalgae appears to have increased throughout time concomitant with decreases in pH (Wootton et al. 2008).”
BackgroundChapter 1 Impacts of the Oceans on Climate Change
Reid, P. C., Fischer, A. C., Lewis‐Brown, E., Meredith, M. P., Sparrow, M., Andersson, A. J., Antia, A., Bates, N. R., Bathmann, U., Beaugrand, G., et al. (2009) · Advances in marine biology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2881(09)56001-4 · Cited by 213
Ocean acidification impacts on coastal ecosystem services due to habitat degradation
Hall-Spencer, J. M., & Harvey, B. P. (2019) · Emerging Topics in Life Sciences · doi:10.1042/etls20180117 · Cited by 194
Self-citationOcean acidification weakens the structural integrity of coralline algae
Ragazzola, F., Foster, L. C., Form, A. U., Anderson, P. S. L., Hansteen, T. H., & Fietzke, J. (2012) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02756.x · Cited by 182
“This higher solubility of their carbonate thallus may explain why they are absent in naturally acidified waters, such as volcanic vent systems, where other marine calcifiers are able to live and calcify (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Couto et al., 2010).”
BackgroundImpacts of ocean acidification on marine seafood
Branch, T. A., DeJoseph, B. M., Ray, L. J., & Wagner, C. (2012) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.001 · Cited by 178
Clements, J. C., & Chopin, T. (2016) · Reviews in Aquaculture · doi:10.1111/raq.12140 · Cited by 185
Liu, J., Weinbauer, M. G., Maier, C., Dai, M., & Gattuso, J. (2010) · Aquatic Microbial Ecology · doi:10.3354/ame01446 · Cited by 169
“…unrealistic (Lance 2009), but it is potentially rewarding to take advantage of systems naturally enriched with CO2 such as shallow-water CO2 vents (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008), deep-sea vents (Inagaki et al. 2006), cold-eddies and upwelling systems (Feely et al. 2008), which have lower pH and high…”
BackgroundThe effect of ocean acidification on symbiont photorespiration and productivity in Acropora formosa
CRAWLEY, A., Kline, D. I., Dunn, S. R., Anthony, K. R. N., & Dove, S. (2009) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01943.x · Cited by 166
“In addition to effects on calcification, high CO2 may also affect productivity, with some benefits expected for plants and algae in direct contact with seawater (DiazPulido et al., 2007; Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSalomidi, M., Katsanevakis, S., Borja, Á., Braeckman, U., Damalas, D., Galparsoro, I., Mifsud, R., Mirto, S., Pascual, M., Pipitone, C., et al. (2012) · Mediterranean Marine Science · doi:10.12681/mms.23 · Cited by 168
Ocean Acidification’s Potential to Alter Global Marine Ecosystem Services
Cooley, S. R., Kite-Powell, H. L., & Doney, S. C. (2009) · Oceanography · doi:10.5670/oceanog.2009.106 · Cited by 164
Inorganic carbon physiology underpins macroalgal responses to elevated CO2
Cornwall, C. E., Revill, A. T., Hall-Spencer, J. M., Milazzo, M., Raven, J. A., & Hurd, C. L. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep46297 · Cited by 173
“As CO 2 concentrations rise closer to the seeps, non-calcareous algae increase in abundance, but not diversity 29 , and include assemblages comprised of diatoms, cyanobacteria, filamentous macroalgae and fucoids 28,30,31 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationSurvival of mussels in extremely acidic waters on a submarine volcano
Tunnicliffe, V., Davies, K. T. A., Butterfield, D. A., Embley, R. W., Rose, J. M., & Chadwick, W. W. (2009) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo500 · Cited by 167
Ocean acidification risk assessment for Alaska’s fishery sector
Mathis, J. T., Cooley, S. R., Lucey, N., Colt, S., Ekstrom, J. A., Hurst, T. P., Hauri, C., Evans, W., Cross, J., & Feely, R. A. (2014) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2014.07.001 · Cited by 174
“More calcifying organisms than non-calcifiers clearly exhibit significant negative responses (Kroeker et al., 2013b; Long et al., 2013a,b), and lower pH environments alter ecosystem composition toward dominance by non-calcifying organisms (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Wootton et al., 2008).”
