Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 11 new loci for anthropometric traits and provides insights into genetic architecture
Open accessAbstract
Approaches exploiting trait distribution extremes may be used to identify loci associated with common traits, but it is unknown whether these loci are generalizable to the broader population. In a genome-wide search for loci associated with the upper versus the lower 5th percentiles of body mass index, height and waist-to-hip ratio, as well as clinical classes of obesity, including up to 263,407 individuals of European ancestry, we identified 4 new loci (IGFBP4, H6PD, RSRC1 and PPP2R2A) influencing height detected in the distribution tails and 7 new loci (HNF4G, RPTOR, GNAT2, MRPS33P4, ADCY9, HS6ST3 and ZZZ3) for clinical classes of obesity. Further, we find a large overlap in genetic structure and the distribution of variants between traits based on extremes and the general population and little etiological heterogeneity between obesity subgroups.
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Strong genetic evidence such as GWAS has identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms in Japanese, European and North American populations showing that lower expression or function of GIPR is associated with lower BMI.
“Strong genetic evidence such as GWAS has identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms in Japanese, European and North American populations showing that lower expression or function of GIPR is associated with lower BMI27,29,38”
From A GIPR antagonist conjugated to GLP-1 analogues promotes weight loss with improved metabolic parameters in preclinical and phase 1 settings (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
The Results (BMI-Related Traits) report SNP associations with BMI, and the Abstract describes a study of European individuals. Neither passage links GIPR expression or function to lower BMI or reports the claimed findings across Japanese, European and North American populations. A search for GIPR found it only in a reference about glucose and insulin responses, not in a passage supporting the claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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- Authors
- Berndt, S. I., Gustafsson, S., Mägi, R., Ganna, A., Wheeler, E., Feitosa, M. F., Justice, A. E., Monda, K. L., Croteau-Chonka, D. C., Day, F. R., Esko, T., Fall, T., Ferreira, T., Gentilini, D., Jackson, A. U., Luan, J., Randall, J. C., Vedantam, S., Willer, C. J., Winkler, T. W., Wood, A. R., Workalemahu, T., Hu, Y.-J., Lee, S. H., Liang, L., Lin, D.-Y., Min, J. L., Neale, B. M., Thorleifsson, G., Yang, J., Albrecht, E., Amin, N., Bragg-Gresham, J. L., Cadby, G., den Heijer, M., Eklund, N., Fischer, K., Goel, A., Hottenga, J.-J., Huffman, J. E., Jarick, I., Johansson, Å., Johnson, T., Kanoni, S., Kleber, M. E., König, I. R., Kristiansson, K., Kutalik, Z., Lamina, C., Lecoeur, C., Li, G., Mangino, M., McArdle, W. L., Medina-Gomez, C., Müller-Nurasyid, M., Ngwa, J. S., Nolte, I. M., Paternoster, L., Pechlivanis, S., Perola, M., Peters, M. J., Preuss, M., Rose, L. M., Shi, J., Shungin, D., Smith, A. V., Strawbridge, R. J., Surakka, I., Teumer, A., Trip, M. D., Tyrer, J., Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, J. V., Vandenput, L., Waite, L. L., Zhao, J. H., Absher, D., Asselbergs, F. W., Atalay, M., Attwood, A. P., Balmforth, A. J., Basart, H., Beilby, J., Bonnycastle, L. L., Brambilla, P., Bruinenberg, M., Campbell, H., Chasman, D. I., Chines, P. S., Collins, F. S., Connell, J. M., Cookson, W. O., de Faire, U., de Vegt, F., Dei, M., Dimitriou, M., Edkins, S., Estrada, K., Evans, D. M., Farrall, M., Ferrario, M. M., Ferrières, J., Franke, L., Frau, F., Gejman, P. V., Grallert, H., Grönberg, H., Gudnason, V., Hall, A. S., Hall, P., Hartikainen, A.