Is autoimmunity the Achilles' heel of cancer immunotherapy?

June, Carl H; Warshauer, Jeremy T; Bluestone, Jeffrey A

doi:10.1038/nm.4321

Cited by 445Cancer Immunotherapy and BiomarkersImmunotherapy and Immune ResponsesT-cell and B-cell Immunology

Is autoimmunity the Achilles' heel of cancer immunotherapy?

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June, Carl H, Warshauer, Jeremy T, Bluestone, Jeffrey A·2017·Nature Medicine

DOI 10.1038/nm.4321

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Abstract

The emergence of immuno-oncology as the first broadly successful strategy for metastatic cancer will require clinicians to integrate this new pillar of medicine with chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted small-molecule compounds. Of equal importance is gaining an understanding of the limitations and toxicities of immunotherapy. Immunotherapy was initially perceived to be a relatively less toxic approach to cancer treatment than other available therapies-and surely it is, when compared to those. However, as the use of immunotherapy becomes more common, especially as first- and second-line treatments, immunotoxicity and autoimmunity are emerging as the Achilles' heel of immunotherapy. In this Perspective, we discuss evidence that the occurrence of immunotoxicity bodes well for the patient, and describe mechanisms that might be related to the induction of autoimmunity. We then explore approaches to limit immunotoxicity, and discuss the future directions of research and reporting that are needed to diminish it.

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Immune monitoring is not standard practice for long-term survivors after immunotherapy or cytokine release syndrome, although these patients may still experience late effects and immune-related adverse events.
“For long-term survivors who received immunotherapy or following CRS, immune monitoring is not yet standard of care, despite evidence that such patients may continue to experience secondary effects of treatment and irAEs [1, 3].”
From Immune reconstitution and clinical recovery following anti-CD28 antibody (TGN1412)-induced cytokine storm (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
The opening discussion (page not supplied) says cancer trials typically follow patients for only about six months and that immunotoxicity can have delayed onset. “Efforts to predict and understand toxicity” (page not supplied) calls for better long-term tracking of irAEs. These passages support concern about late effects, but do not establish that immune monitoring is not standard of care for long-term survivors or for patients following cytokine release syndrome. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Clinical-pathologic correlation in these individuals resulted in valuable observations that may be instructive in understanding mechanisms of immune-induced pathologies, including those of checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cells, and infections such as COVID-19.
“Clinical–pathologic correlation in these individuals resulted in valuable observations that may be instructive in understanding mechanisms of immune-induced pathologies, including those of checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cells, and infections such as COVID-19, known to target mucosal tissues and cause severe CRS [1, 5, 8, 18, 19].”
From Immune reconstitution and clinical recovery following anti-CD28 antibody (TGN1412)-induced cytokine storm (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Autoimmune colitis, vitiligo, and autoantibody production are now included in CTCAE grading of immune-related adverse events due to immunotherapy.
“Autoimmune colitis, vitiligo, and autoantibody production are now included in CTCAE grading of irAEs due to immunotherapy [1, 4, 6, 20, 22, 34].”
From Immune reconstitution and clinical recovery following anti-CD28 antibody (TGN1412)-induced cytokine storm (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
The section on efforts to predict and understand toxicity describes vitiligo and colitis following immunotherapy. The autoimmune consequences section discusses autoantibodies, but not their production as a graded adverse event. Neither section establishes that these conditions are included in CTCAE grading. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In some cancer patients, immune checkpoint blockade produces immune-related adverse events during short-term follow-up, but reliable immune biomarkers for these effects remain under study.
“Immune checkpoint blockade induces irAEs during short-term follow-up of some patients with cancer, though robust immune biomarkers correlating with adverse effects of therapy are still being investigated [1, 4, 7, 20–25].”
From Immune reconstitution and clinical recovery following anti-CD28 antibody (TGN1412)-induced cytokine storm (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
Cancer immunotherapies based on antibodies or cells carry intrinsic risks of activating bystander immune responses beyond their intended anti-tumor action.
“Antibody or cell-based immunotherapeutics for cancer carry inherent risks of bystander immune activation, in addition to the effects of treating the intended tumor target [1–5].”
From Immune reconstitution and clinical recovery following anti-CD28 antibody (TGN1412)-induced cytokine storm (2021) · cites this paper as [1]