BackgroundByrne, M., Foo, S. A., Ross, P. M., & Putnam, H. M. (2019) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14882 · Cited by 169
“…IPCC projections—CO2 vents have been used as analogues for ocean acidification (Foo, Byrne, Ricevuto, et al., 2018; GonzálezDelgado & Hernández, 2018; Hall-Spencer et al., 2008), although it is essential to confirm vent systems as ocean acidification (e.g. CO2 only) analogues, because gas release…”
MethodDíez, I., Muguerza, N., Santolaria, A., Ganzedo, U., & Gorostiaga, J. M. (2012) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2011.12.027 · Cited by 168
Watson, S., Southgate, P. C., Tyler, P. A., & Peck, L. S. (2009) · Journal of Shellfish Research · doi:10.2983/035.028.0302 · Cited by 161
Acidification increases microbial polysaccharide degradation in the ocean
Piontek, J., Lunau, M., Händel, N., Borchard, C., Wurst, M., & Engel, A. (2010) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-7-1615-2010 · Cited by 168
Dupont, S., & Thorndyke, M. C. (2009) · doi:10.5194/bgd-6-3109-2009 · Cited by 161
Kamenos, N. A., Burdett, H. L., Aloisio, E., Findlay, H. S., Martin, S., Longbone, C., Dunn, J., Widdicombe, S., & Calosi, P. (2013) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12351 · Cited by 147
“Marine pCO2 enrichment may occur via ocean acidification (OA) (Caldeira & Wickett, 2003), releases from natural CO2 vents (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008), upwelling (Feely et al., 2008), and sudden releases from carbon capture and storage (CCS) facilities (Blackford et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationReviews and syntheses: Calculating the global contribution of coralline algae to total carbon burial
van der Heijden, L. H., & Kamenos, N. A. (2015) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-12-6429-2015 · Cited by 159
“…al., 2012), recruit- ment (Kuffner et al., 2008), calcification (Anthony et al., 2008; Gao and Zheng, 2010), size and abundance (Kuffner et al., 2008; Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Porzio et al., 2011; Kroeker et al., 2013; McCoy and Ragazzola, 2014; Don- narumma et al., 2014), as well as epithelial…”
BackgroundMorgan S. Pratchett, K. D. A. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18733-8 · Cited by 155
OCEAN ACIDIFICATION IN THE CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM
Hauri, C., Gruber, N., Plattner, G., Alin, S. R., Feely, R. A., Hales, B., & Wheeler, P. A. (2009) · Oceanography · doi:10.5670/oceanog.2009.97 · Cited by 154
Functional biodiversity loss along natural CO2 gradients
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Insights from extreme coral reefs in a changing world
Burt, J. A., Camp, E. F., Enochs, I. C., Johansen, J. L., Morgan, K. M., Riegl, B., & Hoey, A. S. (2020) · Coral Reefs · doi:10.1007/s00338-020-01966-y · Cited by 155
The cultivation of European kelp for bioenergy: Site and species selection
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“[123] Hall-Spencer JM, Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Martin S, Ransome E, Fine M, Turner SM, et al.”
BackgroundCarbonate production by calcareous red algae and global change
Basso, D. (2012) · Geodiversitas · doi:10.5252/g2012n1a2 · Cited by 147
Calosi, P., Rastrick, S. P. S., Graziano, M., Thomas, S. C., Baggini, C., Carter, H. A., Hall-Spencer, J. M., Milazzo, M., & Spicer, J. I. (2013) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.040 · Cited by 146
Self-citationAgostini, S., Harvey, B. P., Wada, S., Kon, K., Milazzo, M., Inaba, K., & Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29251-7 · Cited by 156
Self-citationOpportunities for seagrass research derived from remote sensing: A review of current methods
Veettil, B. K., Ward, R. D., Lima, M. D. A. C., Stankovic, M., Hoài, P. N., & Quảng, N. X. (2020) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106560 · Cited by 153
Zhai, W., Zhao, H., Zheng, N., & Xu, Y. (2012) · Chinese Science Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s11434-011-4949-2 · Cited by 143
Johnson, V. R., Russell, B. D., Fabricius, K., Brownlee, C., & Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2012) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02716.x · Cited by 145
“We observed strikingly similar ecological shifts along both tropical and temperate rocky shores as CO 2 levels increased to those previously recorded at CO 2 vents off Ischia, Italy (Hall-Spencer et al. , 2008), with the loss of sea urchins and coralline algae together with an increased abundance of phaeophytes.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationCalcification of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa, under ambient and reduced pH
Maier, C., Hegeman, J., Weinbauer, M. G., & Gattuso, J. (2009) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-6-1671-2009 · Cited by 155
