The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 15 of the 47 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics
Open accessAbstract
Inorganic nitrate and nitrite from endogenous or dietary sources are metabolized in vivo to nitric oxide (NO) and other bioactive nitrogen oxides. The nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway is emerging as an important mediator of blood flow regulation, cell signaling, energetics and tissue responses to hypoxia. The latest advances in our understanding of the biochemistry, physiology and therapeutics of nitrate, nitrite and NO were discussed during a recent 2-day meeting at the Nobel Forum, Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm.
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15 of 47 cited sources checked · 13 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“It is now clear that the one-electron reduction of nitrite to NO can be catalyzed by numerous enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic pathways1,4.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > The biochemistry and bioactivation of nitrite
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Lundberg, J.O., Weitzberg, E. & Gladwin, M.T. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 7, 156–167 (2008). source
- Supportedcites [4] van Faassen, E.E. et al. Med. Res. Rev. 29, 683–741 (2009). source
Section 7 describes several enzymatic routes for reducing nitrite to NO, including xanthine oxidase and the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Its mitochondrial subsection also reports nitrite reduction by low-molecular-weight reducing agents at low pH, supporting the non-enzymatic part of the claim. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The continuous swallowing of nitrite-containing saliva (~1.5 liters per day) generates a variety of nitrogen oxides, including NO, in the acidic milieu of the gastric lumen.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Dietary nitrate in health and disease
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [29] Lundberg, J.O., Weitzberg, E., Lundberg, J.M. & Alving, K. Gut 35, 1543–1546 (1994). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The discussion under “Nitric Oxide Formation in Vitro” (page not provided) says that swallowed, nitrite-containing saliva can support continuous NO formation in the acidic stomach. It does not report production of a variety of nitrogen oxides, and gives daily saliva production as often exceeding one litre rather than approximately 1.5 litres. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Benjamin, N. et al. Nature 368, 502 (1994). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The salivary glands actively remove a large fraction of ingested nitrate from the bloodstream and concentrate it in saliva.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In the last 15 years it has been established that the mitochondrion is a physiological target for NO (ref. 8).”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Nitric oxide, nitrite and mitochondria
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Erusalimsky, J.D. & Moncada, S. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27, 2524–2531 (2007). source
The passage labeled Abstract states that NO at physiological concentrations modulates respiration by reversibly inhibiting mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase. This supports the claim that mitochondria are a physiological target of NO. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Inorganic nitrate and nitrite from endogenous or dietary sources are metabolized in vivo to nitric oxide (NO) and other bioactive nitrogen oxides.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Lundberg, J.O., Weitzberg, E. & Gladwin, M.T. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 7, 156–167 (2008). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Gladwin, M.T. et al. Nat. Chem. Biol. 1, 308–314 (2005). source
- Not matchedcites [3] Reutov, V.P. & Sorokina, E.G. Biochemistry (Mosc.) 63, 874–884 (1998).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [4] van Faassen, E.E. et al. Med. Res. Rev. 29, 683–741 (2009). source
Section 8 (page not supplied) says dietary nitrate mixes with nitrate from endogenous sources, is reduced to nitrite, and can then form NO and other reactive nitrogen oxides. Section 2 identifies dietary and endogenous sources of nitrite; the review also describes nitrite reduction to bioactive NO. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Weitzberg, E. & Lundberg, J.O. Nitric Oxide 2, 1–7 (1998). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesEvery source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Nitrite reduction to NO by deoxygenated hemoglobin may govern NO signaling in the vasculature as exemplified by experiments showing that nitrite therapy can prevent hypertension induced by cell-free hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers in vivo22.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Nitrite reduction in the vasculature
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [22] Rodriguez, C. et al. Biochem. J. 422, 423–432 (2009). source
The Results report that a nitrite bolus prevented HBOC-201-mediated hypertension in a murine trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation model. The Discussion likewise states that low-dose nitrite prevented the hypertensive response. This supports the claim as an in vivo experimental finding, not as a demonstrated clinical treatment. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Sruti Shiva (University of Pittsburgh) reviewed a number of studies demonstrating that components of the respiratory chain can reduce nitrite to NO (refs. 4,9)”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Nitric oxide, nitrite and mitochondria
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] van Faassen, E.E. et al. Med. Res. Rev. 29, 683–741 (2009). source
