Distribution of brain oxytocin and vasopressin V1a receptors in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): comparison with humans and other primate species
Open accessAbstract
Despite our close genetic relationship with chimpanzees, there are notable differences between chimpanzee and human social behavior. Oxytocin and vasopressin are neuropeptides involved in regulating social behavior across vertebrate taxa, including pair bonding, social communication, and aggression, yet little is known about the neuroanatomy of these systems in primates, particularly in great apes. Here, we used receptor autoradiography to localize oxytocin and vasopressin V1a receptors, OXTR and AVPR1a respectively, in seven chimpanzee brains. OXTR binding was detected in the lateral septum, hypothalamus, medial amygdala, and substantia nigra. AVPR1a binding was observed in the cortex, lateral septum, hypothalamus, mammillary body, entire amygdala, hilus of the dentate gyrus, and substantia nigra. Chimpanzee OXTR/AVPR1a receptor distribution is compared to previous studies in several other primate species. One notable difference is the lack of OXTR in reward regions such as the ventral pallidum and nucleus accumbens in chimpanzees, whereas OXTR is found in these regions in humans. Our results suggest that in chimpanzees, like in most other anthropoid primates studied to date, OXTR has a more restricted distribution than AVPR1a, while in humans the reverse pattern has been reported. Altogether, our study provides a neuroanatomical basis for understanding the function of the oxytocin and vasopressin systems in chimpanzees.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Receptor autoradiography in seven chimpanzee brains shows that OXTR binding is more restricted than AVPR1a binding, with OXTR absent from reward regions such as ventral pallidum and nucleus accumbens. This pattern resembles most other anthropoid primates studied but differs from humans, where OXTR is more widely distributed and present in reward regions.
Key findings
- OXTR binding was detected in the lateral septum, hypothalamus, medial amygdala, and substantia nigra; AVPR1a binding was observed in the cortex, lateral septum, hypothalamus, mammillary body, entire amygdala, hilus of the dentate gyrus, and substantia nigra.
- Chimpanzees lacked OXTR binding in the ventral pallidum and nucleus accumbens, whereas humans express OXTR in these reward-related regions.
- In chimpanzees, OXTR had a more restricted distribution than AVPR1a, a pattern also seen in most other anthropoid primates studied; humans show the reverse pattern.
- AVPR1a binding was found across the entire amygdala in chimpanzees, while OXTR binding was restricted to the medial amygdala; humans reportedly show AVPR1a binding in the basal nucleus but no OXTR binding in the amygdala.
Methods
- Fresh brain tissue blocks from seven chimpanzees (six female, one male, ages 21–57.7 years) were recovered at necropsy after natural death with post-mortem interval < 2.5 h, sectioned coronally at 20 μm, and processed for receptor autoradiography.
- OXTR binding was revealed with 50 pM 125I-OVTA alone or with unlabeled AVPR1a-selective SR49059 and/or OXTR-selective TGOT; AVPR1a binding was revealed with 50 pM 125I-LVA alone or with unlabeled Manning compound.
- Acetylcholinesterase staining of previously used sections provided anatomical boundaries, compared with human and rhesus macaque atlases; binding distributions were described qualitatively and compared with prior primate studies.
Limitations
- The authors state they did not examine all brain regions, sampling only from the most anterior basal ganglia through the substantia nigra, and did not include brainstem regions such as the superior colliculus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, or nucleus prepositus.
- The authors state that six of seven chimpanzee brains were female, so sex differences in receptor distribution could not be systematically assessed.
- The authors state that the competitive binding strategy was not ideal: the Manning compound may displace 125I-LVA from both OXTR and AVPR1a, and cross-laboratory comparisons are limited by differences in tissue quality, protocols, and post-mortem interval; they call for in situ hybridization confirmation.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 25 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
In chimpanzees, significant OXTR binding is not detected in the frontal, cingulate, entorhinal, and perirhinal cortex.
“However, we did not detect significant OXTR binding in frontal, cingulate, entorhinal, and perirhinal cortex.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The seven chimpanzee brains are representative of the chimpanzee species for OXTR and AVPR1a distribution.
- Rests on an assumption: Postmortem receptor autoradiography binding accurately reflects functional receptor distribution in vivo.
- Rests on an assumption: The absence of radioligand binding in a region indicates absence of the receptor.
- Findingown data
In chimpanzees, there is no clear evidence of OXTR binding in the nucleus basalis of Meynert.