-L., Hayward, C., Heard-Costa, N. L., Heath, A. C., Hebebrand, J., Homuth, G., Hu, F. B., Hunt, S. E., Hyppönen, E., Iribarren, C., Jacobs, K. B., Jansson, J.-O., Jula, A., Kähönen, M., Kathiresan, S., Kee, F., Khaw, K.-T., Kivimäki, M., Koenig, W., Kraja, A. T., Kumari, M., Kuulasmaa, K., Kuusisto, J., Laitinen, J. H., Lakka, T. A., Langenberg, C., Launer, L. J., Lind, L., Lindström, J., Liu, J., Liuzzi, A., Lokki, M.-L., Lorentzon, M., Madden, P. A., Magnusson, P. K., Manunta, P., Marek, D., März, W., Leach, I. M., McKnight, B., Medland, S. E., Mihailov, E., Milani, L., Montgomery, G. W., Mooser, V., Mühleisen, T. W., Munroe, P. B., Musk, A. W., Narisu, N., Navis, G., Nicholson, G., Nohr, E. A., Ong, K. K., Oostra, B. A., Palmer, C. N. A., Palotie, A., Peden, J. F., Pedersen, N., Peters, A., Polasek, O., Pouta, A., Pramstaller, P. P., Prokopenko, I., Pütter, C., Radhakrishnan, A., Raitakari, O., Rendon, A., Rivadeneira, F., Rudan, I., Saaristo, T. E., Sambrook, J. G., Sanders, A. R., Sanna, S., Saramies, J., Schipf, S., Schreiber, S., Schunkert, H., Shin, S.-Y., Signorini, S., Sinisalo, J., Skrobek, B., Soranzo, N., Stančáková, A., Stark, K., Stephens, J. C., Stirrups, K., Stolk, R. P., Stumvoll, M., Swift, A. J., Theodoraki, E. V., Thorand, B., Tregouet, D.-A., Tremoli, E., Van der Klauw, M. M., van Meurs, J. B. J., Vermeulen, S. H., Viikari, J., Virtamo, J., Vitart, V., Waeber, G., Wang, Z., Widén, E., Wild, S. H., Willemsen, G., Winkelmann, B. R., Witteman, J. C. M., Wolffenbuttel, B. H. R., Wong, A., Wright, A. F., Zillikens, M. C., Amouyel, P., Boehm, B. O., Boerwinkle, E., Boomsma, D. I., Caulfield, M. J., Chanock, S. J., Cupples, L. A., Cusi, D., Dedoussis, G. V., Erdmann, J., Eriksson, J. G., Franks, P. W., Froguel, P., Gieger, C., Gyllensten, U., Hamsten, A., Harris, T. B., Hengstenberg, C., Hicks, A. A., Hingorani, A., Hinney, A., Hofman, A., Hovingh, K. G., Hveem, K., Illig, T., Jarvelin, M.-R., Jöckel, K.-H., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M., Kiemeney, L. A., Kuh, D., Laakso, M., Lehtimäki, T., Levinson, D. F., Martin, N. G., Metspalu, A., Morris, A. D., Nieminen, M. S., Njølstad, I., Ohlsson, C., Oldehinkel, A. J., Ouwehand, W. H., Palmer, L. J., Penninx, B., Power, C., Province, M. A., Psaty, B. M., Qi, L., Rauramaa, R., Ridker, P. M., Ripatti, S., Salomaa, V., Samani, N. J., Snieder, H., Sørensen, T. I. A., Spector, T. D., Stefansson, K., Tönjes, A., Tuomilehto, J., Uitterlinden, A. G., Uusitupa, M., van der Harst, P., Vollenweider, P., Wallaschofski, H., Wareham, N. J., Watkins, H., Wichmann, H.-E., Wilson, J. F., Abecasis, G. R., Assimes, T. L., Barroso, I., Boehnke, M., Borecki, I. B., Deloukas, P., Fox, C. S., Frayling, T., Groop, L. C., Haritunian, T., Heid, I. M., Hunter, D., Kaplan, R. C., Karpe, F., Moffatt, M. F., Mohlke, K. L., O'Connell, J. R., Pawitan, Y., Schadt, E. E., Schlessinger, D., Steinthorsdottir, V., Strachan, D. P., Thorsteinsdottir, U., van Duijn, C. M., Visscher, P. M., Di Blasio, A. M., Hirschhorn, J. N., Lindgren, C. M., Morris, A. P., Meyre, D., Scherag, A., McCarthy, M. I., Speliotes, E. K., North, K. E., Loos, R. J. F., & Ingelsson, E.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Addenbrooke's Hospital (GB)
- University of Tartu (EE)
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano (IT)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- University Hospital Regensburg (DE)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Emory University (US)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Harvard University (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (CA)