Therapy for cytokine release syndrome and its neurological toxicity chiefly targets IL-6, which probably originates from monocytes or activated endothelial cells.
“Treatment for CRS and associated neurotoxicity primarily targets IL-6, likely arising from monocytes or activated endothelium [1, 6, 11–17].”
From Immune reconstitution and clinical recovery following anti-CD28 antibody (TGN1412)-induced cytokine storm (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
The ‘Emerging strategies to limit toxicity’ section discusses manipulating cytokine effects to modulate immunotoxicity, but does not say that treatment for CRS and associated neurotoxicity primarily targets IL-6. Searches for IL-6 treatment, monocytes, and activated endothelium found no passage in our copy establishing the claimed treatment or source of IL-6; the ‘Autoimmune consequences’ section mentions IL-6 only in a different context. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Antigen or epitope spread occurs when tumor cell death releases additional antigens that are presented in an immune-activated microenvironment, allowing T cell activation against normal tissue.
“Antigen or epitope spread describes the phenomenon by which tumor cell death releases additional antigens; these antigens are presented in an “immune activated” microenvironment and T cells can be activated against normal tissue”
From Hallmarks of response, resistance, and toxicity to immune checkpoint blockade (2021) · cites this paper as June et al., 2017
Immune-related adverse events with autoimmune correlates do not always share histopathologic, clinical, or demographic features with the corresponding autoimmune diseases.
“those irAEs with autoimmune correlates do not always share histopathologic findings in the involved tissue, other clinical findings, or demographic factor associations with the respective autoimmune phenomena”
From Hallmarks of response, resistance, and toxicity to immune checkpoint blockade (2021) · cites this paper as June et al., 2017
Activation or re-activation of tissue-resident autoreactive T cells is thought to be a dominant factor in the development of immune-related adverse events.
“Activation or re-activation of tissue-resident autoreactive T cells is thought to be a dominant factor in the development of irAEs”
From Hallmarks of response, resistance, and toxicity to immune checkpoint blockade (2021) · cites this paper as June et al., 2017
Therapeutic resistance and immune-related toxicities remain major concerns for immune checkpoint blockade therapies.
“However, therapeutic resistance and immune-related toxicities remain major concerns.”
From Microbiota-centered interventions to boost immune checkpoint blockade therapies (2025) · cites this paper as June et al., 2017