“Unlike in other anthropoid primates, we did not find clear evidence of OXTR binding in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, an area important for visual attention, in chimpanzees.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The seven chimpanzee brains are representative of the chimpanzee species for OXTR and AVPR1a distribution.
- Rests on an assumption: Postmortem receptor autoradiography binding accurately reflects functional receptor distribution in vivo.
- Rests on an assumption: The absence of radioligand binding in a region indicates absence of the receptor.
- Findingown data
In chimpanzees, AVPR1a binding is more widespread in the amygdala than OXTR binding.
“AVPR1a and OXTR binding were also observed in the amygdala in chimpanzees. This was more widespread for AVPR1a than OXTR. Light AVPR1a binding was found across the entire amygdala in chimpanzees, whereas OXTR binding was highly restricted to the medial amygdala, at the border with the posterior cortical nucleus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The seven chimpanzee brains are representative of the chimpanzee species for OXTR and AVPR1a distribution.
- Rests on an assumption: Postmortem receptor autoradiography binding accurately reflects functional receptor distribution in vivo.
- Rests on an assumption: The absence of radioligand binding in a region indicates absence of the receptor.
- Findingown data
In chimpanzees, AVPR1a binding is present in the cortex, lateral septum, hypothalamus, mammillary body, entire amygdala, hilus of the dentate gyrus, and substantia nigra.
“AVPR1a binding was observed in the cortex, lateral septum, hypothalamus, mammillary body, entire amygdala, hilus of the dentate gyrus, and substantia nigra.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The seven chimpanzee brains are representative of the chimpanzee species for OXTR and AVPR1a distribution.
- Rests on an assumption: Postmortem receptor autoradiography binding accurately reflects functional receptor distribution in vivo.
- Rests on an assumption: The absence of radioligand binding in a region indicates absence of the receptor.
- Findingown data
In chimpanzees, OXTR binding is present in the lateral septum, hypothalamus, medial amygdala, and substantia nigra.
“OXTR binding was detected in the lateral septum, hypothalamus, medial amygdala, and substantia nigra.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The seven chimpanzee brains are representative of the chimpanzee species for OXTR and AVPR1a distribution.
- Rests on an assumption: Postmortem receptor autoradiography binding accurately reflects functional receptor distribution in vivo.
- Rests on an assumption: The absence of radioligand binding in a region indicates absence of the receptor.
- Findingown data
In chimpanzees, AVPR1a binding is widespread in the cortex, including the cingulate, insula, olfactory, entorhinal, perirhinal, and frontal cortex.
“Accordingly, in this study we found widespread AVPR1a binding in the cortex, including the cingulate cortex, insula, and olfactory cortex, as well as entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex, and frontal cortex.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The seven chimpanzee brains are representative of the chimpanzee species for OXTR and AVPR1a distribution.
- Rests on an assumption: Postmortem receptor autoradiography binding accurately reflects functional receptor distribution in vivo.
- Rests on an assumption: The absence of radioligand binding in a region indicates absence of the receptor.
- Findingnone given
The substantia nigra is a region with overlapping 125I-LVA and 125I-OVTA binding.
“particularly for regions with overlapping 125I-LVA and 125I-OVTA binding, such as the substantia nigra”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No obvious differences in receptor distribution were observed in the one male chimpanzee.
“While we did not observe any obvious differences in the one male chimpanzee”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The study characterized the distribution of OXTR and AVPR1a binding in chimpanzees in several brain regions involved in social behavior.
“we characterized the distribution of OXTR and AVPR1a binding in chimpanzees in several brain regions involved in social behavior.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Chimpanzees have significant AVPR1A binding in the amygdala while humans do not.
“In contrast, chimpanzees have significant AVPR1A binding in the amygdala while humans do not.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In humans, OXTR protein is expressed in the ventral pallidum.
“while humans express OXTR in the ventral pallidum as detected by receptor autoradiography (Loup et al. 1991; Freeman et al. 2018)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Loup et al. 1991
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Freeman et al. 2018 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductown data
For AVPR1a autoradiography, the Manning compound reduced binding.
“For AVPR1a autoradiography, the Manning compound reduced binding (Fig. 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In humans, OXTR mRNA is detected in the nucleus accumbens.
“OXTR mRNA has been detected in the nucleus accumbens (Bethlehem et al. 2017; Quintana et al. 2019)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisenone given
AVPR1a binding in the amygdala, particularly the central nucleus, is present in most primate species studied.