“Similar negative effects have also been shown for other benthic calcifiers (Gazeau et al., 2007; Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMartin, S. G., Cohu, S., Vignot, C., Zimmerman, G., & Gattuso, J. (2013) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.475 · Cited by 147
“Coralline algae are absent in naturally acidified seawater where other calcifiers can survive (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008; Martin et al. 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRoleda, M. Y., Morris, J. N., McGraw, C. M., & Hurd, C. L. (2011) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02594.x · Cited by 143
“Macroalgae observed to be resilient to naturally high amounts of pCO2 include Caulerpa, Cladophora, Asparagopsis, Dictyota, and Sargassum (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResponses of marine benthic microalgae to elevated CO2
Johnson, V. R., Brownlee, C., Rickaby, R. E. M., Graziano, M., Milazzo, M., & Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2011) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-011-1840-2 · Cited by 157
“…research is starting to be augmented with in situ experiments utilising areas that are naturally enriched with CO 2 such as cold-water CO 2 vents (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008; Fabricius et al. 2011; Rodolfo-Metalpa et al. 2011), hydrothermal vents (Couto et al. 2010; Vizzini et al. 2010; Bianchi…”
InfluentialSelf-citationMcClintock, J. B., Angus, R. A., Mcdonald, M. R., Amsler, C. D., Catledge, S. A., & Vohra, Y. K. (2009) · Antarctic Science · doi:10.1017/s0954102009990198 · Cited by 139
“…atmospheric CO2-induced ocean acidification (Wigley et al. 1996), we caution that the benthic marine communities of the Southern Ocean are likely to be the ‘‘canaries in the coal mine’’ when it comes to global impacts of ocean acidification on calcified benthic organisms (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008).”
BackgroundUpper environmental pCO2 drives sensitivity to ocean acidification in marine invertebrates
Vargas, C. A., Cuevas, L. A., Broitman, B. R., Martín, V. A. S., Lagos, N. A., Gaitán‐Espitía, J. D., & Dupont, S. (2022) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01269-2 · Cited by 144
Reviews and Syntheses: Ocean acidification and its potential impacts on marine ecosystems
Mostofa, K. M. G., Liu, C., Zhai, W., Minella, M., Vione, D. V., Gao, K., Minakata, D., Arakaki, T., Yoshioka, T., Hayakawa, K., et al. (2016) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-13-1767-2016 · Cited by 149
“…there could be significant contributions from natural sources such as plant litter decom- position (King et al., 2012), volcanic eruptions (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008), emission of CO2 from freshwater including the Amazon River basin (Sobek et al., 2005; Abril et al., 2014), and enhanced…”
BackgroundInfluentialReef-building corals thrive within hot-acidified and deoxygenated waters
Camp, E. F., Nitschke, M. R., Rodolfo‐Metalpa, R., Houlbrèque, F., Gardner, S. G., Smith, D. J., Zampighi, M., & Suggett, D. J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02383-y · Cited by 144
Self-citationImpacts of 1.5°C Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems
IPCC (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009157940.005 · Cited by 178
Birchenough, S. N. R., Reiss, H., Degraer, S., Mieszkowska, N., Borja, Á., Buhl‐Mortensen, L., Braeckman, U., Craeymeersch, J. A., Mesel, I. D., Kerckhof, F., et al. (2015) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.330 · Cited by 153
Godbold, J. A., & Solan, M. (2013) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0186 · Cited by 147
Towards a meaningful assessment of marine ecological impacts in life cycle assessment (LCA)
Woods, J. S., Veltman, K., Huijbregts, M. A. J., Verones, F., & Hertwich, E. G. (2016) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.033 · Cited by 151
A short-term in situ CO2 enrichment experiment on Heron Island (GBR)
Kline, D. I., Teneva, L. T., Schneider, K., Miard, T., Chai, A., Marker, M., Headley, K. L., Opdyke, B. N., Nash, M., Valetich, M., et al. (2012) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep00413 · Cited by 142
Calcifying coral abundance near low-pH springs: implications for future ocean acidification
Crook, E. D., Potts, D. C., Rebolledo‐Vieyra, M., Hernandez, L., & Paytan, A. (2011) · Coral Reefs · doi:10.1007/s00338-011-0839-y · Cited by 139
“…studies in the Mediterranean and Papua New Guinea have demonstrated strong impacts of low pH related to volcanic CO2 vents on both individual organisms and community structure (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008; Cigliano et al. 2010; Dias et al. 2010; RodolfoMetalpa et al. 2010; Fabricius et al. 2011).”