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CCR4 and its ligands: from bench to bedside
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Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells of Psoriasis Patients Easily Differentiate into IL-17A-Producing Cells and Are Found in Lesional Skin
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Improved Survival with T Cell Clonotype Stability After Anti–CTLA-4 Treatment in Cancer Patients
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Synergistic reversal of intrahepatic HCV-specific CD8 T cell exhaustion by combined PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade
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Fecal microbiota transplantation for patients with steroid-resistant acute graft-versus-host disease of the gut
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Prediction and Pathogenesis in Type 1 Diabetes
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The chromatin-modifying enzyme Ezh2 is critical for the maintenance of regulatory T cell identity after activation
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Aire-Dependent Thymic Development of Tumor-Associated Regulatory T Cells
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Role of PD-1 in Regulating T-Cell Immunity
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Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte–associated Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) Regulates the Unfolding of Autoimmune Diabetes
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Fatal Melanoma Transferred in a Donated Kidney 16 Years after Melanoma Surgery
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AIRE expands: new roles in immune tolerance and beyond
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Releasing the Brakes on Cancer Immunotherapy
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T-cell receptor affinity and avidity defines antitumor response and autoimmunity in T-cell immunotherapy
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Incidence of Thyroid-Related Adverse Events in Melanoma Patients Treated With Pembrolizumab
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Immune Toxicities Elicted by CTLA-4 Blockade in Cancer Patients Are Associated with Early Diversification of the T-cell Repertoire
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Induction of autoimmune disease by deletion of CTLA-4 in mice in adulthood
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The Role of Neoantigens in Naturally Occurring and Therapeutically Induced Immune Responses to Cancer
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Donor CD19 CAR T cells exert potent graft-versus-lymphoma activity with diminished graft-versus-host activity
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Evaluation of TCR Gene Editing Achieved by TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9, and megaTAL Nucleases
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Database of T cell-defined human tumor antigens: the 2013 update.
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CXCL11-dependent induction of FOXP3-negative regulatory T cells suppresses autoimmune encephalomyelitis
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Antigen Spreading Contributes to MAGE Vaccination-Induced Regression of Melanoma Metastases
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Autoimmunity associated with immunotherapy of cancer
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Regulatory T cell subsets in human cancer: are they regulating for or against tumor progression?
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Control of central and peripheral tolerance by Aire
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Aging predisposes to acute inflammatory induced pathology after tumor immunotherapy
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Adiposity induces lethal cytokine storm after systemic administration of stimulatory immunotherapy regimens in aged mice
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Mechanisms of tolerance
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T-Cell Therapy Using Interleukin-21–Primed Cytotoxic T-Cell Lymphocytes Combined With Cytotoxic T-Cell Lymphocyte Antigen-4 Blockade Results in Long-Term Cell Persistence and Durable Tumor Regression
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Case Report of a Fatal Serious Adverse Event Upon Administration of T Cells Transduced With a MART-1-specific T-cell Receptor
van den Berg, J. H., Gomez, R., van de Wiel, B. A., Hulshoff, L., van den Broek, D. A., Bins, A. D., Tan, H. L., Harper, J. V., Hassan, N. J., Jakobsen, B. K., et al. (2015) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2015.60 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Absence of Programmed Death Receptor 1 Alters Thymic Development and Enhances Generation of CD4/CD8 Double-Negative TCR-Transgenic T Cells
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Genetic risk analysis of a patient with fulminant autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus secondary to combination ipilimumab and nivolumab immunotherapy
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Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial of the Effect of Vitamin D3 on the Interferon Signature in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Aranow, C. B., Kamen, D. L., Dall’Era, M., Massarotti, E. M., Mackay, M. C., Koumpouras, F., Coca, A., Chatham, W. W., Clowse, M. E. B., Criscione‐Schreiber, L. G., et al. (2015) · Arthritis & Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/art.39108 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Improved mouse models to assess tumour immunity and irAEs after combination cancer immunotherapies
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Diversity of Antigen-Specific Responses Induced In Vivo with CTLA-4 Blockade in Prostate Cancer Patients
Kwek, S. S., Dao, V. A., Roy, R., Hou, Y., Alajajian, D., Simko, J. P., Small, E. J., & Fong, L. H. (2012) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1201529 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Increased incidence of chronic GvHD and CMV disease in patients with vitamin D deficiency before allogeneic stem cell transplantation
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The interplay between regulatory and effector T cells in autoimmune hepatitis: Implications for innovative treatment strategies