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Western General Hospital (GB)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (DE)
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (CH)
- Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Boston University (US)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie (DE)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Lund University (SE)
- University of Iceland (IS)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Universität Greifswald (DE)
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology (US)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- University of Milano-Bicocca (IT)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IT)
- Harokopio University of Athens (GR)
- Hôpital Rangueil (FR)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Endeavor Health (US)
- University of Oulu (FI)
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- University College London (GB)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Tampere University Hospital (FI)
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FI)
- Genome Institute of Singapore (SG)
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
- University of Washington (US)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- GlaxoSmithKline (United States) (US)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (GB)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Illumina (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Eurac Research (IT)
- National Health Service (GB)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Finnish Diabetes Association (FI)
- South Karelia Central Hospital (FI)
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DE)
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Desio e Vimercate (IT)
- Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
- Kardiologie Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen (DE)
- Inserm (FR)
- University Hospital Ulm (DE)
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Oulu University Hospital (FI)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO)
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (US)
- Kuopio University Hospital (FI)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- IFB Adiposity Diseases (DE)
- Universität für Weiterbildung Krems (AT)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US)
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Churchill Hospital (GB)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ingelsson, Erik
- ORCID
- Berndt, Sonja I
- Gustafsson, Stefan
- Mägi, Reedik
- Ganna, Andrea
- Wheeler, Eleanor
- Feitosa, Mary F
- Justice, Anne E
- Day, Felix R
- Esko, Tõnu
- Fall, Tove
- Ferreira, Teresa
- Gentilini, Davide
- Jackson, Anne U
- Luan, Jian'an
- Vedantam, Sailaja
- Willer, Cristen J
- Winkler, Thomas W
- Wood, Andrew R
- Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie
- Hu, Yi-Juan
- Lee, Sang Hong
- Liang, Liming
- Min, Josine L
- Neale, Benjamin M
- Yang, Jian
- Amin, Najaf
- Cadby, Gemma
- Fischer, Krista
- Goel, Anuj
- Hottenga, Jouke-Jan
- Huffman, Jennifer E
- Johansson, Åsa
- Johnson, Toby
- Kanoni, Stavroula
- Kleber, Marcus E
- König, Inke R
- Kristiansson, Kati
- Kutalik, Zoltán
- Lamina, Claudia
- Mangino, Massimo
- McArdle, Wendy L
- Ngwa, Julius S
- Nolte, Ilja M
- Paternoster, Lavinia
- Pechlivanis, Sonali
- Perola, Markus
- Peters, Marjolein J
- Preuss, Michael
- Rose, Lynda M
- Shi, Jianxin
- Shungin, Dmitry
- Smith, Albert Vernon
- Strawbridge, Rona J
- Surakka, Ida
- Teumer, Alexander
- Tyrer, Jonathan
- Vandenput, Liesbeth
- Zhao, Jing Hua
- Asselbergs, Folkert W
- Atalay, Mustafa
- Beilby, John
- Bonnycastle, Lori L
- Brambilla, Paolo
- Chasman, Daniel I
- Collins, Francis S
- Connell, John M
- Cookson, William O
