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A molecular atlas of cell types and zonation in the brain vasculature
Open accessAbstract
Cerebrovascular disease is the third most common cause of death in developed countries, but our understanding of the cells that compose the cerebral vasculature is limited. Here, using vascular single-cell transcriptomics, we provide molecular definitions for the principal types of blood vascular and vessel-associated cells in the adult mouse brain. We uncover the transcriptional basis of the gradual phenotypic change (zonation) along the arteriovenous axis and reveal unexpected cell type differences: a seamless continuum for endothelial cells versus a punctuated continuum for mural cells. We also provide insight into pericyte organotypicity and define a population of perivascular fibroblast-like cells that are present on all vessel types except capillaries. Our work illustrates the power of single-cell transcriptomics to decode the higher organizational principles of a tissue and may provide the initial chapter in a molecular encyclopaedia of the mammalian vasculature.
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“many of which were well documented61–66.”
From A high-resolution transcriptomic and spatial atlas of cell types in the whole mouse brain (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“We identified endothelial ICs (Figure 2E) with strong contributions from genes with arterial (IC 5 and 20) and veinous (IC 3 and 12) expression, suggesting heterogeneity related to vessel type”
From Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“These genes (e.g. Tm4sf1 and Slc38a5) showed continuous, reciprocal expression (Data S4G), consistent with the smooth molecular transitions described for endothelial cells associated with arteries or veins”
From Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“IC 19 represented this difference in a graded rather than categorical way, as Rgs5/Acta2 expression and IC cell scores were continuously, rather than bimodally, distributed across these cells”
From Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Among SMA cells, Acta2 expression correlates with a veinous versus arterial distribution”
From Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“A single IC (IC 13) appeared to encode this distinction, with pericyte marker Vtn as the strongest loading gene”
From Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Like Vanlandewijck et al., we observed (Figure 5) distinct endothelial cell types carrying known arterial (e.g., Bmx; VECA) and venous (Slc38a5; VECV) markers, as well as capillary endothelial cells (VECC) expressing Meox1.”
From Molecular Architecture of the Mouse Nervous System (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Vanlandewijck et al. described two brain fibroblast-like cell types expressing fibril-forming collagens (e.g., Col1a1, Col1a2), collagen fiber crosslinking proteins (Lum, Dcn), and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, Pdgfra, which was interposed between astrocyte endfeet and vascular endothelial cells.”
From Molecular Architecture of the Mouse Nervous System (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“In vivo, αSMA and calponin expression are restricted to mural cells along brain arterioles and arteries [38], however, these markers are often upregulated during culture [39], complicating identification of pericytes.”
From Role of iPSC-derived pericytes on barrier function of iPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells in 2D and 3D (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“APOE in the brain is primarily synthesized by astrocytes and microglia, as indicated by a recent single cell RNA-seq study in the mouse (610).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [610]
In the citing paper
“Pericytes, SMCs, and endothelial cells express thousands of transcripts encoding different transporters, receptors, active efflux pumps, ion channels, and regulatory molecules (28, 72, 86, 129, 242, 358, 359, 610, 675, 678), whose expression pattern varies by zonation along the arteriocapillary-venous axis and cell type (610).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [610]
In the citing paper
“In contrast to the BBB endothelium's gradual phenotypic change along the arteriovenous axis, mural cells formed two distinct groups comprising pericyte and venous SMCs, and arterial and arteriole SMCs (610).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [610]
In the citing paper
“Briefly, this study is the first to report that at the BBB endothelium transcription factors predominated at arteries and arterioles, transporters predominated capillaries and veins, and ribosomal proteins indicative of protein synthesis were spread along the arteriovenous axis (610), yielding important insights to biological functions and endothelial specialization along the brain vasculature”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [610]
In the citing paper
“According to a transcriptomic analysis of cells in the vasculature, Plcg2 seems to be expressed in certain subtypes of endothelial cells, although at lower level than compared to microglia (http://betsholtzlab.org/VascularSingleCells/database.html [43]).”
