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A molecular atlas of cell types and zonation in the brain vasculature
Open accessAbstract
Cerebrovascular disease is the third most common cause of death in developed countries, but our understanding of the cells that compose the cerebral vasculature is limited. Here, using vascular single-cell transcriptomics, we provide molecular definitions for the principal types of blood vascular and vessel-associated cells in the adult mouse brain. We uncover the transcriptional basis of the gradual phenotypic change (zonation) along the arteriovenous axis and reveal unexpected cell type differences: a seamless continuum for endothelial cells versus a punctuated continuum for mural cells. We also provide insight into pericyte organotypicity and define a population of perivascular fibroblast-like cells that are present on all vessel types except capillaries. Our work illustrates the power of single-cell transcriptomics to decode the higher organizational principles of a tissue and may provide the initial chapter in a molecular encyclopaedia of the mammalian vasculature.
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“many of which were well documented61–66.”
From A high-resolution transcriptomic and spatial atlas of cell types in the whole mouse brain (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“We identified endothelial ICs (Figure 2E) with strong contributions from genes with arterial (IC 5 and 20) and veinous (IC 3 and 12) expression, suggesting heterogeneity related to vessel type”
From Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“These genes (e.g. Tm4sf1 and Slc38a5) showed continuous, reciprocal expression (Data S4G), consistent with the smooth molecular transitions described for endothelial cells associated with arteries or veins”
From Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“IC 19 represented this difference in a graded rather than categorical way, as Rgs5/Acta2 expression and IC cell scores were continuously, rather than bimodally, distributed across these cells”
From Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Among SMA cells, Acta2 expression correlates with a veinous versus arterial distribution”
From Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“A single IC (IC 13) appeared to encode this distinction, with pericyte marker Vtn as the strongest loading gene”
From Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Like Vanlandewijck et al., we observed (Figure 5) distinct endothelial cell types carrying known arterial (e.g., Bmx; VECA) and venous (Slc38a5; VECV) markers, as well as capillary endothelial cells (VECC) expressing Meox1.”
From Molecular Architecture of the Mouse Nervous System (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Vanlandewijck et al. described two brain fibroblast-like cell types expressing fibril-forming collagens (e.g., Col1a1, Col1a2), collagen fiber crosslinking proteins (Lum, Dcn), and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, Pdgfra, which was interposed between astrocyte endfeet and vascular endothelial cells.”
From Molecular Architecture of the Mouse Nervous System (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“In vivo, αSMA and calponin expression are restricted to mural cells along brain arterioles and arteries [38], however, these markers are often upregulated during culture [39], complicating identification of pericytes.”
From Role of iPSC-derived pericytes on barrier function of iPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells in 2D and 3D (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“APOE in the brain is primarily synthesized by astrocytes and microglia, as indicated by a recent single cell RNA-seq study in the mouse (610).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [610]
In the citing paper
“Pericytes, SMCs, and endothelial cells express thousands of transcripts encoding different transporters, receptors, active efflux pumps, ion channels, and regulatory molecules (28, 72, 86, 129, 242, 358, 359, 610, 675, 678), whose expression pattern varies by zonation along the arteriocapillary-venous axis and cell type (610).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [610]
In the citing paper
“In contrast to the BBB endothelium's gradual phenotypic change along the arteriovenous axis, mural cells formed two distinct groups comprising pericyte and venous SMCs, and arterial and arteriole SMCs (610).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [610]
In the citing paper
“Briefly, this study is the first to report that at the BBB endothelium transcription factors predominated at arteries and arterioles, transporters predominated capillaries and veins, and ribosomal proteins indicative of protein synthesis were spread along the arteriovenous axis (610), yielding important insights to biological functions and endothelial specialization along the brain vasculature”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [610]
In the citing paper
“According to a transcriptomic analysis of cells in the vasculature, Plcg2 seems to be expressed in certain subtypes of endothelial cells, although at lower level than compared to microglia (http://betsholtzlab.org/VascularSingleCells/database.html [43]).”
From Alzheimer’s disease phospholipase C-gamma-2 (PLCG2) protective variant is a functional hypermorph (2019) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“we used an siRNA sequence targeting Ppib because this gene is abundantly and ubiquitously expressed across CNS cell types [27].”