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Recent Advances in Immunotherapy in Metastatic NSCLC
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Immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment: Where are we standing?
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Car t cell immunotherapy for human cancer
June, C. H., O’Connor, R. S., Kawalekar, O. U., Ghassemi, S., & Milone, M. C. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar6711 · Cited by 3,207 · see citing works
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Delivery technologies for cancer immunotherapy
Riley, R., June, C. H., Langer, R., & Mitchell, M. J. (2019) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-018-0006-z · Cited by 2,621 · see citing works
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Chimeric Antigen Receptor Therapy
June, C. H., & Sadelain, M. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1706169 · Cited by 2,355 · see citing works
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Hallmarks of response, resistance, and toxicity to immune checkpoint blockade
Morad, G., Helmink, B. A., Sharma, P., & Wargo, J. A. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.020 · Cited by 1,648 · see citing works
CRISPR-engineered T cells in patients with refractory cancer
Stadtmauer, E. A., Fraietta, J. A., Davis, M. M., Cohen, A. D., Weber, K. L., Lancaster, E., Mangan, P. A., Kulikovskaya, I., Gupta, M., Chen, F., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aba7365 · Cited by 1,478 · see citing works
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The IL-17 Family of Cytokines in Health and Disease
McGeachy, M. J., Cua, D. J., & Gaffen, S. L. (2019) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.021 · Cited by 1,443 · see citing works
Tumour- and class-specific patterns of immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review
Khoja, L., Day, D., Chen, T. W., Siu, L. L., & Hansen, A. R. (2017) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx286 · Cited by 937 · see citing works
De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting
Syn, N. L. X., Teng, M. W. L., Mok, T. S. K., & Soo, R. A. (2017) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
Dominant-Negative TGF-β Receptor Enhances PSMA-Targeted Human CAR T Cell Proliferation And Augments Prostate Cancer Eradication
Kloss, C. C., Lee, J., Zhang, A., Chen, F., Melenhorst, J. J., Lacey, S. F., Maus, M. V., Fraietta, J. A., Zhao, Y., & June, C. H. (2018) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.05.003 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
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Improving immune–vascular crosstalk for cancer immunotherapy
Huang, Y., Kim, B. Y. S., Chan, C. K., Hahn, S. M., Weissman, I. L., & Jiang, W. (2018) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2017.145 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Aging and the immune system: An overview
Akha, A. A. S. (2018) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jim.2018.08.005 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Emerging Cellular Therapies for Cancer
Guedan, S., Ruella, M., & June, C. H. (2018) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041407 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
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Immunologic tumor microenvironment modulators for turning cold tumors hot
Khosravi, G. R., Mostafavi, S., Bastan, S., Ebrahimi, N., Gharibvand, R. S., & Eskandari, N. (2024) · 癌症：英文版 · doi:10.1002/cac2.12539 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Moving towards personalized treatments of immune-related adverse events
Esfahani, K., Elkrief, A., Calabrese, C., Lapointe, R., Hudson, M., Routy, B., Miller, W. H., & Calabrese, L. (2020) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-020-0352-8 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Safety and Efficacy of Re-treating with Immunotherapy after Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients with NSCLC
Santini, F. C., Rizvi, H., Plodkowski, A. J., Ni, A., Lacouture, M. E., Gambarin-Gelwan, M., Wilkins, O., Panora, E., Halpenny, D. F., Long, N. M., et al. (2018) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0755 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Targeting EZH2 Reprograms Intratumoral Regulatory T Cells to Enhance Cancer Immunity
Wang, D., Quiros, J., Mahuron, K., Pai, C.-C., Ranzani, V., Young, A., Silveria, S., Harwin, T., Abnousian, A., Pagani, M., et al. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.050 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
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Regulatory T cell control of systemic immunity and immunotherapy response in liver metastasis
Lee, J., Mehdizadeh, S., Smith, J., Young, A., Mufazalov, I. A., Mowery, C. T., DAUD, A. I., & Bluestone, J. A. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aba0759 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
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Safety and efficacy of anti-programmed death 1 antibodies in patients with cancer and pre-existing autoimmune or inflammatory disease
Danlos, F.-X., Voisin, A.-L., Dyevre, V., Michot, J.-M., Routier, E., Taillade, L., Champiat, S., Aspeslagh, S., Haroche, J., Albiges, L., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2017.12.008 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Combination of fucoidan-based magnetic nanoparticles and immunomodulators enhances tumour-localized immunotherapy
Chiang, C., Lin, Y., Lee, R., Lai, Y., Cheng, H., Hsieh, C., Shyu, W., & Chen, S. (2018) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-018-0146-7 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Engineered cellular immunotherapies in cancer and beyond
Finck, A., Blanchard, T., Roselle, C., Golinelli, G., & June, C. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01765-8 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
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Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of tissue-resident memory T cells in human lung cancer
Clarke, J. D., Panwar, B., Madrigal, A., Singh, D. K., Gujar, R., Wood, O., Chee, S., Eschweiler, S., King, E. V., Awad, A. S., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20190249 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Delayed immune-related events (DIRE) after discontinuation of immunotherapy: diagnostic hazard of autoimmunity at a distance