Section 7.F, “Mitochondrial respiratory chain” (page not supplied), states that mitochondrial fractions release NO from nitrite and identifies respiratory-chain complexes III and IV as the components involved. This supports the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [9] Kozlov, A.V., Staniek, K. & Nohl, H. FEBS Lett. 454, 127–130 (1999). source
The Results report NO formation when nitrite was added to mitochondria under anaerobic conditions and attribute the reduction to electron carriers of the respiratory chain. The Discussion identifies the oxidant site of ubiquinol at complex III as the site of nitrite reductase activity. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In situations of hypoxia, when the oxygen-dependent NO synthases may become dysfunctional, nitrite reduction is instead greatly enhanced.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] van Faassen, E.E. et al. Med. Res. Rev. 29, 683–741 (2009). source
The Introduction says nitric oxide synthases require oxygen, while nitrite becomes a source of NO as tissue oxygen falls and additional nitrite-reduction pathways are activated. Section 7C adds that low oxygen pressure greatly facilitates one such pathway, XO-mediated NO generation. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites [9] Kozlov, A.V., Staniek, K. & Nohl, H. FEBS Lett. 454, 127–130 (1999). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (section 3; page unavailable) show nitrite-to-NO conversion under anaerobic conditions, and the Discussion (section 4; page unavailable) links this pathway to the lack of oxygen during ischemia. The paper does not establish that nitrite reduction is greatly increased relative to oxygenated conditions or state that NO synthases become dysfunctional under hypoxia. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Nitrite reduction to NO by deoxygenated hemoglobin may govern NO signaling in the vasculature as exemplified by experiments showing that nitrite therapy can prevent hypertension induced by cell-free hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers in vivo22.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Nitrite reduction in the vasculature
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [22] Rodriguez, C. et al. Biochem. J. 422, 423–432 (2009). source
The Introduction proposes that deoxyhemoglobin reduces nitrite to NO and that this can affect vascular NO signaling. The Results section, “Nitrite administration attenuates HBOC-201 resuscitation mediated hypertension during trauma-hemorrhage” (page unavailable), reports that a nitrite bolus prevented HBOC-201-induced hypertension in mice. The Discussion notes that other mechanisms of nitrite action cannot be excluded, consistent with the claim’s hedging. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Recently it was shown that modest dietary supplementation with sodium nitrate reduces blood pressure in healthy volunteers36.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Dietary nitrate in health and disease
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [36] Larsen, F.J., Ekblom, B., Sahlin, K., Lundberg, J.O. & Weitzberg, E. N. Engl. J. Med. 355, 2792–2793 (2006). source
The study description (p. 1) reports three days of sodium nitrate supplementation in healthy volunteers at a dose comparable to that in 150–250 g of nitrate-rich vegetables. The results (p. 1) report lower diastolic and mean arterial pressure than with placebo; systolic pressure did not change significantly. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
In the paper
“The bioactivation of the more stable nitrate anion involves initial reduction to nitrite by symbiotic bacteria in the oral cavity1.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Lundberg, J.O., Weitzberg, E. & Gladwin, M.T. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 7, 156–167 (2008). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 12
- Not yet classified. 1
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“However, a new view is evolving with the accumulating evidence that nitrate and nitrite metabolism occurs in blood and tissues to form NO and other bioactive nitrogen oxides, representing an alternative to ‘classical’ L-arginine–NO synthase–NO signaling1–5.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Lundberg, J.O., Weitzberg, E. & Gladwin, M.T. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 7, 156–167 (2008). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Gladwin, M.T. et al. Nat. Chem. Biol. 1, 308–314 (2005). source
- Not matchedcites [3] Reutov, V.P. & Sorokina, E.G. Biochemistry (Mosc.) 63, 874–884 (1998).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [4] van Faassen, E.E. et al. Med. Res. Rev. 29, 683–741 (2009). source
Section 8 describes dietary nitrate being converted to nitrite and then likely NO, and explicitly calls this a way to fuel NOS-independent NO production. It also says swallowed nitrite can form NO and other reactive nitrogen oxides; section 7 describes nitrite-to-NO pathways in blood and tissues. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Weitzberg, E. & Lundberg, J.O. Nitric Oxide 2, 1–7 (1998). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Recent data suggest that many of the biological effects of nitrite6,7 involve interaction with mitochondria.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Nitric oxide, nitrite and mitochondria
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [6] Shiva, S. et al. J. Exp. Med. 204, 2089–2102 (2007). source
The Results sections on acute nitrite treatment and complex I inhibition show nitrite acting on mitochondria, affecting respiration, ATP production, and electron transfer after ischemia/reperfusion. The Results also report effects on mitochondrial pore opening and cytochrome c release. Together, these findings support the citing sentence’s hedged statement that many nitrite effects involve mitochondrial interactions. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Larsen, F.J., Weitzberg, E., Lundberg, J.O. & Ekblom, B. Acta Physiol. (Oxf.) 191, 59–66 (2007). source