From Elucidating brain transport pathways and cell type-dependent gene silencing of a durable lipid–siRNA conjugate administered into cerebrospinal fluid (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Here, we used an siRNA sequence targeting Ppib because this gene is abundantly and ubiquitously expressed across CNS cell types.34”
From Lipid-siRNA conjugate accesses a perivascular transport mechanism and achieves widespread and durable knockdown in the central nervous system (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“WAVE2 is expressed at high levels in microglia and vascular endothelial cells14,15.”
From The WAVE complex in developmental and adulthood brain disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“In addition to astrocytes and microglia, other cell types in the brain have been reported to produce ApoE under different conditions. These cells include oligodendrocytes, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, perivascular fibroblasts, and perivascular macrophages [107–109].”
From ApoE lipoproteins in the central nervous system under homeostasis and role in Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders (2026) · cites this paper as [108]
In the citing paper
“PDGFRβ expression in pericytes is noticeably higher than in SMCs18,25,26.”
From Blood–brain barrier breakdown is an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Based on marker gene enrichment (Table S1), Endo.1 may correspond to endothelial capillary cells, Endo.2 to venous endothelial cells, and Endo.3 to arterial endothelial cells (Vanlandewijck et al., 2018).”
From Single-Cell Analysis of Regional Differences in Adult V-SVZ Neural Stem Cell Lineages (2019) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“We spatially mapped the developing arterio-venous zonation in the embryonic LV ChP in whole explants by combining the pan-endothelial marker PECAM1 with markers for arteries (Acta2+, Vwf+) and veins (Acta2−, Vwf+) (Vanlandewijck et al., 2018).”
From A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages (2021) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
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“A shared transcriptional signature between pericytes and SMC has already been reported in previous studies and ultrastructure analysis still remains the prerequisite condition for pericyte identification (9, 54).”
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BackgroundLactate is an energy substrate for rodent cortical neurons and enhances their firing activity
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“Based on a search of cerebrovascular-related databases, a total of 3186 mouse cerebrovascular cell samples were obtained from GSE98816 [13].”
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Tenascin-X Mediates Flow-Induced Suppression of EndMT and Atherosclerosis
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Endothelium‐derived lactate is required for pericyte function and blood–brain barrier maintenance
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“To identify the transporter(s) involved in lactate uptake in pericytes, we screened the expression of MCT family members in pericytes using an scRNAseq database (brain cell atlas; Vanlandewijck et al , 2018).”
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Astrocytes in the regulation of cerebrovascular functions
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Endothelial cell plasticity at the single-cell level
Pasut, A., Becker, L. M., Cuypers, A., & Carmeliet, P. (2021) · Angiogenesis · doi:10.1007/s10456-021-09797-3 · Cited by 100
Tumor vessel co-option probed by single-cell analysis
Teuwen, L.-A. M. N., de Rooij, L. P. M. H., Cuypers, A., Rohlenová, K., Dumas, S. J., García‐Caballero, M., Meta, E., Amersfoort, J., Taverna, F., Becker, L. M., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109253 · Cited by 102
Organ-on-a-chip systems for vascular biology
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Alarcón-Martínez, L., Shiga, Y., Villafranca‐Baughman, D., Belforte, N., Quintero, H., Dotigny, F., Vargas, J. L. C., & Polo, A. D. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2110329119 · Cited by 104
“2 subunit is enriched in pericytes (28).”
Sancho, M., Klug, N. R., Mughal, A., Koide, M., de la Cruz, S. H., Heppner, T. J., Bonev, A. D., Hill‐Eubanks, D. C., & Nelson, M. T. (2022) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.abl5405 · Cited by 97
The role of SLC transporters for brain health and disease
Nguyen, Y. T.-K., Ha, H. T. T., Nguyen, T. H., & Nguyen, L. N. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-021-04074-4 · Cited by 95
“Interestingly, SLC transporters are highly enriched in the capillaries of CNS vessels, but not in the larger blood vessels [4].”
BackgroundTsartsalis, S., Sleven, H., Fancy, N., Wessely, F., Smith, A. M., Willumsen, N., Cheung, T. K. D., Rokicki, M. J., Chau, V., Ifie, E., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46630-z · Cited by 95
“The authors focused a lot of analysis on showing the enrichment of GWAS variants in vascular cells and spent a significant portion of the analysis understanding the genes responsible for this GWAS enrichment.”