BackgroundFuture seagrass beds: Can increased productivity lead to increased carbon storage?
Russell, B. D., Connell, S. D., Uthicke, S., Muehllehner, N., Fabricius, K. E., & Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2013) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.01.031 · Cited by 132
“…and growth response is greatest at the extreme pH close to CO 2 seeps (tropical waters, this study; temperate waters, Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Martin et al., 2008), similar to conditions that could be expected from leakage of CCS. Increased productivity and growth of marine primary producers…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAssessing physiological tipping point of sea urchin larvae exposed to a broad range of pH
Dorey, N., Lançon, P., Thorndyke, M. C., & Dupont, S. (2013) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12276 · Cited by 132
“Calcifying invertebrates such as barnacles and limpets are also found in the volcanic vents surrounding the island of Ischia (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) in seawater pH down to 7.4 (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialHiebenthal, C., Philipp, E. E. R., Eisenhauer, A., & Wahl, M. (2012) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-012-2080-9 · Cited by 139
“(Hall-Spencer et al. 2008; Martin et al. 2008), also shallow salt marshes can become hypercapnic (Cochran and Burnett 1996) and at upwelling zones, high-pCO2 seawater ascends to the ocean surface (Feely et al.”
BackgroundInteresting times: winners, losers, and system shifts under climate change around Australia
Fulton, E. A. (2011) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsr032 · Cited by 131
“(Fabry et al., 2008; Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
Trecalli, A., Spangenberg, J. E., Adatte, T., Föllmi, K. B., & Parente, M. (2012) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.043 · Cited by 128
Kumar, B., Brian, J. P., Atla, V., Kumari, S., Bertram, K. A., White, R. T., & Spurgeon, J. M. (2016) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.6b00857 · Cited by 134
Ellis, R. P., Bersey, J., Rundle, S. D., Hall-Spencer, J. M., & Spicer, J. I. (2009) · Aquatic Biology · doi:10.3354/ab00118 · Cited by 129
Self-citationThresher, R., Tilbrook, B., Fallon, S., Wilson, N., & Adkins, J. F. (2011) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps09400 · Cited by 130
“…samples at sites where Ωaragonite have demonstrably changed over recent decades, e.g. declining foraminiferan shell weights in the Southern Ocean (Moy et al. 2009), and the distribution and characteristics of taxa along natural carbonate concentration gradients (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008).”
BackgroundLong-term climate-associated dynamics of a tropical seagrass meadow: implications for the future
Rasheed, M. A., & Unsworth, R. K. F. (2010) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps08925 · Cited by 128
Boatta, F., D’Alessandro, W., Gagliano, A. L., Liotta, M., Milazzo, M., Rodolfo‐Metalpa, R., Hall-Spencer, J. M., & Parello, F. (2013) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.01.029 · Cited by 129
“Hall-Spencer et al. (2008) proposed augmenting this approach by using environments that have naturally high levels of pCO 2 such as around volcanic vents.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNutrition and income from molluscs today imply vulnerability to ocean acidification tomorrow
Cooley, S. R., Lucey, N., Kite-Powell, H. L., & Doney, S. C. (2011) · Fish and Fisheries · doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00424.x · Cited by 143
“2 in Hall-Spencer et al. 2008); however, the study was too short to assess seasonal and interannual variability effects of pH.”
BackgroundWill variation among genetic individuals influence species responses to global climate change?
Pistevos, J. C. A., Calosi, P., Widdicombe, S., & Bishop, J. (2011) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.19470.x · Cited by 127
Community dynamics and ecosystem simplification in a high-CO 2 ocean
Kroeker, K. J., Gambi, M. C., & Micheli, F. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1216464110 · Cited by 130
“These CO2 vents, found off the coast of Italy, create gradients in pH and carbonate chemistry by releasing predominantly CO2 with very small amounts of other gases at ambient temperatures and salinities at 2–3 m water depth on either side of a small island, characterized by shallow rocky reef communities (13).”
BackgroundMoulin, L., Catarino, A. I., Claessens, T., & Dubois, P. (2010) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.012 · Cited by 128
“, 2008), the deep-sea (Park, 1966; Millero, 1996) and volcanic carbon dioxide vents (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
BackgroundPansch, C., Schaub, I., Havenhand, J., & Wahl, M. (2014) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12478 · Cited by 126
Campbell, M., Stehfest, K. M., Votier, S. C., et al. (2013) · Marine Policy · doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2013.09.015 · Cited by 124
Self-citationEvans, T. G., Chan, F., Menge, B. A., & Hofmann, G. E. (2013) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.12188 · Cited by 126
“, geothermal CO2 seeps), affording a window into the structure and function of future marine communities (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008; Kroeker et al. 2011).”