From Alzheimer’s disease phospholipase C-gamma-2 (PLCG2) protective variant is a functional hypermorph (2019) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“we used an siRNA sequence targeting Ppib because this gene is abundantly and ubiquitously expressed across CNS cell types [27].”
From Elucidating brain transport pathways and cell type-dependent gene silencing of a durable lipid–siRNA conjugate administered into cerebrospinal fluid (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Here, we used an siRNA sequence targeting Ppib because this gene is abundantly and ubiquitously expressed across CNS cell types.34”
From Lipid-siRNA conjugate accesses a perivascular transport mechanism and achieves widespread and durable knockdown in the central nervous system (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“WAVE2 is expressed at high levels in microglia and vascular endothelial cells14,15.”
From The WAVE complex in developmental and adulthood brain disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“In addition to astrocytes and microglia, other cell types in the brain have been reported to produce ApoE under different conditions. These cells include oligodendrocytes, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, perivascular fibroblasts, and perivascular macrophages [107–109].”
From ApoE lipoproteins in the central nervous system under homeostasis and role in Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders (2026) · cites this paper as [108]
In the citing paper
“PDGFRβ expression in pericytes is noticeably higher than in SMCs18,25,26.”
From Blood–brain barrier breakdown is an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Based on marker gene enrichment (Table S1), Endo.1 may correspond to endothelial capillary cells, Endo.2 to venous endothelial cells, and Endo.3 to arterial endothelial cells (Vanlandewijck et al., 2018).”
From Single-Cell Analysis of Regional Differences in Adult V-SVZ Neural Stem Cell Lineages (2019) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“We spatially mapped the developing arterio-venous zonation in the embryonic LV ChP in whole explants by combining the pan-endothelial marker PECAM1 with markers for arteries (Acta2+, Vwf+) and veins (Acta2−, Vwf+) (Vanlandewijck et al., 2018).”
From A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages (2021) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
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“However, venules and veins express the adhesion molecules ICAM1 and VCAM1 during homeostasis and further upregulate the expression of these molecules during inflammation, driving immune cell adhesion and transmigration 56,57 .”
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“Email: deli.maria@brc.hu junctions (TJ) and that of surrounding pericytes, astroglia endfeet, perivascular microglia and neuronal processes are well described.6 Recent advances in gene sequencing and single cell analysis led to better understanding of the molecular composition of cell populations of the brain includin…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDiversity and function of brain-associated macrophages
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Mitochondrial ATP Production is Required for Endothelial Cell Control of Vascular Tone
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Loss of the transcription factor RBPJ induces disease-promoting properties in brain pericytes
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BackgroundPericytes and the Control of Blood Flow in Brain and Heart
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“Another cell type that will be of interest is a recently discovered fibroblast-like cell, which lines the perivascular space and produces a new adventitia along the penetrating arterioles.(12) It will be interesting to learn how these fibroblast-like cells and the new adventitia may be altered in CADASIL (and other SV…”
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“Noteworthy, the lack of apoM-S1P lead to an 10 increased rate of transcytosis, though only in pial and penetrating arterioles, which 11 could be explained by non-homogeneous expression of S1PR1, which is higher in 12 arteriole endothelial cells than the endothelium of capillaries and venules (43).”
BackgroundA novel sensitive assay for detection of a biomarker of pericyte injury in cerebrospinal fluid
Sweeney, M. D., Sagare, A. P., Pachicano, M., Harrington, M. G., Joe, E., Chui, H. C., Schneider, L. S. S., Montagne, A., Ringman, J. M., Fagan, A. M., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12061 · Cited by 74
Models of the blood-brain barrier using iPSC-derived cells
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X-chromosome regulation and sex differences in brain anatomy
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Vascular ApoE4 impairs behavior by modulating gliovascular function
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“Annotation of Cell Clusters for Specific Cell Type—The annotation of each cluster was manually performed using the datasets for murine cell taxonomy (Saunders et al., 2018; Vanlandewijck et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSingle-cell sequencing reveals the landscape of the human brain metastatic microenvironment
Song, Q., Ruiz, J., Xing, F., Lo, H., Craddock, L., Pullikuth, A., Miller, L. D., Soike, M. H., O’Neill, S. S., Watabe, K., et al. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05124-2 · Cited by 74
“Another interesting observation is that, the oncogene platelet-derived growth factor receptor β ( PDGFRB ) related with angiogenesis in tumor tissues is upregulated in fi broblasts (LFC: 2.02), rather than the brain fi broblast hallmark gene PDGFRA (LFC: 0.25) 38,39 .”