Cerebral Metabolic Changes During Sleep
Aalling, N. N., Nedergaard, M., & DiNuzzo, M. (2018) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-018-0868-9 · Cited by 101
Yamamoto, M., Guo, D.-H., Hernandez, C. M., & Stranahan, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2506-18.2019 · Cited by 102
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González-Loyola, A., Bovay, E., Kim, J., Lozano, T. W., Sabine, A., Renevey, F., Arroz-Madeira, S., Rapin, A., Wypych, T. P., Rota, G., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf4335 · Cited by 94
Endophilin-A2 dependent VEGFR2 endocytosis promotes sprouting angiogenesis
Genet, G., Boyé, K., Mathivet, T., Ola, R., Zhang, F., Dubrac, A., Li, J., Genet, N., Geraldo, L. H., Benedetti, L., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10359-x · Cited by 92
Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in JAM2 cause primary familial brain calcification
Cen, Z., Chen, Y., Chen, S., Wang, H., Yang, D., Zhang, H., Wu, H., Wang, L., Tang, S., Ye, J., et al. (2019) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awz392 · Cited by 100
Structure and Function of the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB)
Benz, F., & Liebner, S. (2020) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2020_404 · Cited by 103
Zhang, D., Ruan, J., Peng, S., Li, J., Hu, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, T., Ge, Y., Zhu, Z., Xiao, X., et al. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01515-0 · Cited by 104
“N = 3 repeated experiments. f , Colocalization analysis of GluN1 with PSD95 in primary EGFP + aSMCs. n = 16 cells from three independent experiment replicates. g , Superimposed image of wide-field and fluorescence signals of brain slices from SMACreER:Ai47 mice.”
InfluentialSteffes, L. C., Froistad, A. A., Andruska, A., Boehm, M., McGlynn, M. N., Zhang, F., Zhang, W., Hou, D., Tian, X., Miquerol, L., et al. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.120.045750 · Cited by 93
Blood flow, capillary transit times, and tissue oxygenation: the centennial of capillary recruitment
Østergaard, L. (2020) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00537.2020 · Cited by 99
“Pericytes serve multiple functions (5) and their phenotype seemingly depends on species, tissue type, and their location along the arteriole-venule axis (61).”
BackgroundThe blood–brain barrier: a help and a hindrance
Rust, R., Yin, H. R., Buil, B. A., Sagare, A. P., & Kisler, K. (2025) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaf068 · Cited by 109
“23 All brain EC highly expressed gene sets associated with transmembrane transport, supporting the importance of regulated trafficking across the BBB. 28 Interestingly, the zonation principle is conserved between mouse and human datasets but the specific zonated genes vary considerably, with only…”
InfluentialCerebral Small Vessel Disease (CSVD) – Lessons From the Animal Models
Mustapha, M., Nassir, C. M. N. C. M., Aminuddin, N., Safri, A. A., & Ghazali, M. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01317 · Cited by 94
Pericyte mechanics and mechanobiology
Dessalles, C. A., Babataheri, A., & Barakat, A. I. (2021) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.240226 · Cited by 99
“Both actin filaments and non-muscle myosin II, which are the principal constituents of force-generating actin stress fibers, are present in pericytes (Hamilton, 2010; Lebeux and Willemot, 1978; Tojkander et al., 2012; Vanlandewijck et al., 2018).”
BackgroundRelease of stem cells from quiescence reveals gliogenic domains in the adult mouse brain
Delgado, A. C., Maldonado‐Soto, A. R., Silva-Vargas, V., Mizrak, D., von Känel, T., Tan, K. R., Paul, A., Madar, A., Cuervo, H., Kitajewski, J., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg8467 · Cited by 90
“In addition, GFP+ pericytes and stellate astrocytes were scattered throughout the brain parenchyma (data not shown) consistent with pdgfrb expression in these cell types (6).”
BackgroundSpitzer, D. E., Guérit, S., Pütz, T., Khel, M. I., Armbrust, M., Dunst, M., Macas, J., Zinke, J., Devraj, G., Jia, X., et al. (2022) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-022-02452-1 · Cited by 95
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Dong, M., Wen, S., & Zhou, L. (2022) · Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dmso.s375559 · Cited by 90
“However, a study of single-cell RNA sequencing in the brain shows that the presence of GLP-1R on BBB endothelial cells is negligible.(37) Exenatide,(38) lixisenatide,(39,40) beinaglutide,(41) liraglutide,(42) dulagutide(43) and semaglutide(44) are now commercially accessible as GLP-1 receptor agonists (Table 1).”