BackgroundJiang, Z. J., Huang, X., & Zhang, J. (2010) · Journal of Integrative Plant Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00991.x · Cited by 122
“…studies have been carried out on the effects of CO2 enrichment on seagrasses, and have only focused on the temperate seagrasses such as Z. marina (Zimmerman et al. 1995; Thom 1996; Zimmerman et al. 1997; Palacios and Zimmerman 2007) and P. oceanica (Invers et al. 2002; Hall-Spencer et al. 2008).”
InfluentialChanges in coral microbial communities in response to a natural pH gradient
Meron, D., Rodolfo‐Metalpa, R., Cunning, R., Baker, A. C., Fine, M., & Banin, E. (2012) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.19 · Cited by 122
“On the basis of these observations, it has been proposed that ocean acidification can reduce biodiversity and radically alter marine ecosystems (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationYu, P. C., Matson, P. G., Martz, T. R., & Hofmann, G. E. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2011.02.016 · Cited by 126
Cornwall, C. E., Díaz-Pulido, G., & Comeau, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00186 · Cited by 133
“There has been immense research effort placed into synthesizing how the physiological effects of ocean acidification will manifest at ecological levels (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Fabricius et al., 2011; Ordoñez et al., 2014; Cornwall et al., 2017b), and why (Cornwall et al.”
BackgroundDias, B. B., Hart, M. B., Smart, C., & Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2010) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/0016-76492010-050 · Cited by 126
“…echinoderms, seagrasses, calcareous and non-calcareous algae) living in the shallow-water environments around the coast of Ischia (Bay of Naples, Italy) show marked responses to increasing levels of CO2 in the water (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008; Martin et al. 2008; Rodolfo-Metalpa et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNoisette, F., Egilsdottir, H., Davoult, D., & Martin, S. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2013.07.006 · Cited by 121
Self-citationHaye, K. L. D. L., Spicer, J. I., Widdicombe, S., & Briffa, M. (2011) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.05.030 · Cited by 122
Physiological advantages of dwarfing in surviving extinctions in high-CO2 oceans
Garilli, V., Rodolfo‐Metalpa, R., Scuderi, D., Brusca, L., Parrinello, D., Rastrick, S. P. S., Foggo, A., Twitchett, R. J., Hall-Spencer, J. M., & Milazzo, M. (2015) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate2616 · Cited by 125
Self-citationSeamounts as refugia from ocean acidification for cold‐water stony corals
Tittensor, D. P., Baco, A. R., Hall-Spencer, J. M., Orr, J. C., & Rogers, A. D. (2010) · Marine Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00393.x · Cited by 125
“…demonstrated in the naturally acidified marine environments of volcanic CO2 vents where calcareous taxa are severely reduced or absent from low pH sites (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008), and acidified water causes carbonate skeletons to dissolve (Tunnicliffe et al. 2009; Rodolfo-Metalpa et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCornwall, C. E., Comeau, S., DeCarlo, T. M., Moore, B., D'Alexis, Q., & McCulloch, M. T. (2018) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1168 · Cited by 129
Impact of ocean warming and ocean acidification on marine invertebrate life history stages
Byrne, M. (2011) · Oceanography and Marine Biology/Oceanography and marine biology - an annual review · doi:10.1201/b11009-2 · Cited by 125
Jones, D. G., Beaubien, S. E., Blackford, J., Foekema, E. M., Lions, J., Vittor, C. D., West, J. M., Widdicombe, S., Hauton, C., & Queirós, A. M. (2015) · International journal of greenhouse gas control · doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.05.032 · Cited by 125
Reduced pH sea water disrupts chemo-responsive behaviour in an intertidal crustacean
Haye, K. L. D. L., Spicer, J. I., Widdicombe, S., & Briffa, M. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2011.11.013 · Cited by 120
Biodiversity Loss in a Changing Planet
Grillo, O., & Venora, G. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/1832 · Cited by 119
Proton channels in algae: reasons to be excited
Taylor, A. R., Brownlee, C., & Wheeler, G. L. (2012) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.009 · Cited by 118
Contrasting effects of ocean acidification on tropical fleshy and calcareous algae
Johnson, M. D., Price, N. N., & Smith, J. E. (2014) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.411 · Cited by 122