InfluentialEndothelial Piezo1 channel mediates mechano-feedback control of brain blood flow
Lim, X. R., Abd-Alhaseeb, M. M., Ippolito, M., Koide, M., Senatore, A. J., Plante, C., Hariharan, A., Weir, N., Longden, T. A., Laprade, K. A., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-52969-0 · Cited by 83
Pericyte morphology and function.
Alarcón-Martínez, L., Yemişçi, M., & Dalkara, T. (2021) · PubMed · doi:10.14670/hh-18-314 · Cited by 85
Li, Z., Yu, S., Hu, X., Li, Y., You, X., Tian, D., Cheng, L., Zheng, M., & Jing, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.720938 · Cited by 74
“…beneficial effects on inflammation resolution and wound contraction, while moderately attenuating fibrotic scar may dramatically facilitate axonal regeneration and functional recovery after SCI (Herrmann et al., 2008; Renault-Mihara et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2018a,b; Bellver-Landete et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe role of cardiac pericytes in health and disease: therapeutic targets for myocardial infarction
Avolio, E., Campagnolo, P., Katare, R., & Madeddu, P. R. (2023) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-023-00913-y · Cited by 76
“fibroblasts 28–32 .”
The Blood–Brain Barrier: Composition, Properties, and Roles in Brain HealthPreprint
Lacoste, B., Prat, A., Andrade, M. F., & Gu, C. (2024) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a041422 · Cited by 83
Hong, S. P., Yang, M. J., Cho, H., Park, I., Bae, H., Choe, K., Suh, S. H., Adams, R. H., Alitalo, K. K., Lim, D., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17886-y · Cited by 69
Functional hyperemia drives fluid exchange in the paravascular space
Kedarasetti, R. T., Turner, K. L., Echagarruga, C., Gluckman, B. J., Drew, P. J., & Costanzo, F. (2020) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-020-00214-3 · Cited by 72
Nanotherapeutic treatment of the invasive glioblastoma tumor microenvironment
Pandey, N., Anastasiadis, P., Carney, C. P., Kanvinde, P. P., Woodworth, G. F., Winkles, J. A., & Kim, A. J. (2022) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2022.114415 · Cited by 74
Gleichman, A. J., Kawaguchi, R., Sofroniew, M. V., & Carmichael, S. T. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42746-w · Cited by 82
Divecha, Y. A., Rampes, S., Tromp, S., Boyanova, S., Fleckney, A. L., Fidanboylu, M., & Thomas, S. A. (2025) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.pharmr.2025.100052 · Cited by 83
“In addition, pericytes express SLC and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters (Vanlandewijck et al, 2018) and may contribute to the selective transport of different molecules and metabolites from the blood into the brain and vice versa.”
Chen, D.-Y., Sun, N.-H., Chen, X. '., Gong, J.-J., Yuan, S.-T., Hu, Z.-Z., Lu, N., Körbelin, J., Fukunaga, K., Liu, Q., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci135296 · Cited by 74
“Notably, previous studies and RNA-seq data sets have shown that Sema3G was prominently expressed in the vasculature (11, 12, 23), suggesting that the distinctive role of this protein might include essential functions in biological processes related to angiogenesis.”
