Discovery of intramolecular trans-sialidases in human gut microbiota suggests novel mechanisms of mucosal adaptation
Open accessAbstract
The gastrointestinal mucus layer is colonized by a dense community of microbes catabolizing dietary and host carbohydrates during their expansion in the gut. Alterations in mucosal carbohydrate availability impact on the composition of microbial species. Ruminococcus gnavus is a commensal anaerobe present in the gastrointestinal tract of >90% of humans and overrepresented in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Using a combination of genomics, enzymology and crystallography, we show that the mucin-degrader R. gnavus ATCC 29149 strain produces an intramolecular trans -sialidase (IT-sialidase) that cleaves off terminal α2-3-linked sialic acid from glycoproteins, releasing 2,7-anhydro-Neu5Ac instead of sialic acid. Evidence of IT-sialidases in human metagenomes indicates that this enzyme occurs in healthy subjects but is more prevalent in IBD metagenomes. Our results uncover a previously unrecognized enzymatic activity in the gut microbiota, which may contribute to the adaptation of intestinal bacteria to the mucosal environment in health and disease.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Ruminococcaceae are mucin-degrading bacteria that can both influence mucus thickness and glycan composition.
“Ruminocccaceae are mucin-degrading bacteria that can both influence mucus thickness and glycan composition35.”
From Cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation promotes changes in the intestinal microbiome in mice (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
This mechanism is particularly relevant in IBD, where an increase in R gnavus has been described.
“This mechanism is particularly relevant in IBD, where an increase in R gnavus has been described35.”
From Cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation promotes changes in the intestinal microbiome in mice (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
A specific strain of Ruminococcacea (R. gnavus) modifies sialic acid in the mucus thus limiting the availability of feed to other bacteria species.
“Interestingly, it has been recently described that a specific strain of Ruminococcacea (R. gnavus) modifies sialic acid in the mucus thus limiting the availability of feed to other bacteria species35.”
From Cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation promotes changes in the intestinal microbiome in mice (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
[20] Processing of X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode
Otwinowski, Z., & Minor, W. (1997) · Methods in Enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(97)76066-x · Cited by 33,475 · see citing works
Features and development of Coot
Emsley, P., Lohkamp, B., Scott, W. G., & Cowtan, K. D. (2010) · Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0907444910007493 · Cited by 27,510 · see citing works
<i>Phaser</i> crystallographic software
McCoy, A. J., Grosse-Kunstleve, R. W., Adams, P. D., Winn, M. D., Storoni, L. C., & Read, R. J. (2007) · Journal of Applied Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0021889807021206 · Cited by 20,612 · see citing works
A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing
MetaHIT Consortium, Qin, J., Li, R., Raes, J., Arumugam, M., Burgdorf, K. S., Manichanh, C., Nielsen, T., Pons, N., Levenez, F., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08821 · Cited by 11,624 · see citing works
REFMAC 5 for the refinement of macromolecular crystal structures
Murshudov, G. N., Skubák, P., Lebedev, A. A., Pannu, N. S., Steiner, R. A., Nicholls, R. A., Winn, M., Long, F., & Vagin, A. A. (2011) · Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0907444911001314 · Cited by 8,385 · see citing works
Pfam: the protein families database
Finn, R. D., Bateman, A., Clements, J., Coggill, P., Eberhardt, R. Y., Eddy, S. R., Heger, A., Hetherington, K., Holm, L., Mistry, J., et al. (2014) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1223 · Cited by 6,148 · see citing works
Everard, A., Belzer, C., Geurts, L., Ouwerkerk, J. P., Druart, C., Bindels, L. B., Guiot, Y., Derrien, M., Muccioli, G. G., Delzenne, N. M., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1219451110 · Cited by 4,511 · see citing works
Self-citationRational design of potent sialidase-based inhibitors of influenza virus replication
von Itzstein, M., Wu, W.-Y., Kok, G. B., Pegg, M. S., Dyason, J. C., Jin, B., Van Phan, T., Smythe, M. L., White, H. F., Oliver, S. W., et al. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/363418a0 · Cited by 1,862 · see citing works
The Buccaneer software for automated model building. 1. Tracing protein chains
Cowtan, K. D. (2006) · Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0907444906022116 · Cited by 1,834 · see citing works
Johansson, M., Larsson, J. M. H., & Hansson, G. C. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1006451107 · Cited by 1,459 · see citing works
Mucin dynamics and enteric pathogens
McGuckin, M. A., Lindén, S. K., Sutton, P., & Florin, T. H. (2011) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2538 · Cited by 1,428 · see citing works
How glycan metabolism shapes the human gut microbiota
Koropatkin, N. M., Cameron, E. A., & Martens, E. C. (2012) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2746 · Cited by 1,419 · see citing works