- Dei, Mariano
- Dimitriou, Maria
- Edkins, Sarah
- Estrada, Karol
- Evans, David M
- Farrall, Martin
- Ferrières, Jean
- Franke, Lude
- Frau, Francesca
- Grallert, Harald
- Grönberg, Henrik
- Gudnason, Vilmundur
- Hall, Alistair S
- Hall, Per
- Hayward, Caroline
- Heath, Andrew C
- Hebebrand, Johannes
- Homuth, Georg
- Hu, Frank B
- Hunt, Sarah E
- Hyppönen, Elina
- Iribarren, Carlos
- Jacobs, Kevin B
- Jansson, John-Olov
- Kähönen, Mika
- Kathiresan, Sekar
- Kee, Frank
- Khaw, Kay-Tee
- Kuulasmaa, Kari
- Laitinen, Jaana H
- Lakka, Timo A
- Langenberg, Claudia
- Launer, Lenore J
- Lind, Lars
- Lindström, Jaana
- Liu, Jianjun
- Lokki, Marja-Liisa
- Lorentzon, Mattias
- Madden, Pamela A
- Magnusson, Patrik K
- Manunta, Paolo
- Marek, Diana
- März, Winfried
- Leach, Irene Mateo
- Medland, Sarah E
- Milani, Lili
- Montgomery, Grant W
- Mooser, Vincent
- Munroe, Patricia B
- Musk, Arthur W
- Narisu, Narisu
- Navis, Gerjan
- Nohr, Ellen A
- Ong, Ken K
- Palotie, Aarno
- Pedersen, Nancy
- Peters, Annette
- Pramstaller, Peter P
- Prokopenko, Inga
- Radhakrishnan, Aparna
- Raitakari, Olli
- Rendon, Augusto
- Rivadeneira, Fernando
- Rudan, Igor
- Sanders, Alan R
- Sanna, Serena
- Schipf, Sabine
- Schreiber, Stefan
- Schunkert, Heribert
- Shin, So-Youn
- Signorini, Stefano
- Sinisalo, Juha
- Soranzo, Nicole
- Stark, Klaus
- Stephens, Jonathan C
- Stirrups, Kathleen
- Stolk, Ronald P
- Theodoraki, Eirini V
- Thorand, Barbara
- Tremoli, Elena
- Vermeulen, Sita H
- Waeber, Gérard
- Widén, Elisabeth
- Wild, Sarah H
- Willemsen, Gonneke
- Wolffenbuttel, Bruce H R
- Wong, Andrew
- Zillikens, M Carola
- Amouyel, Philippe
- Boehm, Bernhard O
- Boerwinkle, Eric
- Boomsma, Dorret I
- Caulfield, Mark J
- Chanock, Stephen J
- Cupples, L Adrienne
- Cusi, Daniele
- Dedoussis, George V
- Erdmann, Jeanette
- Eriksson, Johan G
- Franks, Paul W
- Froguel, Philippe
- Gieger, Christian
- Gyllensten, Ulf
- Hamsten, Anders
- Harris, Tamara B
- Hengstenberg, Christian
- Hicks, Andrew A
- Hingorani, Aroon
- Hinney, Anke
- Hveem, Kristian
- Jöckel, Karl-Heinz
- Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka M
- Kiemeney, Lambertus A
- Kuh, Diana
- Laakso, Markku
- Lehtimäki, Terho
- Levinson, Douglas F
- Martin, Nicholas G
- Metspalu, Andres
- Morris, Andrew D
- Nieminen, Markku S
- Njølstad, Inger
- Ohlsson, Claes
- Oldehinkel, Albertine J
- Ouwehand, Willem H
- Palmer, Lyle J
- Penninx, Brenda
- Power, Chris
- Province, Michael A
- Psaty, Bruce M
- Qi, Lu
- Ridker, Paul M
- Ripatti, Samuli
- Salomaa, Veikko
- Samani, Nilesh J
- Snieder, Harold
- Sørensen, Thorkild I A
- Tönjes, Anke
- Tuomilehto, Jaakko
- Uitterlinden, André G
- Uusitupa, Matti
- Wareham, Nicholas J
- Watkins, Hugh
- Wichmann, H-Erich
- Wilson, James F
- Assimes, Themistocles L
- Barroso, Inês
- Boehnke, Michael
- Borecki, Ingrid B
- Deloukas, Panos
- Fox, Caroline S
- Frayling, Timothy
- Heid, Iris M
- Kaplan, Robert C
- Karpe, Fredrik
- Moffatt, Miriam F
- Mohlke, Karen L
- Strachan, David P
- Visscher, Peter M
- Hirschhorn, Joel N
- Lindgren, Cecilia M
- Morris, Andrew P
- Meyre, David
- Scherag, André
- McCarthy, Mark I
- Speliotes, Elizabeth K
- North, Kari E
- Loos, Ruth J F
- Ingelsson, Erik
- Venue
- Nature Genetics
- Published
- 2013-04-07
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 501-512
- ISSN
- 1061-4036 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1718
- PMC
- PMC3973018
- OpenAlex
- W1992005334
- Cited by
- 646
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 12
- FWCI
- 47.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
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- UNC Libraries
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- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Susan G. Komen for the Cure