ResultEvidence for oligodendrocyte progenitor cell heterogeneity in the adult mouse brain
Beiter, R. M., Rivet-Noor, C. R., Merchak, A. R., Bai, R., Johanson, D. M., Slogar, E. R., Sol‐Church, K., Overall, C. C., & Gaultier, A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17081-7 · Cited by 70
Xue, X., Wu, X., Fan, Y., Han, S., Zhang, H., Sun, Y., Yin, Y., Yin, M., Chen, B., Sun, Z., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50564-x · Cited by 78
Self-citationSingle Cell Analysis in Vascular Biology
Chavkin, N. W., & Hirschi, K. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.00042 · Cited by 69
“Nonetheless, recent studies applying scRNA-seq to heterogeneous populations of endothelial cells isolated from adult tissues, such as the cortex and lung (25, 48, 49), have revealed a surprising heterogeneity, even among endothelial cells with known arterial and venous characteristics.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialState of the science on brain insulin resistance and cognitive decline due to Alzheimer's disease
Rhea, E. M., Leclerc, M., Yassine, H. N., Capuano, A. W., Tong, H., Petyuk, V. A., Macauley, S. L., Fioramonti, X., Carmichael, O., Calon, F., et al. (2023) · Aging and disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2023.0814 · Cited by 70
foxc1 is required for embryonic head vascular smooth muscle differentiation in zebrafish
Whitesell, T. R., Chrystal, P. W., Ryu, J., Munsie, N. M., Grosse, A. S., French, C. R., Workentine, M. L., Li, R., Zhu, L. J., Waskiewicz, A. J., et al. (2019) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.06.005 · Cited by 65
Roudnicky, F., Zhang, J. D., Kim, B. K., Pandya, N. J., Lan, Y., Sach-Peltason, L., Ragelle, H., Strassburger, P., Gruener, S., Lazendic, M., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1911532117 · Cited by 66
“1A), it is the most abundantly expressed genes in CNS-ECs (7, 8).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialInfection of Brain Pericytes Underlying Neuropathology of COVID-19 Patients
Bocci, M., Oudenaarden, C., Saenz-Sardà, X., Simrén, J., Edén, A., Sjölund, J., Möller, C., Gisslén, M., Zetterberg, H., Englund, E. M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222111622 · Cited by 68
“A similar compartmentalization was observed in the Tabula Muris [16] and in a singlecell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) compendium of the murine brain vasculature [17,18] (Figure S1A,B).”
MethodA brief overview of a mouse model of cerebral hypoperfusion by bilateral carotid artery stenosis
Ishikawa, H., Shindo, A., Mizutani, A., Tomimoto, H., Lo, E. H., & Arai, K. (2023) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x231154597 · Cited by 75
A multiresolution framework to characterize single-cell state landscapes
Mohammadi, S., Dávila-Velderrain, J., & Kellis, M. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18416-6 · Cited by 65
Deficiency of Notch signaling in pericytes results in arteriovenous malformations
Nadeem, T., Bogue, W., Bigit, B., & Cuervo, H. (2020) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.125940 · Cited by 70
“These in vivo studies evaluate the role of Notch3 but do not consider the possible compensation of additional Notch receptors such as Notch1, which is expressed to even higher levels than Notch3 in some pericyte populations (13).”
BackgroundInfluentialCellular Control of Brain Capillary Blood Flow: In Vivo Imaging Veritas
Grutzendler, J., & Nedergaard, M. (2019) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2019.05.009 · Cited by 69
“Recently, single cell transcriptome studies have identified genes that are unique to pericytes and absent from SMCs, such as Abcc9 and Kcnj8 [20].”
BackgroundInfluentialGustavsson, T., Syvänen, S., O’Callaghan, P., & Sehlin, D. (2020) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-020-00214-1 · Cited by 69
Vázquez-Liébanas, E., Nahar, K., Bertuzzi, G., Keller, A., Betsholtz, C., & Mäe, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x211056395 · Cited by 65
“Also the pericyte markers DES and PDGFRB were reduced in the 4-months-old retinas (Figure 2(d)).”