“AVPR1a binding in the amygdala, particularly the central nucleus, is present in most primate species studied (Fig. 8).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
In chimpanzees, OXTR has a more restricted distribution than AVPR1a.
“Our results suggest that in chimpanzees, like in most other anthropoid primates studied to date, OXTR has a more restricted distribution than AVPR1a, while in humans the reverse pattern has been reported.”
- Also stated in: § Neuroanatomical distribution of 125I-OVTA binding to reveal OXTR · hedged
“In chimpanzees, similar to other non-human primates, the distribution of 125I-OVTA binding was relatively limited when compared to 125I-LVA, suggesting OXTR has a more restricted distribution than AVPR1a in these animals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The seven chimpanzee brains are representative of the chimpanzee species for OXTR and AVPR1a distribution.
- Rests on an assumption: Postmortem receptor autoradiography binding accurately reflects functional receptor distribution in vivo.
- Rests on an assumption: The absence of radioligand binding in a region indicates absence of the receptor.
- Also stated in: § Neuroanatomical distribution of 125I-OVTA binding to reveal OXTR · hedged
- Premiseown data
In most other anthropoid primates studied to date, OXTR has a more restricted distribution than AVPR1a.
“a pattern also observed in most other anthropoid primates studied (Fig. 8)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In humans, OXTR is more widely distributed than AVPR1a.
“Interestingly, humans differ from this pattern, with OXTR being more widely distributed than AVPR1a in human brains (Loup et al. 1991).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Loup et al. 1991
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In monogamous titi monkeys, AVPR1a is densely expressed in the nucleus accumbens.
“Furthermore, AVPR1a is densely expressed in the nucleus accumbens of monogamous titi monkeys (Freeman et al. 2014b).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Freeman et al. 2014b
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
The structure of OXTR and AVPR1a remains intact for extended periods after death, at least up to 33 h.
“suggesting that the structure of OXTR and AVPR1a remain intact for extended periods of time after death, at least up to 33 h”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Recent work using improved methods has upheld the presence of OXTR in the ventral pallidum in humans.
“recent work using improved methods (Freeman et al. 2018) has upheld the presence of OXTR in the ventral pallidum in humans.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Freeman et al. 2018 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The presence of AVPR1a in cortical regions provides further evidence that cortical areas important for higher social cognition (e.g., insula and anterior cingulate cortex) are sensitive to OXT and AVP in great apes.
“The presence of AVPR1a in these regions provides further evidence that cortical areas important for many “higher” aspects of social cognition such as empathy (e.g., insula and anterior cingulate cortex) are sensitive to OXT and AVP in great apes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
Co-incubating 125I-OVTA with unlabeled SR49059 minimizes OVTA binding to AVPR1a.
“To minimize OVTA binding to AVPR1a, we co-incubated 125I-OVTA with unlabeled SR49059, which is selective for AVPR1a.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: SR49059 is selective for AVPR1a.
- Interpretationreasoning
At the concentration used (50 nM), the Manning compound is likely to displace LVA from both OXTR and AVPR1a.
“At the concentration used, 50 nM, it is likely that the Manning compound would displace LVA from both OXTR and AVPR1a.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Manning compound is highly selective for AVPR1a in rodents, but binds to human AVPR1a with only twice the affinity as OXTR.
- Study design and conductreasoning
The competitive binding approach should allow confident identification of 125I-OVTA binding to OXTR.
“This approach should allow us to identify 125I-OVTA binding to OXTR with confidence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: SR49059 is selective for AVPR1a.
- Interpretationreasoning
In Loup et al.'s study, radioligands could have bound promiscuously to OXTR and AVPR1a.
“thus radioligands in that study could have bound promiscuously to OXTR and AVPR1a”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given
Loup et al. (1989; 1991) did not use a competitive binding strategy.
“Loup. et al. (1989; 1991) did not use a competitive binding strategy”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Loup et al. 1989 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Loup et al. 1991
Not checked in the free run.
- Premiseown data
In most primate species studied, AVPR1a is present in the cortex.
“A major contributor to this balance is the presence of AVPR1a in the cortex of most primate species studied (Fig. 8).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
The most consistent regions with AVPR1a binding across primates are the amygdala, BST, and lateral septum.
“Along with the cortex, the most consistent regions with AVPR1a binding across primates are the amygdala, BST, and lateral septum.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
The strategy used to demonstrate specificity of 125I-LVA binding is problematic.