Couey, M., Bell, R. B., Patel, A., Romba, M. C., Crittenden, M. R., Curti, B. D., Urba, W. J., & Leidner, R. S. (2019) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1186/s40425-019-0645-6 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Mechanisms of immune-related adverse events during the treatment of cancer with immune checkpoint inhibitors
Weinmann, S. C., & Pisetsky, D. S. (2019) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kez308 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Rheumatic immune-related adverse events from cancer immunotherapy
Calabrese, L. H., Calabrese, C. M., & Cappelli, L. C. (2018) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/s41584-018-0074-9 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
The yin and yang of co-inhibitory receptors: toward anti-tumor immunity without autoimmunity
Schnell, A., Bod, L., Madi, A., & Kuchroo, V. K. (2020) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0277-x · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Differences in CD80 and CD86 transendocytosis reveal CD86 as a key target for CTLA-4 immune regulation
Kennedy, A., Waters, E., Rowshanravan, B., Hinze, C., Williams, C., Janman, D., Fox, T. A., Booth, C., Pesenacker, A. M., Halliday, N., et al. (2022) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-022-01289-w · Cited by 220 · see citing works
T follicular helper cells in cancer.
Gutiérrez-Melo, N., & Baumjohann, D. (2023) · Trends in Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2022.12.007 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Immunomodulators targeting the PD‐1/PD‐L1 protein‐protein interaction: From antibodies to small molecules
Yang, J., & Hu, L. (2018) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21530 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Human leukocyte antigen variation is associated with adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors
Hasan Ali, O., Berner, F., Bomze, D., Fässler, M., Diem, S., Cozzio, A., Jörger, M., Früh, M., Driessen, C., Lenz, T. L., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2018.11.009 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Neurologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors
Haugh, A. M., Probasco, J. C., & Johnson, D. B. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2020.1738382 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Immune checkpoint inhibitor diabetes mellitus: a novel form of autoimmune diabetes
Quandt, Z., Young, A., & Anderson, M. S. (2020) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.13424 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Insights from a 30-year journey: function, regulation and therapeutic modulation of PD1
Chamoto, K., Yaguchi, T., Tajima, M., & Honjo, T. (2023) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-023-00867-9 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Precision cancer sono-immunotherapy using deep-tissue activatable semiconducting polymer immunomodulatory nanoparticles
Li, J., Luo, Y., Zeng, Z., Cui, D. M., Huang, J., Xu, C., Li, L., Pu, K., & Zhang, R. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31551-6 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Hepatocellular carcinoma in viral and autoimmune liver diseases: Role of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the immune microenvironment
Granito, A., Muratori, L., Lalanne, C., Quarneti, C., Ferri, S., Guidi, M., Lenzi, M., & Muratori, P. (2021) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v27.i22.2994 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The Balancing Act between Cancer Immunity and Autoimmunity in Response to Immunotherapy
Young, A., Quandt, Z., & Bluestone, J. A. (2018) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0487 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
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Nanomedicine‐Boosting Tumor Immunogenicity for Enhanced Immunotherapy
Huang, J., Yang, B., Peng, Y., Huang, J., Wong, S. H. D., Bian, L., Zhu, K., Shuai, X., & Han, S. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202011171 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Phagocyte-membrane-coated and laser-responsive nanoparticles control primary and metastatic cancer by inducing anti-tumor immunity
Hu, C., Lei, T., Wang, Y., Cao, J., Yang, X., Qin, L., Liu, R., Zhou, Y., Tong, F., Umeshappa, C. S., et al. (2020) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120159 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
A local regulatory T cell feedback circuit maintains immune homeostasis by pruning self-activated T cells
Wong, H. S., Park, K., Gola, A., Baptista, A. P., Miller, C. H., Deep, D., Lou, M., Boyd, L. F., Rudensky, A. Y., Savage, P. A., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.028 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Metformin Mediated PD‐L1 Downregulation in Combination with Photodynamic‐Immunotherapy for Treatment of Breast Cancer
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Authors: June, C. H., Warshauer, J. T., & Bluestone, J. A.
Affiliations: Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author: June, Carl H
ORCID: June, Carl H
Warshauer, Jeremy T
Bluestone, Jeffrey A
Venue: Nature Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-05
Volume: 23
Issue: 5
Pages: 540-547
ISSN: 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
1546-170X
DOI: 10.1038/nm.4321
OpenAlex: W2610389172
Cited by: 445
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 14
FWCI: 23.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: erratum (2017-08-01)
Open access: green
escholarship.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: University of Pennsylvania
Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI046643, R21AI107328)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK063720)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords: autoimmunity, cancer immunotherapy, immunotoxicity, immune checkpoint inhibitors, immune-related adverse events, reporting practices
MeSH terms: Autoimmune Hypophysitis, Ipilimumab, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Antineoplastic Agents, Autoimmune Diseases, Humans, Immunologic Factors, Immunotherapy, Neoplasms, T-Lymphocytes, Autoimmunity, Tumor Escape, Adoptive Transfer, CTLA-4 Antigen, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor

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