Not yet classified.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Salivary nitrite increases gastric mucosal blood flow and mucus production, thereby supporting gastroprotective mechanisms35.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Dietary nitrate in health and disease
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [35] Bjorne, H.H. et al. J. Clin. Invest. 113, 106–114 (2004). source
The Abstract reports that nitrite-rich human saliva increased gastric mucosal blood flow and mucus thickness in a rat model. The Discussion describes the thicker, firmly adherent mucus layer as part of mucosal defense and concludes that these results indicate a potential gastroprotective function. The paper measured mucus thickness rather than mucus production directly. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Andrew Webb (Barts and The London Medical School) and colleagues used beetroot juice as a source of nitrate in healthy volunteers and found a reduction in blood pressure of ~10 mm Hg that coincided with peak plasma levels of nitrite37.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Dietary nitrate in health and disease
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [37] Webb, A.J. et al. Hypertension 51, 784–790 (2008). source
The Methods (BP study) describe healthy volunteers drinking beetroot juice, and the Results (Dietary nitrate lowers BP) report a peak systolic reduction of 10.4±3.0 mm Hg versus water. The Results (A dietary nitrate load raises circulating nitrite and nitrate levels) place peak plasma nitrite at about 3 hours, while the Discussion says the blood-pressure reduction correlated in time with peak circulating nitrite. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nitrate and nitrite can thus be viewed as storage pools supporting NO signaling during metabolic stress, with their bioactivation involving both enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions in blood and tissues.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Salivary nitrate is then efficiently reduced to nitrite by bacteria in the oral cavity, leading to 1,000-fold higher concentrations of nitrite in saliva compared to plasma28.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Dietary nitrate in health and disease
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Lundberg, J.O., Weitzberg, E., Cole, J.A. & Benjamin, N. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2, 593–602 (2004). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The salivary glands actively remove a large fraction of ingested nitrate from the bloodstream and concentrate it in saliva.
In the paper
“Nitrite administration causes vasodilatation at low concentrations14, and this is ultimately mediated by activation of cGMP in the vascular smooth muscle.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Nitrite reduction in the vasculature
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Cosby, K. et al. Nat. Med. 9, 1498–1505 (2003). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Andy Jones (University of Exeter) presented data demonstrating that in healthy volunteers given a dietary nitrate load (in the form of beetroot juice), oxygen consumption was reduced, resulting in a concomitant improvement of performance41.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Nitrate, nitrite and energetics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] Bailey, S.J. et al. J. Appl. Physiol. 107, 1144–1155 (2009). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Koichiro Tsuchiya (University of Tokushima) presented data showing that very low doses of dietary nitrite attenuated proteinurea and prevented the renal histological damage induced by chronic administration of a NOS inhibitor42.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Therapeutic opportunities
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] Kanematsu, Y. et al. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 295, F1457–F1462 (2008). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recently it was demonstrated that dietary nitrate supplementation reduces oxygen cost and improves muscular efficiency at various levels of submaximal exercise in healthy young volunteers without increasing anaerobic metabolism7.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Nitrate, nitrite and energetics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Larsen, F.J., Weitzberg, E., Lundberg, J.O. & Ekblom, B. Acta Physiol. (Oxf.) 191, 59–66 (2007). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both groups could prevent the effects on blood pressure either by letting the human volunteers spit for 3 h or by application of an antibacterial mouthwash to the rats. This shows the importance of the enterosalivary circulation of nitrate and the critical role of oral nitrate-reducing bacteria in its bioactivation.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Dietary nitrate in health and disease
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The salivary glands actively remove a large fraction of ingested nitrate from the bloodstream and concentrate it in saliva.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, nitrite bioactivation is promoted in anatomic regions undergoing ischemia/hypoxia, leading to potentially more localized therapeutic effects.”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Therapeutic opportunities
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In recent years data have accumulated showing that nitrite protects against IR injury in the heart, brain, kidney and liver, as well as in chronic limb ischemia (for review see refs. 1,2).”
§ Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics > Therapeutic opportunities
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The salivary glands actively remove a large fraction of ingested nitrate from the bloodstream and concentrate it in saliva.