“More problematic is our strategy to demonstrate specificity of 125I-LVA binding.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In lemurs, no OXTR binding was reported in the nucleus basalis of Meynert.
“A recent study in lemurs also reported no OXTR binding in this region (Grebe et al. 2021) (Fig. 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Grebe et al. 2021 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductown data
The combination of radioligands and competitors is revealing accurate and distinct representations of OXTR and AVPR1a distributions in chimpanzee brains.
“Thus, while our competitive strategy was not ideal, we are confident that the combination of radioligands and competitors are revealing accurate and distinct representations of OXTR and AVPR1a distributions in chimpanzee brains.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: SR49059 is selective for AVPR1a.
- Rests on an assumption: The Manning compound is highly selective for AVPR1a in rodents, but binds to human AVPR1a with only twice the affinity as OXTR.
- Interpretationreasoning
In pair bonding primates that have been studied, either the nucleus accumbens or ventral pallidum express OXTR or AVPR1a.
“Thus, in pair bonding primates that have been studied, either the nucleus accumbens or ventral pallidum express OXTR or AVPR1a.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Multiple analyses from human brains with a PMI range of 5-33 h found no association between post-mortem interval and optical binding density for these ligands.
“multiple analyses from human brains with a PMI range of 5–33 h found no association between post-mortem interval and optical binding density for these ligands”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Study design and conductreasoning
The competition alone does not demonstrate that 125I-LVA is only labeling AVPR1a and not OXTR.
“Thus the competition alone does not demonstrate that 125I-LVA is only labeling AVPR1a and not OXTR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Manning compound is highly selective for AVPR1a in rodents, but binds to human AVPR1a with only twice the affinity as OXTR.
- Premisecitation
The human studies had longer post-mortem intervals than the chimpanzees (<24 h for Loup et al. 1991; <33 h for Freeman et al. 2018).
“the human studies were longer (< 24 h for Loup et al. 1991; < 33 h for Freeman et al. 2018).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Loup et al. 1991
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Freeman et al. 2018 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In non-monogamous rhesus macaques, neither AVPR1a nor OXTR are expressed in the ventral pallidum or nucleus accumbens.
“Neither AVPR1a or OXTR are expressed in the ventral pallidum or nucleus accumbens of non-monogamous rhesus macaques (Freeman et al. 2014a; Young et al. 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Freeman et al. 2014a
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Young et al. 1999
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Post-mortem interval is another source of variation across the primate studies compared in Fig. 8.
“In addition to binding protocols used, another source of variation across the primate studies compared in Fig. 8 is the post-mortem interval.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The monkey and lemur studies had shorter post-mortem intervals than the chimpanzees, presumably promptly after veterinary euthanization.
- Premisecitation
In lemurs, the pattern of OXTR and AVPR1a is largely similar.
“In lemurs, the pattern of OXTR and AVPR1a is largely similar (Grebe et al. 2021).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Grebe et al. 2021 source
Not checked in the free run.
- May combine two claims. 13
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn chimpanzees, OXTR binding is absent in the ventral pallidum and nucleus accumbens.
“Notably, 125I-OVTA binding was not observed in the ventral pallidum, in contrast to results from human brains (Freeman et al. 2018; Loup et al. 1991).”
- Also stated in: § Neuroanatomical distribution of 125I-OVTA binding to reveal OXTR · plain
“No 125I-OVTA binding was detected in the nucleus accumbens (Fig. 7) or the hippocampus (Fig. 6).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The seven chimpanzee brains are representative of the chimpanzee species for OXTR and AVPR1a distribution.
- Rests on an assumption: Postmortem receptor autoradiography binding accurately reflects functional receptor distribution in vivo.
- Rests on an assumption: The absence of radioligand binding in a region indicates absence of the receptor.
- Also stated in: § Neuroanatomical distribution of 125I-OVTA binding to reveal OXTR · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe competitive binding strategy revealed regions labeled by 125I-LVA but not 125I-OVTA (e.g., cortex) and a region labeled by 125I-OVTA but not 125I-LVA (the diagonal band).
“However, our strategy did reveal regions labeled by 125I-LVA but not 125I-OVTA, such as the cortex, and a region labeled by 125I-OVTA but not 125I-LVA, the diagonal band.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe chimpanzees in this study had a post-mortem interval of less than 2.5 hours.