Png, C. W., Lindén, S. K., Gilshenan, K. S., Zoetendal, E. G., McSweeney, C. S., Sly, L. I., McGuckin, M. A., & Florin, T. H. J. (2010) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.281 · Cited by 1,364 · see citing works
Pelaseyed, T., Bergström, J. H., Gustafsson, J. K., Ermund, A., Birchenough, G. M. H., Schütte, A., van der Post, S., Svensson, F., Rodríguez‐Piñeiro, A. M., Nyström, E. E. L., et al. (2014) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12182 · Cited by 1,363 · see citing works
Chemical Diversity in the Sialic Acids and Related α-Keto Acids: An Evolutionary Perspective
Angata, T., & Varki, A. P. (2002) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr000407m · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Manichanh, C., Borruel, N., Casellas, F., & Guarner, F. (2012) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2012.152 · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
Dysbiosis of the faecal microbiota in patients with Crohn’s disease and their unaffected relatives
Joossens, M., Huys, G., Cnockaert, M., De Preter, V., Verbeke, K., Rutgeerts, P., Vandamme, P., & Vermeire, S. (2011) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2010.223263 · Cited by 1,063 · see citing works
Microbiota-liberated host sugars facilitate post-antibiotic expansion of enteric pathogens
Ng, K. M., Ferreyra, J. A., Higginbottom, S. K., Lynch, J. B., Kashyap, P. C., Gopinath, S., Naidu, N., Choudhury, B., Weimer, B. C., Monack, D. M., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12503 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Willing, B. P., Dicksved, J., Halfvarson, J., Andersson, A. F., Lucio, M., Zheng, Z., Järnerot, G., Tysk, C., Jansson, J. K., & Engstrand, L. (2010) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.049 · Cited by 1,032 · see citing works
The multidrug-resistant human pathogen Clostridium difficile has a highly mobile, mosaic genome
Sebaihia, M., Wren, B. W., Mullany, P. P., Fairweather, N. F., Minton, N. P., Stabler, R. A., Thomson, N. R., Roberts, A. P., Cerdeño-Tárraga, A. M., Wang, H., et al. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1830 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Mucin glycan foraging in the human gut microbiome
Tailford, L. E., Crost, E. H., Kavanaugh, D. W., & Juge, N. (2015) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2015.00081 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
Self-citationMicrobes inside—from diversity to function: the case of Akkermansia
Belzer, C., & de Vos, W. M. (2012) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.6 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Diversity of Microbial Sialic Acid Metabolism
Vimr, E. R., Kalivoda, K. A., Deszo, E. L., & Steenbergen, S. M. (2004) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.68.1.132-153.2004 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Bacteroides in the infant gut consume milk oligosaccharides via mucus-utilization pathways
Marcobal, A., Barboza, M., Sonnenburg, E. D., Pudlo, N., Martens, E. C., Desai, P., Lebrilla, C. B., Weimer, B. C., Mills, D. A., German, J. B., et al. (2011) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2011.10.007 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Composition and functional role of the mucus layers in the intestine
Johansson, M., Ambort, D., Pelaseyed, T., Schutte, A. H., Gustafsson, J. K., Ermund, A., Subramani, D. B., Holmén‐Larsson, J., Thomsson, K. A., Bergström, J. H., et al. (2011) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-011-0822-3 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Berrow, N. S., Alderton, D., Sainsbury, S., Nettleship, J. E., Assenberg, R., Rahman, N., Stuart, D. I., & Owens, R. J. (2007) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkm047 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Sialic acid utilization by bacterial pathogens
Severi, E., Hood, D. W., & Thomas, G. H. (2007) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.2007/009480-0 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Role of the intestinal microbiome in health and disease: from correlation to causation
de Vos, W. M., & de Vos, E. A. (2012) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00505.x · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Passel, M. W. J., Kant, R., Zoetendal, E. G., Plugge, C. M., Derrien, M., Malfatti, S., Chain, P., Woyke, T., Palva, A., de Vos, W. M., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016876 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Wang, L., Christophersen, C. T., Sorich, M. J., Gerber, J. P., Angley, M. T., & Conlon, M. A. (2013) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-4-42 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Yu, Z., Chen, C., & Newburg, D. S. (2013) · Glycobiology · doi:10.1093/glycob/cwt065 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Larsson, J. M. H., Karlsson, H., Crespo, J. G., Johansson, M., Eklund, L., Sjövall, H., & Hansson, G. C. (2011) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1002/ibd.21625 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Hoskins, L. C., Agustines, M., McKee, W. B., Boulding, E. T., Kriaris, M. S., & Niedermeyer, G. (1985) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111795 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Utilisation of Mucin Glycans by the Human Gut Symbiont Ruminococcus gnavus Is Strain-Dependent