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International
- March of Dimes Foundation
- Donald W. Reynolds Foundation
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Torsten Söderbergs Stiftelse
- Foundation for Cardiovascular Research
- NHS Blood and Transplant
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- Yrjö Jahnssonin Säätiö
- Finska Läkaresällskapet
- Wellcome Trust (098017, 097117, 090532, 096964/Z/11/Z)
- Scottish Government
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
- Folkhälsanin Tutkimussäätiö
- Cancer Research UK (14136)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (RP-PG-0310-1002, NF-SI-0512-10113, NF-SI-0611-10099)
- British Heart Foundation
- Royal Society
- European Commission
- European Science Foundation
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche
- Fondation Leducq
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
- Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Kela
- Academy of Finland
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Cancerfonden
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- Nierstichting
- Erasmus Medisch Centrum
- Diabetes Fonds
- Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
- Ministero della Salute
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca
- Svenska Sällskapet för Medicinsk Forskning
- Hjärt-Lungfonden
- Juho Vainion Säätiö
- Karolinska Institutet
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Novo Nordisk
- Päivikki ja Sakari Sohlbergin Säätiö
- Signe ja Ane Gyllenbergin Säätiö
- Stockholms Läns Landsting
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Emil Aaltosen Säätiö
- Samfundet Folkhälsan
- Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
- Socialdepartementet
- Sydäntutkimussäätiö
- Göteborgs Läkaresällskap
- Tampereen Tuberkuloosisäätiö
- Orionin Tutkimussäätiö
- Svenska Kulturfonden
- Svenska Läkaresällskapet
- Tartu Ülikool
- Paavo Nurmen Säätiö
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF13OC0005785)
- Turun Yliopistollinen Keskussairaala
- Hjartavernd
- Diabetestutkimussäätiö
- Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology
- Provincia autonoma di Bolzano - Alto Adige
- Heinz Nixdorf Stiftung
- National Institutes of Health
- Medical Research Council (MR/K013351/1, MR/K006584/1, MC_UU_12015/2, MC_UU_12015/1)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/J023299/1, ES/G007438/1)
- Australian Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- European Regional Development Fund
- Helmholtz Zentrum München
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K05AA017688)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL105756, R01HL117626)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (U01HG007416)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA082659)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM074905)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK072193, R01DK075787, P30DK020572, R01DK093757)
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Physical Performance
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Keywords
- anthropometric traits, body mass index, height, waist-to-hip ratio, clinical obesity, obesity phenotypes, genetic loci, IGFBP-4, PPP2R2A, HNF4G, RPTOR, GNAT2, ADCY9, genetic architecture, etiologic heterogeneity
- MeSH terms
- Anthropometry, Body Height, Genotype, Humans, Obesity, Phenotype, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Body Mass Index, Case-Control Studies, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Quantitative Trait Loci, White People, Waist-Hip Ratio, Genome-Wide Association Study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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