BackgroundSelf-assembling manifolds in single-cell RNA sequencing data
Tarashansky, A. J., Xue, Y., Li, P., Quake, S. R., & Wang, B. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.48994 · Cited by 80
Biomarker potential of brain‐secreted extracellular vesicles in blood in Alzheimer's disease
Badhwar, A., & Haqqani, A. S. (2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.12001 · Cited by 87
“These were as follows: (7) mesenchymal stem cells AND Alzheimer’s disease AND therapy AND extracellular microvesicles; (8) mesenchymal stem cells AND Alzheimer’s disease AND therapy AND exosomes; (9) stem cells AND Alzheimer’s disease AND therapy AND extracellular microvesicles; (10) stem cells AND Alzheimer’s disease…”
MethodMultifaceted roles of pericytes in central nervous system homeostasis and disease
Zheng, Z., Chopp, M., & Chen, J. (2020) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x20911331 · Cited by 93
“In addition, CD13 cannot label pericytes of the lung.(22)”
BackgroundGerrits, E., Giannini, L. A. A., Brouwer, N., Melhem, S., Seilhean, D., Le Ber, I., The Brainbank Neuro-CEB Neuropathology Network, Kamermans, A., Kooij, G., de Vries, H. E., et al. (2022) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-022-01124-3 · Cited by 88
Presa, J., Saravia, F., Bagi, Z. A., & Filosa, J. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.584135 · Cited by 97
Dual function of perivascular fibroblasts in vascular stabilization in zebrafish
Rajan, A. M., Ma, R. C., Kocha, K. M., Zhang, D. J., & Huang, P. (2020) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1008800 · Cited by 87
“Intriguingly, recent single cell RNA sequencing studies have revealed a similar perivascular ‘fibroblast-like’ cell population in the adult murine brain (Saunders et al., 2018; Vanlandewijck et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSingle Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Organ Specific Pericyte Markers and Identities
Baek, S. H., Maiorino, E., Kim, H., Glass, K., Raby, B. A., & Yuan, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.876591 · Cited by 85
“Intriguingly, brain pericytes have substantial organotypic differences on markers such as Anpep, which is not expressed by lung pericytes (45).”
BackgroundFlow goes forward and cells step backward: endothelial migration
Lee, H., Shin, J. H., & Simons, M. (2022) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-022-00785-1 · Cited by 87
“Identification of the origin of ECs in those lesions using EC subtype-specific Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialKorte, N., Barkaway, A., Wells, J. A., Freitas, F., Sethi, H., Andrews, S. P., Skidmore, J., Stevens, B., & Attwell, D. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01753-w · Cited by 100
EndoDB: a database of endothelial cell transcriptomics data
Khan, S., Taverna, F., Rohlenová, K., Treps, L., Geldhof, V., de Rooij, L. P. M. H., Sokol, L., Pircher, A., Conradi, L., Kalucka, J. M., et al. (2018) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gky997 · Cited by 86
Veins and Arteries Build Hierarchical Branching Patterns Differently: Bottom‐Up versus Top‐Down
Red‐Horse, K., & Siekmann, A. F. (2019) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201800198 · Cited by 85
Proteomic atlas of organ vasculopathies triggered by Staphylococcus aureus sepsis
Toledo, A. G., Golden, G. J., Campos, A. R., Cuello, H., Sorrentino, J. T., Lewis, N. E., Varki, N. M., Nizet, V., Smith, J. W., & Esko, J. D. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12672-x · Cited by 85
Single-cell transcriptomic Atlas of mouse cochlear aging
Sun, G., Zheng, Y., Fu, X., Zhang, W., Ren, J., Ma, S., Sun, S., He, X., Wang, Q., Ji, Z., et al. (2022) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1093/procel/pwac058 · Cited by 91
“2A and S3A) (Au-Yeung et al., 2004; Wangemann et al., 2004; Jabba et al., 2006; Ohlemiller et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2013; Vanlandewijck et al., 2018; Korrapati et al., 2019; Brulois et al., 2020).”
Laminins and their receptors in the CNS
Nirwane, A. M., & Yao, Y. (2018) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12454 · Cited by 88
Nano-scale architecture of blood-brain barrier tight-junctions
Sasson, E., Anzi, S., Bell, B., Yakovian, O., Zorsky, M., Deutsch, U., Engelhardt, B., Sherman, E., Vatine, G. D., Dzikowski, R., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.63253 · Cited by 89
“[Armulik et al., 2010; Daneman et al., 2010; Nitta et al., 2003; Vanlandewijck et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2014]), and down regulation of these components are often used as an indicator for TJ dysfunction (Alvarez et al.”