“The chimpanzees in our study had PMI of less than 2.5 h”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataChimpanzees do not appear to have dense OXTR in reward regions, while humans do.
“Chimpanzees also do not appear to have dense OXTR in reward regions, while humans do.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataChimpanzees resemble most other non-human primates studied in having a more restricted distribution of OXTR than AVPR1a, whereas humans show the reverse pattern.
“Overall, our findings suggest chimpanzees have similarities with most other non-human primates studied in that distribution of OXTR is more restricted than AVPR1a, while humans show the reverse pattern.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe tissue samples did not include the frontal pole, occipital cortex, midbrain tectum, or any parts of the brainstem caudal to the midbrain tectum.
“Our samples thus did not include the frontal pole, occipital cortex, midbrain tectum, or any parts of the brainstem caudal to the midbrain tectum.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataFor OXTR autoradiography, SR49059 did not noticeably affect radioligand binding, while TGOT eliminated binding, indicating that 125I-OVTA was binding to OXTR and not AVPR1a.
“For OXTR autoradiography, the selective AVPR1a compound, SR49059, did not noticeably affect radioligand binding, while [Thr4, Gly7]OT eliminated binding, indicating that 125I-OVTA was indeed binding to OXTR and not AVPR1a (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn humans, there is AVPR1a binding in the basal nucleus of the amygdala and no OXTR binding in the amygdala.
“Evidence from receptor autoradiography suggests there is AVPR1a binding in the basal nucleus of the amygdala and no OXTR binding in the amygdala of humans (Loup et al. 1991).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Loup et al. 1991
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe tissue samples did not include the superior colliculus.
“The superior colliculus also has shown OXTR binding in several primate species (Fig. 8); however, our tissue samples did not include this region.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationAcetylcholinesterase stains were compared to human and rhesus macaque atlases to define anatomical boundaries.
“Acetylcholinesterase stains were compared to both human (Ding et al. 2016) and rhesus macaque atlases (Paxinos et al. 2000) to define anatomical boundaries.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ding et al. 2016 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Paxinos et al. 2000
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The anatomical boundaries defined by human and rhesus macaque atlases correspond to chimpanzee brain anatomy.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataThe tissue samples did not have sections rostral enough to examine the straight gyrus for OXTR in chimpanzees.
“We did not have sections rostral enough to examine the straight gyrus for OXTR in chimpanzees.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe study did not examine all brain regions but rather a selection of tissue from the most anterior part of the basal ganglia through the substantia nigra.
“We did not examine all brain regions but rather a selection of tissue from the most anterior part of the basal ganglia through the substantia nigra.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn monogamous marmosets, AVPR1a is densely expressed in the ventral pallidum and OXTR in the nucleus accumbens.
“AVPR1a is densely expressed in the ventral pallidum and OXTR in the nucleus accumbens of monogamous marmosets (Wang et al. 1997; Schorscher-Petcu et al. 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataSix of the seven chimpanzee brains examined for OXTR and AVPR1a in this study were female.
“Also, six of the seven chimpanzee brains examined for OXTR and AVPR1a in this study were female.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premiseown dataOXTR results across primates are more varied, with the most common positive results found in the nucleus basalis of Meynert and the superior colliculus.
“OXTR results across primates are more varied, with the most common positive results found in the nucleus basalis of Meynert and the superior colliculus (Fig. 8).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe ligand 125I-OVTA binds promiscuously to OXTR and AVPR1a in rhesus macaques but less so in titi monkeys.
“The ligand 125I-OVTA binds promiscuously to OXTR and AVPR1a in rhesus macaques (Freeman et al. 2014a) but less so in titi monkeys (Freeman et al. 2014b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Freeman et al. 2014a
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Freeman et al. 2014b
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn chimpanzees, OXT- and AVP-immunoreactive fibers were previously detected in cortex: AVP fibers in the cingulate, insula, and olfactory cortex; OXT fibers in the straight gyrus and cingulate cortex.
“We previously reported OXT and AVP immunoreactive axonal fibers in chimpanzee cortex (Rogers et al. 2018). AVP-immunoreactive fibers were detected in the cingulate cortex, insula, and olfactory cortex, while OXT-immunoreactive fibers were detected in the straight gyrus and cingulate cortex in chimpanzees.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rogers et al. 2018
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe contrasts between chimpanzees and humans provide hypotheses about the potential contribution of OXT and AVP to species differences in social behavior.