“A substantial amount of ingested nitrate is actively taken up from the circulation by the salivary glands and concentrated in saliva.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While dietary nitrate can increase NO production, a high oxidative burden may reduce its effectiveness by accelerating NO degradation [128,234,256].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [128]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Altered RBC structure and signalling may also restrict the export of NO to vascular tissues, thereby reducing vasodilatory responses despite adequate nitrite levels [56,128,263].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [128]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hemoglobin, myoglobin, neuroglobin, xanthine oxidoreductase, aldehyde oxidase, carbonic anhydrase, eNOS, and mitochondrial enzymes have all been identified with having a role in nitrite bioactivation (fig.1).14,15”
From Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway: Implications for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (2010) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“One serving of such a vegetable contains more nitrate than what is endogenously formed by the all three NOS isoforms combined during a day.15”
From Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway: Implications for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (2010) · cites this paper as [15]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“may serve as a backup system to ensure nitric oxide generation during ischemic/hypoxic conditions when the oxygen-dependent NOSs may be malfunctioning.14,15”
From Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway: Implications for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (2010) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Thus, the mechanism(s) of nitrite formation in vivo remains elusive, although there is evidence that it may occur mainly from NO formation from eNOS compared with other sources (35, 38).”
From What Part of NO Don't You Understand? Some Answers to the Cardinal Questions in Nitric Oxide Biology (2010) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“This is supported by several studies describing improvements in ischemia/reperfusion injury following acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary hypertension, and organ transplantation following dietary supplementation with nitrite (35).”
From What Part of NO Don't You Understand? Some Answers to the Cardinal Questions in Nitric Oxide Biology (2010) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“For this reason, this mechanism, although presently speculative in details, suggests that NO2− may play an important role in generating NO under hypoxic conditions (35, 38, 39).”
From What Part of NO Don't You Understand? Some Answers to the Cardinal Questions in Nitric Oxide Biology (2010) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Recently, it has been suggested that a major metabolite of NO, nitrite (NO2−), can be reduced back to NO by heme proteins such as hemoglobin (35).”
From What Part of NO Don't You Understand? Some Answers to the Cardinal Questions in Nitric Oxide Biology (2010) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“This is supported by several studies describing improvements in ischemia/reperfusion injury following acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary hypertension, and organ transplantation following dietary supplementation with nitrite (35).”
From What Part of NO Don't You Understand? Some Answers to the Cardinal Questions in Nitric Oxide Biology (2010) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“This is supported by several studies describing improvements in ischemia/reperfusion injury following acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary hypertension, and organ transplantation following dietary supplementation with nitrite (35).”
From What Part of NO Don't You Understand? Some Answers to the Cardinal Questions in Nitric Oxide Biology (2010) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“The regeneration of NO from one of its metabolites would seem at first glance to be a futile exercise; however, this reaction both changes the location of NO formation and decreases the dependence on oxygen (35, 38).”
From What Part of NO Don't You Understand? Some Answers to the Cardinal Questions in Nitric Oxide Biology (2010) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“The extremely rapid reaction with HbO2 results in conversion of the NO to nitrate, and NO binds very rapidly to the deoxyheme to form a stable complex (35, 36).”
From What Part of NO Don't You Understand? Some Answers to the Cardinal Questions in Nitric Oxide Biology (2010) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“These RBC intrinsic properties, together with the mechanisms regulating vascular tone and cardiac function, contribute to regulation of blood rheology, peripheral resistance, and cardiac function (114, 168, 188).”
From Red Blood Cell Function and Dysfunction: Redox Regulation, Nitric Oxide Metabolism, Anemia (2017) · cites this paper as [114]
In the citing paper
“Normal RBCs have a few possible modes of changing their shape (114, 168, 188).”
From Red Blood Cell Function and Dysfunction: Redox Regulation, Nitric Oxide Metabolism, Anemia (2017) · cites this paper as [114]
In the citing paper
“we observed an increase in plasma nitrite, which represents both a marker of NO bioavailability and a bioactive NO donor (10).”
In the citing paper
“While the mechanisms that underlie this effect cannot be ascertained from the present study, it is tenable that increased endothelial function and NO bioavailability play a causal role in improving arterial blood pressure (10).”
In the citing paper
“A nonenzymatic pathway for the generation of NO in humans has been proposed (nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway), which may contribute to increased NO bioavailability (21).”
From Inorganic Nitrate and Beetroot Juice Supplementation Reduces Blood Pressure in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2013) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“It is now clear, however, that nitrite serves as both a NOS-dependent and exogenous source of NO and RNS [122-124].”