InfluentialSelf-citationDissecting the complexities of Alzheimer disease with in vitro models of the human brain
Blanchard, J., Victor, M. B., & Tsai, L. (2021) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-021-00578-6 · Cited by 68
Wu, J., Li, Y., Huang, Y., Liu, L., Zhang, H., Nagy, C., Tan, X., Cheng, K., Liu, Y., Pu, J., et al. (2023) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01379-4 · Cited by 72
Kelleher, J., Dickinson, A., Cain, S. A., Hu, Y., Bates, N., Harvey, A., Ren, J., Zhang, W., Moreton, F. C., Muir, K. W., et al. (2019) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.10.004 · Cited by 65
“However, a more recent study using single-cell RNA sequencing on mouse brain vasculature (Vanlandewijck et al., 2018) demonstrated that PDGFRb and NG2 were expressed in both SMCs andpericytes, whereas a-SMA,CNN1, and SM22 were only expressed in SMCs and not in pericytes.”
BackgroundCADASIL from Bench to Bedside: Disease Models and Novel Therapeutic Approaches
Manini, A., & Pantoni, L. (2021) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02282-4 · Cited by 72
Role of Notch in endothelial biology
Fernández-Chacón, M., García-Gónzalez, I., Mühleder, S., & Benedito, R. (2021) · Angiogenesis · doi:10.1007/s10456-021-09793-7 · Cited by 67
McCracken, I. R., Dobie, R., Bennett, M., Passi, R., Beqqali, A., Henderson, N. C., Mountford, J. C., Riley, P. R., Ponting, C. P., Smart, N., et al. (2022) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvac023 · Cited by 62
Bonney, S. K., Sullivan, L. T., Cherry, T. J., Daneman, R., & Shih, A. Y. (2021) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x211068528 · Cited by 70
Zhang, L., Gao, S., White, Z., Dai, Y. D., Malik, A. B., & Rehman, J. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.158079 · Cited by 72
Zhang, X., Wang, R., Chen, H., Jin, C., Jin, Z., Lü, J., Xu, L., Lu, Y., Zhang, J., & Shi, L. (2022) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-022-00289-6 · Cited by 67
“Single-cell transcriptomic analysis allows us to identify endothelial cell subtypes along the arteriovenous axis [43, 44].”
BackgroundA lamprey neural cell type atlas illuminates the origins of the vertebrate brain
Lamanna, F., Hervas-Sotomayor, F., Oel, A. P., Jandzík, D., Sobrido‐Cameán, D., Santos-Durán, G. N., Martik, M. L., Štundl, J., Green, S. A., Brüning, T., et al. (2023) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02170-1 · Cited by 78
Guo, Y., Lee, H., Kim, C., Park, C., Yamamichi, A., Chuntova, P., Gallus, M., Bernabéu, M. O., Okada, H., Jo, H., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-52329-y · Cited by 70
Neurotensin is an anti-thermogenic peptide produced by lymphatic endothelial cells
Li, J., Li, E., Czepielewski, R. S., Chi, J., Guo, X., Han, Y., Wang, D., Wang, L., Hu, B., Dawes, B. A., et al. (2021) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.04.019 · Cited by 68
Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase–Regulated Pericyte Maturation Governs Vascular Remodeling
Figueiredo, A. M., Villacampa, P., Diéguez‐Hurtado, R., Lozano, J. J., Kobialka, P., Cortázar, A. R., Martínez-Romero, A., Angulo‐Urarte, A., Franco, C. A., Claret, M., et al. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.119.042354 · Cited by 71
Zeitelhofer, M., Adzemovic, M. Z., Moessinger, C., Stefanitsch, C., Strell, C., Muhl, L., Brundin, L., Fredriksson, L., Olsson, T. P., Eriksson, U., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79598-z · Cited by 63
Chio, J. C. T., Punjani, N., Hejrati, N., Zavvarian, M.-M., Hong, J., & Fehlings, M. G. (2021) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2021.0120 · Cited by 67
Beyond barrier functions: Roles of pericytes in homeostasis and regulation of neuroinflammation
Bhattacharya, A., Kaushik, D. K., Lozinski, B. M., & Yong, V. W. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24715 · Cited by 63