Crost, E. H., Tailford, L. E., Gall, G. L., Fons, M., Henrissat, B., & Juge, N. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076341 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Self-citationBergfors, T. (2003) · Journal of Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/s1047-8477(03)00039-x · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Larsson, J. M. H., Karlsson, H., Sjövall, H., & Hansson, G. C. (2009) · Glycobiology · doi:10.1093/glycob/cwp048 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Corfield, A. P., Wagner, S. A., Clamp, J. R., Kriaris, M. S., & Hoskins, L. C. (1992) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.60.10.3971-3978.1992 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Structure of the complex oligosaccharides of fetuin.
Baenziger, J., & Fiete, D. (1979) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37874-2 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Briggs, D., & Arnott, D. R. (2004) · Journal of Decision System · doi:10.3166/jds.13.91-111 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Glycobiome: Bacteria and mucus at the epithelial interface
Ouwerkerk, J. P., de Vos, W. M., & Belzer, C. (2013) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2013.03.001 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Association of symptoms with gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome
Malinen, E. (2010) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i36.4532 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
PLUMBRIDGE, J. A., & Vimr, E. R. (1999) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.181.1.47-54.1999 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Host sialoglycans and bacterial sialidases: a mucosal perspective
Lewis, A. L., & Lewis, W. G. (2012) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01807.x · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Insights into the evolution of sialic acid catabolism among bacteria
Almagro‐Moreno, S., & Boyd, E. F. (2009) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-118 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Mucins in inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer
Sheng, Y., Hasnain, S. Z., Florin, T. H., & McGuckin, M. A. (2011) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06909.x · Cited by 194 · see citing works
A refined palate: Bacterial consumption of host glycans in the gut
Marcobal, A. M., Southwick, A. M., Earle, K. A., & Sonnenburg, J. L. (2013) · Glycobiology · doi:10.1093/glycob/cwt040 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Intestinal microbiota: A source of novel biomarkers in inflammatory bowel diseases?
Berry, D., & Reinisch, W. (2013) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2013.03.005 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Metabolism of Sialic Acid by Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003
Egan, M., Motherway, M. O., Ventura, M., & van Sinderen, D. (2014) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01114-14 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
A simple and efficient expression and purification system using two newly constructed vectors
Liu, H., & Naismith, J. H. (2008) · Protein Expression and Purification · doi:10.1016/j.pep.2008.09.008 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Sialidase (neuraminidase) activity among gram-negative anaerobic and capnophilic bacteria
Moncla, B. J., Braham, P. H., & Hillier, S. L. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.28.3.422-425.1990 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Hoyer, L. L., Hamilton, A. C., Steenbergen, S. M., & Vimr, E. R. (1992) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01538.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Crystal Structure of the NanB Sialidase from Streptococcus pneumoniae
Xu, G., Potter, J. A., Russell, R. J. M., et al. (2008) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2008.09.032 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Subsite Structure of Saccharomycopsis α-Amylase Secreted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Matsui, I., Ishikawa, K., Matsui, E., et al. (1991) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a123420 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Brigham, C. J., Caughlan, R. E., Gallegos, R., Dallas, M. M., Godoy, V. G., & Malamy, M. H. (2009) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00811-08 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Gut, H., King, S. J., & Walsh, M. A. (2008) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2008.08.026 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The crystal structure of an intramolecular trans-sialidase with a NeuAcα2→3Gal specificity