From Signaling and stress: The redox landscape in NOS2 biology (2015) · cites this paper as [124]
In the citing paper
“In addition to its generation by means of the NOS system, body stores of nitrate and nitrite may also be increased exogenously through the diet, particularly through the consumption of green leafy vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, rocket, celery, cress, and beetroot”
From Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance (2014) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“However, it is now known that nitrate and nitrite can be reduced back to NO and other bioactive nitrogen oxides in vivo”
From Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance (2014) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Inorganic nitrate is present in numerous foodstuffs and is abundant in green leafy vegetables and beetroot.”
From Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance (2014) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“One serving of such a vegetable contains more nitrate than what is endogenously generated by NOS isoforms during a full day in humans [19].”
From NO-Rich Diet for Lifestyle-Related Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“The insulin receptor shares a signaling pathway with the activation of endothelial NOS (eNOS) [19,48,49,50,51,52] to regulate the postprandial blood flow and efficient nutrient disposition to peripheral tissues”
From NO-Rich Diet for Lifestyle-Related Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“This nitrate-nitrite-NO cycle offers a conceptually attractive explanation for the blood pressure lowering and cardioprotective effects of diets rich in nitrate and may provide the molecular basis for past and future therapeutic uses of nitrite/nitrate [20,25], although definitive chemical evidence for the significance of this pathway under physiological conditions is still lacking.”
From On the chemical biology of the nitrite/sulfide interaction (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Alongside the discovery of sulfide as a physiological transmitter, the past decade has witnessed the recognition that nitrite (NO2 -) can serve as an alternative source of NO and is a molecular entity with intrinsic signaling properties [20,21].”
From On the chemical biology of the nitrite/sulfide interaction (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“This nitrate-nitrite-NO cycle offers a conceptually attractive explanation for the blood pressure lowering and cardioprotective effects of diets rich in nitrate and may provide the molecular basis for past and future therapeutic uses of nitrite/nitrate [20,25], although definitive chemical evidence for the significance of this pathway under physiological conditions is still lacking.”
From On the chemical biology of the nitrite/sulfide interaction (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“It is now accepted that the anion nitrite, once considered an inert oxidation product of nitric oxide (NO), contributes to hypoxic vasodilation, physiological blood pressure control, and redox signaling.”
From Mechanisms of nitrite bioactivation (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Nitrite serves as an in vivo reservoir for ⅐ NO generation, alters mitochondrial function (54), and manifests a broad array of anti-inflammatory actions in model systems (22).”
From Conjugated linoleic acid is a preferential substrate for fatty acid nitration (2012) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“The more recent interest in nitrite biology stems largely from the realization that the generation of NO from nitrite reduction can occur under conditions that span a range of oxygen tensions and pH observed over the pathophysiological spectrum [5-7].”
From Current perspectives and challenges in understanding the role of nitrite as an integral player in nitric oxide biology and therapy (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“more recent studies showed that, rather than being inert end products of NO, nitrite and nitrate can be recycled back to NO [7,8].”
From Sodium nitrite downregulates vascular NADPH oxidase and exerts antihypertensive effects in hypertension (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Several reports have described vasodilator effects produced by nitrite, which are ascribed to nitrite oxide formation [8].”
From Sodium nitrite downregulates vascular NADPH oxidase and exerts antihypertensive effects in hypertension (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
Citations
Cites
The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics
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Self-citationNitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation
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Self-citationIntragastric nitric oxide production in humans: measurements in expelled air.