“These contrasts provide hypotheses regarding the potential contribution of OXT and AVP to species differences in social behavior in chimpanzees and humans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThis study provides foundational information about the neurobiology of the OXT/AVP system in chimpanzees, contributing to understanding the proximate mechanisms of social behavior in these animals.
“Thus, this study provides foundational information about the neurobiology of the OXT/AVP system in chimpanzees, which contributes to our understanding of the proximate mechanisms of social behavior in these animals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The seven chimpanzee brains are representative of the chimpanzee species for OXTR and AVPR1a distribution.
“Blocks of fresh brain tissue from seven chimpanzees (six female, one male, ages 21–57.7 years) were recovered at necropsy and flash frozen opportunistically after natural death (PMI < 2.5 h).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Postmortem receptor autoradiography binding accurately reflects functional receptor distribution in vivo.
“Here, we used receptor autoradiography to localize oxytocin and vasopressin V1a receptors, OXTR and AVPR1a respectively, in seven chimpanzee brains.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The absence of radioligand binding in a region indicates absence of the receptor.
“No 125I-OVTA binding was detected in the nucleus accumbens (Fig. 7) or the hippocampus (Fig. 6).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The anatomical boundaries defined by human and rhesus macaque atlases correspond to chimpanzee brain anatomy.
“Acetylcholinesterase stains were compared to both human (Ding et al. 2016) and rhesus macaque atlases (Paxinos et al. 2000) to define anatomical boundaries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
SR49059 is selective for AVPR1a.
“which is selective for AVPR1a”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Manning compound is highly selective for AVPR1a in rodents, but binds to human AVPR1a with only twice the affinity as OXTR.
“the Manning compound, which is highly selective for AVPR1a in rodents, but binds to human AVPR1a with only twice the affinity as OXTR.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The monkey and lemur studies had shorter post-mortem intervals than the chimpanzees, presumably promptly after veterinary euthanization.
“the monkey and lemur studies were presumably shorter (promptly after veterinary euthanization)”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Humans, chimpanzees, and other nonhuman primate species all show unique distributions of OXTR and V1aR in the brain, which may relate to species differences in primate social behaviors.
“Humans, chimpanzees, and other nonhuman primate species all show unique distributions of OXTR and V1aR in the brain, which may relate to species differences in primate social behaviors (70).”
From Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior: From Neural Circuits to Clinical Opportunities (2022) · cites this paper as [70]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting claims about human amygdala AVPR1a binding
MajorThe conclusion says humans do not have AVPR1a binding in the amygdala, but the discussion says binding has been reported in the human basal nucleus of the amygdala.
“In contrast, chimpanzees have significant AVPR1A binding in the amygdala while humans do not.”
“Evidence from receptor autoradiography suggests there is AVPR1a binding in the basal nucleus of the amygdala and no OXTR binding in the amygdala of humans (Loup et al. 1991).”
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“Several other primate species examined (humans, titi monkeys, marmosets, rhesus macaques) have OXTR binding in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and superior colliculus, thought to be related to visual attention to social stimuli (Freeman and Young 2016; Freeman et al.”
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Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior: From Neural Circuits to Clinical Opportunities
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Self-citationOn the origins of diversity in social behavior
YOUNG, L. J., & ZHANG, Q. (2021) · Japanese Journal of Animal Psychology · doi:10.2502/janip.71.1.4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Rogers Flattery, C. N., Coppeto, D. J., Inoue, K., Rilling, J. K., Preuss, T. M., & Young, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Venue
- Brain Structure and Function
- Published
- 2021-09-05
- Volume
- 227
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1907-1919
- ISSN
- 1863-2653 (ISSN-L)
- 1863-2661
- PMC
- PMC8897511
- OpenAlex
- W3196547074
- Semantic Scholar
- 3727bd9ca1b1cac73b52a5276552b86bdbcc5bd8
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 4.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Structure and Function (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Leakey Foundation (38217)
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Emory University
- National Institutes of Health (1P50MH100023, P51OD11132, NS092988)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- oxytocin receptor, vasopressin V1a receptor, chimpanzees, receptor distribution, lateral septum, hypothalamus, amygdala, substantia nigra, ventral pallidum, nucleus accumbens, primate social behavior, great apes, comparative neuroanatomy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Pan troglodytes, Humans, Oxytocin, Social Behavior, Receptors, Vasopressin, Receptors, Oxytocin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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