BackgroundIn vivo methods for imaging blood–brain barrier function and dysfunction
Harris, W. J., Asselin, M., Hinz, R., Parkes, L. M., Allan, S. M., Schießl, I., Boutin, H., & Dickie, B. (2022) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-022-05997-1 · Cited by 91
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“We further distinguished the vascular-mesenchymal cells into endothelial cells (Endo.1 and Endo.2), pericytes, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), meningeal fibroblasts (Fibro.1), and perivascular fibroblasts (Fibro.2–4) 63,64 ( Figures 5A and S6D) and examined the expression of DEGs (Figure 5B).”
Neurovascular dysfunction in glaucoma
Alarcón-Martínez, L., Shiga, Y., Villafranca‐Baughman, D., Vargas, J. L. C., Vidal-Paredes, I. A., Quintero, H., Fortune, B. A., Danesh-Meyer, H. V., & Polo, A. D. (2023) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101217 · Cited by 89
The pathobiology of neurovascular aging
Santisteban, M. M., & Iadecola, C. (2025) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.12.014 · Cited by 102
Benz, F., Wichitnaowarat, V., Lehmann, M., Germano, R. F. V., Mihova, D., Macas, J., Adams, R. H., Taketo, M. M., Plate, K.-H., Guérit, S., et al. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.43818 · Cited by 89
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“MSX1 and EBF1, which are expressed by murine brain ECs in vivo (Vanlandewijck et al., 2018), were also CHIRupregulated (Figure 7D).”
BackgroundHou, S., Li, Z., Dong, J., Gao, Y., Chang, Z., Ding, X., Li, S., Li, Y., Zeng, Y., Qian, X., et al. (2022) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/s41422-022-00615-z · Cited by 81
“It is proposed that VECs display different properties that correspond to distinct vascular beds(13,14) and present an arterial-capillary-venous zonation and seamless continuum of transcriptional states.(13,15) scRNA-seq has also been used to study gastrulation and organogenesis in mouse embryos.”
BackgroundCalcagno, D. M., Taghdiri, N., Ninh, V. K., Mesfin, J. M., Toomu, A., Sehgal, R., Lee, J., Liang, Y., Duran, J. M., Adler, E., et al. (2022) · Nature Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1038/s44161-022-00160-3 · Cited by 91
Hariharan, A., Robertson, C. D., Garcia, D. C. G., & Longden, T. A. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111872 · Cited by 97
“41,74 Pericytes express several GLUT-encoding genes (Slc2a1 > Slc2a4 > Slc2a3, which translate to GLUTs 1, 4, and 3, respectively 40,41 ), suggesting that they may be capable of taking up glucose directly from their surroundings.”
NCK-dependent pericyte migration promotes pathological neovascularization in ischemic retinopathy
Dubrac, A., Künzel, S. E., Künzel, S. H., Li, J., Chandran, R. R., Martin, K. A., Greif, D. M., Adams, R. H., & Eichmann, A. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05926-7 · Cited by 85
Metadata
- Authors
- Vanlandewijck, M., He, L., Mäe, M. A., Andrae, J., Ando, K., Del Gaudio, F., Nahar, K., Lebouvier, T., Laviña, B., Gouveia, L., Sun, Y., Raschperger, E., Räsänen, M., Zarb, Y., Mochizuki, N., Keller, A., Lendahl, U., & Betsholtz, C.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (CN)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Betsholtz, Christer
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2018-02-14
- Volume
- 554
- Issue
- 7693
- Pages
- 475-480
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2786318872
- Semantic Scholar
- 237e37a314d2faef1d389b147614e8fa550a3087
- Cited by
- 1,892
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 197 · 2025: 244 · 2024: 275 · 2023: 234 · 2022: 258 · 2021: 271 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 65
- FWCI
- 74.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2018-06-20)
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (159514)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrovascular and genetic disorders
- Keywords
- cerebral vasculature, blood-brain barrier, endothelial cells, mural cells, pericytes, smooth muscle cells, perivascular cells, single-cell transcriptomics, cerebrovascular disease, mouse brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arteries, Arterioles, Blood Vessels, Brain, Capillaries, Female, Fibroblasts, Male, Organ Specificity, Veins, Pericytes, Myocytes, Smooth Muscle, Endothelial Cells, Mice, Single-Cell Analysis, Transcriptome
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