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Self-citationInorganic nitrate is a possible source for systemic generation of nitric oxide
Lundberg, J. O., & Govoni, M. (2004) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.027 · Cited by 657
Self-citationEffects of dietary nitrate on oxygen cost during exercise
Larsen, F. J., Weitzberg, E., Lundberg, J. O., & Ekblom, B. (2007) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01713.x · Cited by 637
Self-citationThe emerging biology of the nitrite anion
Gladwin, M. T., Schechter, A. N., Kim-Shapiro, D. B., Patel, R. P., Hogg, N., Shiva, S., Cannon, R. O., Kelm, M., Wink, D. A., Espey, M. G., et al. (2005) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio1105-308 · Cited by 609
Self-citationEffects of Dietary Nitrate on Blood Pressure in Healthy Volunteers
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Self-citationShiva, S., Sack, M. N., Greer, J. J., Duranski, M., Ringwood, L. A., Burwell, L., Wang, X., MacArthur, P. H., Shoja, A., Raghavachari, N., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20070198 · Cited by 555
Self-citationNitrite is a signaling molecule and regulator of gene expression in mammalian tissues
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Self-citationNitrite as Regulator of Hypoxic Signaling in Mammalian Physiology
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Self-citationA mammalian functional nitrate reductase that regulates nitrite and nitric oxide homeostasis
Jansson, E. Å., Huang, L., Malkey, R., Govoni, M., Nihlén, C., Olsson, A., Stensdotter, M., Petersson, J., Holm, L., Weitzberg, E., et al. (2008) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.92 · Cited by 356
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Self-citationNitrite in saliva increases gastric mucosal blood flow and mucus thickness
Björne, H., Petersson, J., Phillipson, M., Weitzberg, E., Holm, L., & Lundberg, J. O. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci19019 · Cited by 246
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Self-citationCatalytic generation of N2O3 by the concerted nitrite reductase and anhydrase activity of hemoglobin
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Self-citationWebb, A. J., Milsom, A. B., Rathod, K. S., Chu, W. L., Qureshi, S., Lovell, M. J., Lecomte, F. M. J., Perrett, D., Raimondo, C., Khoshbin, E., et al. (2008) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.108.175810 · Cited by 203
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Self-citationStokes, K. Y., Dugas, T. R., Tang, Y., Garg, H., Guidry, E., & Bryan, N. S. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01291.2008 · Cited by 171
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Self-citationNitrate and gastric cancer risks
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Self-citationSodium nitrite therapy attenuates the hypertensive effects of HBOC-201 via nitrite reduction
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Orally administered nitrite attenuates cardiac allograft rejection in rats
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 45 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Reutov, V.P. & Sorokina, E.G. Biochemistry (Mosc.) 63, 874–884 (1998).
- Alexander, J. et al. EFSA J. 689, 1–79 (2008).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
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The oral microbiome – an update for oral healthcare professionals
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Self-citationBiochemistry of Peroxynitrite and Protein Tyrosine Nitration
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lundberg, J. O., Gladwin, M. T., Ahluwalia, A., Benjamin, N., Bryan, N. S., Butler, A., Cabrales, P., Fago, A., Feelisch, M., Ford, P. C., Freeman, B. A., Frenneaux, M., Friedman, J., Kelm, M., Kevil, C. G., Kim-Shapiro, D. B., Kozlov, A. V., Lancaster, J. R., Lefer, D. J., McColl, K., McCurry, K., Patel, R. P., Petersson, J., Rassaf, T., Reutov, V. P., Richter-Addo, G. B., Schechter, A., Shiva, S., Tsuchiya, K., van Faassen, E. E., Webb, A. J., Zuckerbraun, B. S., Zweier, J. L., & Weitzberg, E.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (US)
- University of St Andrews (GB)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Louisiana State University in Shreveport (US)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA (AT)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- University of Oklahoma (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Tokushima University (JP)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lundberg, Jon O
- Weitzberg, Eddie
- ORCID
- Lundberg, Jon O
- Gladwin, Mark T
- Ahluwalia, Amrita
- Bryan, Nathan S
- Cabrales, Pedro
- Fago, Angela
- Feelisch, Martin
- Ford, Peter C
- Frenneaux, Michael
- Friedman, Joel
- Kelm, Malte
- Kevil, Christopher G
- Kozlov, Andrey V
- Lefer, David J
- McCurry, Kenneth
- Patel, Rakesh P
- Rassaf, Tienush
- Reutov, Valentin P
- Richter-Addo, George B
- Schechter, Alan
- Shiva, Sruti
- Tsuchiya, Koichiro
- Zuckerbraun, Brian S
- Zweier, Jay L
- Weitzberg, Eddie
- Venue
- Nature Chemical Biology
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 865-869
- ISSN
- 1552-4450 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4469
- PMC
- PMC4038383
- OpenAlex
- W2128632568
- Cited by
- 617
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 23.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Chemical Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ikaria
- University of Pittsburgh
- Hemophilia Center of Western Pennsylvania
- British Heart Foundation (SP/08/006/25110)
- European Commission
- Karolinska Institutet
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL064937, R37HL058091, R01HL058115, R01HL080482)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Hemoglobin structure and function
- Keywords
- nitrate, nitrite, nitric oxide, nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway, blood flow regulation, signal transduction, hypoxia, energy metabolism, dietary nitrate, therapeutics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diet, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Mitochondria, Nitrates, Nitric Oxide, Nitrites, Signal Transduction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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