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Neural evidence for inequality-averse social preferences
Abstract
A popular hypothesis in the social sciences is that humans have social preferences to reduce inequality in outcome distributions because it has a negative impact on their experienced reward. Although there is a large body of behavioural and anthropological evidence consistent with the predictions of these theories, there is no direct neural evidence for the existence of inequality-averse preferences. Such evidence would be especially useful because some behaviours that are consistent with a dislike for unequal outcomes could also be explained by concerns for social image or reciprocity, which do not require a direct aversion towards inequality. Here we use functional MRI to test directly for the existence of inequality-averse social preferences in the human brain. Inequality was created by recruiting pairs of subjects and giving one of them a large monetary endowment. While both subjects evaluated further monetary transfers from the experimenter to themselves and to the other participant, we measured neural responses in the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, two areas that have been shown to be involved in the valuation of monetary and primary rewards in both social and non-social contexts. Consistent with inequality-averse models of social preferences, we find that activity in these areas was more responsive to transfers to others than to self in the 'high-pay' subject, whereas the activity of the 'low-pay' subject showed the opposite pattern. These results provide direct evidence for the validity of this class of models, and also show that the brain's reward circuitry is sensitive to both advantageous and disadvantageous inequality.
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“Ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex show a similar response to outcomes that restore equality amongst partners even when they are not directly interacting 92.”
From The social brain and reward: Social information processing in the human striatum (2014) · cites this paper as [92]
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“Whereas increased responses in insular cortex have been associated with perceived unfairness of monetary outcomes 91, a growing literature suggests that striatum responses reflect the positive value of fair outcomes 73, 92, 93.”
From The social brain and reward: Social information processing in the human striatum (2014) · cites this paper as [92]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tricomi, E., Rangel, A., Camerer, C. F., & O’Doherty, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- O’Doherty, John P.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 463
- Issue
- 7284
- Pages
- 1089-1091
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1975125955
- Cited by
- 462
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 105.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- distributive fairness, inequality aversion, reward systems, ventral striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, monetary transfers, social preferences, reciprocity, social image
- MeSH terms
- Basal Ganglia, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Reward, Role Playing, Social Behavior, Social Justice, Reproducibility of Results, Prefrontal Cortex, Beneficence, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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