“…Fibroblasts Recent scRNA studies suggest that this promoter is not highly specific for pericytes in the CNS Guimarães-Camboa et al. (2017); Vanlandewijck et al. (2018) Glast Astrocytes Glast is known to be expressed by astrocytes Sofroniew and Vinters (2010); Vanlandewijck et al. (2018);…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDevelopmental regulation of barrier‐ and non‐barrier blood vessels in the CNS
Ben‐Zvi, A., & Liebner, S. (2021) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13263 · Cited by 67
Ratelade, J., Klug, N. R., Lombardi, D., Angelim, M. K. S. C., Dabertrand, F., Domenga, V., Salman, R. A., Smith, C., Gerbeau, J.-F., Nelson, M. T., et al. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.119.040963 · Cited by 64
Clinical Implications of Folate Transport in the Central Nervous System
Alam, C., Kondo, M., O’Connor, D. L., & Bendayan, R. (2020) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2020.02.004 · Cited by 63
The effect of thermal therapy on the blood-brain barrier and blood-tumor barrier
Patel, B., Yang, P. H., & Kim, A. H. (2020) · International Journal of Hyperthermia · doi:10.1080/02656736.2020.1783461 · Cited by 63
Differentiation and activation of fibroblastic reticular cells
Lütge, M., Pikor, N. B., & Ludewig, B. (2021) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12981 · Cited by 62
Notch signalling in healthy and diseased vasculature
Gaudio, F. D., Liu, D., & Lendahl, U. (2022) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.220004 · Cited by 64
Self-citationKhoury, N., Pizzo, M. E., Discenza, C. B., Joy, D. A., Tatarakis, D., Todorov, M. I., Negwer, M., Ha, C., de Melo, G. L., Sarrafha, L., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-57108-x · Cited by 78
Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Vasculature Development, Differentiation, and Maintenance
Chapouly, C., Guimbal, S., Hollier, P.-L., & Renault, M. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20123076 · Cited by 65
Wenzel, J., Hansen, C. E., Bettoni, C., Vogt, M. A., Lembrich, B., Natsagdorj, R., Huber, G., Brands, J., Schmidt, K., Assmann, J. C., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1907467117 · Cited by 62
“Importantly, our findings show that specialization of vessels does not only appear along the vascular tree in the brain (10) but also depends on the surrounding brain area.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Vanlandewijck, M., He, L., Mäe, M. A., Andrae, J., Ando, K., Del Gaudio, F., Nahar, K., Lebouvier, T., Laviña, B., Gouveia, L., Sun, Y., Raschperger, E., Räsänen, M., Zarb, Y., Mochizuki, N., Keller, A., Lendahl, U., & Betsholtz, C.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (CN)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Betsholtz, Christer
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2018-02-14
- Volume
- 554
- Issue
- 7693
- Pages
- 475-480
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2786318872
- Semantic Scholar
- 237e37a314d2faef1d389b147614e8fa550a3087
- Cited by
- 1,892
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 197 · 2025: 244 · 2024: 275 · 2023: 234 · 2022: 258 · 2021: 271 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 65
- FWCI
- 74.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2018-06-20)
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (159514)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrovascular and genetic disorders
- Keywords
- cerebral vasculature, blood-brain barrier, endothelial cells, mural cells, pericytes, smooth muscle cells, perivascular cells, single-cell transcriptomics, cerebrovascular disease, mouse brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arteries, Arterioles, Blood Vessels, Brain, Capillaries, Female, Fibroblasts, Male, Organ Specificity, Veins, Pericytes, Myocytes, Smooth Muscle, Endothelial Cells, Mice, Single-Cell Analysis, Transcriptome
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