“…poses an ever-increasing global threat (Kleypas et al., 1999; Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007) to the ecological balance and stability of tropical reef systems via disparate effects on calcareous versus fleshy taxa (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008; Fabricius et al., 2011; Porzio, Buia & Hall-Spencer, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialBach, L. T., Taucher, J., Boxhammer, T., Ludwig, A., Achterberg, E. P., Algueró‐Muñiz, M., Anderson, L. G., Bellworthy, J., Büdenbender, J., Czerny, J., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159068 · Cited by 125
Ocean acidification impairs vermetid reef recruitment
Milazzo, M., Rodolfo‐Metalpa, R., Chan, V. B. S., Fine, M., Alessi, C., Thiyagarajan, V., Hall-Spencer, J. M., & Chemello, R. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep04189 · Cited by 128
Self-citationMelatunan, S., Calosi, P., Rundle, S. D., Widdicombe, S., & Moody, A. J. (2012) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps10046 · Cited by 115
“…and behaviour (e.g. Bibby et al. 2007, Munday et al. 2009, Todgham & Hofmann 2009), culminating in changes to community structure and ecosystem function (e.g. Fabry et al. 2008, Hall-Spencer et al. 2008, Wootton et al. 2008, Widdicombe et al. 2009, Hale et al. 2011, Christen et al. 2012).”
BackgroundOcean acidification effects on calcifying macroalgae
Hofmann, L., & Bischof, K. (2014) · Aquatic Biology · doi:10.3354/ab00581 · Cited by 119
“Calcifying macroalgae serve important ecological functions in the marine environment, and have shown variable responses to CO2-perturbation experiments, but are rare in naturally CO2-enriched environments (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008, Fabricius et al. 2011, Porzio et al. 2011).”
BackgroundIngels, J., Vanreusel, A., Brandt, A., Catarino, A. I., David, B., Ridder, C. D., Dubois, P., GOODAY, A. J., Martin, P., Pasotti, F., et al. (2012) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.96 · Cited by 115
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“The strength of acidification impacts on calcifiers varies at the species level (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008, Melzner et al. 2009, Gutowska et al. 2010, Hendriks et al. 2010, Kroeker et al. 2010, Whiteley 2011).”
BackgroundMesocosm CO 2 perturbation studies: from organism to community level
Riebesell, U., Bellerby, R. G. J., Grossart, H., & Thingstad, T. F. (2008) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-5-1157-2008 · Cited by 117
“A unique opportunity for assessing the effects of long-term high CO2 exposure of marine communities is provided by natural CO2 venting sites (Hall-Spencer et al., 2008) or can be achieved by artificial CO 2 venting installations (Brewer et al.”
BackgroundHurd, C. L., Beardall, J., Comeau, S., Cornwall, C. E., Havenhand, J. N., Munday, P. L., Parker, L. M., Raven, J. A., & McGraw, C. M. (2019) · Marine and Freshwater Research · doi:10.1071/mf19267 · Cited by 119
Increase in ocean acidity variability and extremes under increasing atmospheric CO 2
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High risk of extinction of benthic foraminifera in this century due to ocean acidification
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Wang, G., Jing, W., Wang, S., Xu, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, Z., Li, Q., & Dai, M. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es5026867 · Cited by 112
Metadata
- Authors
- Hall-Spencer, J. M., Rodolfo-Metalpa, R., Martin, S., Ransome, E., Fine, M., Turner, S. M., Rowley, S. J., Tedesco, D., & Buia, M.-C.
- Affiliations
- University of Plymouth (GB)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Bar-Ilan University (IL)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (IT)
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Hall-Spencer, Jason M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2008-06-08
- Volume
- 454
- Issue
- 7200
- Pages
- 96-99
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2122938469
- Cited by
- 1,359
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 100 · 2015: 100 · 2014: 108 · 2013: 98 · 2012: 110
- FWCI
- 45.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Leverhulme Trust
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Biology and Ecology Research
- Keywords
- ocean acidification, volcanic CO2 vents, rocky shore communities, benthic ecosystems, pH gradient, scleractinian corals, sea urchins, coralline algae, seagrass, climate change impacts on marine ecosystems, sea surface temperature
- MeSH terms
- Acids, Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Calcium Carbonate, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Invertebrates, Italy, Population Density, Seawater, Ecosystem, Volcanic Eruptions, Alismatales, Eukaryota
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