Luo, Y., Li, S.-C., Chou, M.-Y., Li, Y.-T., & Luo, M. (1998) · Structure · doi:10.1016/s0969-2126(98)00053-7 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gut, H., Xu, G., Taylor, G. L., & Walsh, M. A. (2011) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.04.016 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationTison, M. C., Tailford, L. E., Fuell, C., Brüel, L., Sulzenbacher, G., Henrissat, B., Berrin, J., Fons, M., Giardina, T., & Juge, N. (2012) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01350-12 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationPark, K., Kim, M.-G., Ahn, H.-J., et al. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.04.028 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Li, Y. T., Nakagawa, H., Ross, S. A., et al. (1990) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45787-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hoskins, L. C., Boulding, E. T., Gerken, T. A., et al. (1992) · Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease · doi:10.3109/08910609209141586 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Quistgaard, E. M., & Thirup, S. (2009) · BMC Structural Biology · doi:10.1186/1472-6807-9-46 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Luo, Y., Li, S., Li, Y. T., & Luo, M. (1999) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.2345 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sialidase Specificity Determined by Chemoselective Modification of Complex Sialylated Glycans
Parker, R. B., McCombs, J. E., & Kohler, J. J. (2012) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/cb300241v · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Molecular Aspects of Human Alpha-1 Acid Glycoprotein — Structure and Function
Taguchi, K., Nishi, K., Chuang, V. T. G., et al. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/56101 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Chou, M., Li, S., & Li, Y. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.32.19219 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Characterization of a gene cluster for sialoglycoconjugate utilization in Bacteroides fragilis
Nakayama‐Imaohji, H., Ichimura, M., Iwasa, T., Okada, N., Ohnishi, Y., & Kuwahara, T. (2012) · The Journal of Medical Investigation · doi:10.2152/jmi.59.79 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Zhu, F., & Lakhani, K. R. (2015) · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mitchell, F. L., Neres, J., Ramraj, A., et al. (2013) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi301112p · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Otwinowski Z. & Minor W. in Macromolecular Crystallography Vol. 276, (eds). Carter, Jr. C. W., Sweet R. M. 307– 326Academic Press (1997).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Introduction to the human gut microbiota
Thursby, E., & Juge, N. (2017) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20160510 · Cited by 3,600 · see citing works
Self-citationMicrobial tryptophan catabolites in health and disease
Roager, H. M., & Licht, T. R. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05470-4 · Cited by 2,236 · see citing works
Akkermansia muciniphila and its role in regulating host functions
Derrien, M., Belzer, C., & de Vos, W. M. (2017) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2016.02.005 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
A novel Ruminococcus gnavus clade enriched in inflammatory bowel disease patients
Hall, A. B., Yassour, M., Sauk, J., Garner, A., Jiang, X., Arthur, T., Lagoudas, G. K., Vatanen, T., Fornelos, N., Wilson, R., et al. (2017) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-017-0490-5 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
Altered Gut Microbiota in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Zhang, L., Wang, Y., Xiayu, X., Shi, C., Chen, W., Song, N., Fu, X., Zhou, R., Xu, Y.-F., Huang, L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170020 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
<i>Ruminococcus gnavus</i> : friend or foe for human health
Crost, E. H., Coletto, E., Bell, A., & Juge, N. (2023) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fuad014 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Self-citationCook, M. D., Allen, J. M., Pence, B. D., Wallig, M. A., Gaskins, H. R., White, B. A., & Woods, J. A. (2016) · Immunology & Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/icb.2015.108 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation promotes changes in the intestinal microbiome in mice
Cabrera-Rubio, R., Patterson, A. M., Cotter, P. D., & Beraza, N. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48784-z · Cited by 61 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tailford, L. E., Owen, C. D., Walshaw, J., Crost, E. H., Hardy-Goddard, J., Le Gall, G., de Vos, W. M., Taylor, G. L., & Juge, N.
- Affiliations
- Norwich Research Park (GB)
- University of St Andrews (GB)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Juge, Nathalie
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2015-07-08
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7624-7624
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4510645
- OpenAlex
- W1765176027
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 7.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Academy of Finland
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBS/E/F/00044452, 1099850, BB/L008602/1, (BB/J004529/1, J004529)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Carbohydrate Chemistry and Synthesis
- Keywords
- Ruminococcus gnavus, gut microbiota, mucin degradation, sialic acid, mucosal adaptation, inflammatory bowel disease, human gut metagenome, bacterial carbohydrate metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Glycoproteins, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Mucins, Neuraminidase, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Ruminococcus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
