The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Microstimulation of visual cortex affects the speed of perceptual decisions
Abstract
Direction-selective neurons in the middle temporal visual area (MT) are crucially involved in motion perception, although it is not known exactly how the activity of these neurons is interpreted by the rest of the brain. Here we report that in a two-alternative task, the activity of MT neurons is interpreted as evidence for one direction and against the other. We measured the speed and accuracy of decisions as rhesus monkeys performed a direction-discrimination task. On half of the trials, we stimulated direction-selective neurons in area MT, thereby causing the monkeys to choose the neurons' preferred direction more often. Microstimulation quickened decisions in favor of the preferred direction and slowed decisions in favor of the opposite direction. Even on trials in which microstimulation did not induce a preferred direction choice, it still affected response times. Our findings suggest that during the formation of a decision, sensory evidence for competing propositions is compared and accumulates to a decision-making threshold.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In the two-choice task, LIP neurons seem to reflect the difference in firing rates between neurons tuned to two opposing directions of motion21.”
From Decision-making with multiple alternatives (2008) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“Stimulation in MT seems to affect the decision process by mimicking a change in motion strength.”
From Microstimulation of macaque area LIP affects decision-making in a motion discrimination task (2006) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Even for sites restricted to have comparable changes in RT, MT stimulation had much stronger effects on choice than LIP stimulation (11.06 ± 0.72% coh vs. 1.62 ± 0.25% coh, P < 0.001, t test; Fig. 4, shaded region).”
From Microstimulation of macaque area LIP affects decision-making in a motion discrimination task (2006) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“At face value, microstimulation of neurons in LIP appears to affect decisions about motion in a manner that is qualitatively similar to stimulation of direction-selective neurons in area MT during the same task16.”
From Microstimulation of macaque area LIP affects decision-making in a motion discrimination task (2006) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“According to the model, MT stimulation was accounted for best as a change in the momentary evidence equivalent to 9.3% coh (CI: 7.8 to 10.8% coh).”
From Microstimulation of macaque area LIP affects decision-making in a motion discrimination task (2006) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“This suggests that the comparable effects on RT and choice for MT stimulation are due to the changes in the momentary evidence, as if microstimulation added to the spike rate of neurons that represent motion in their preferred direction16.”
From Microstimulation of macaque area LIP affects decision-making in a motion discrimination task (2006) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“According to this framework, motion-selective neurons in MT provide the momentary evidence that is accumulated into the decision variable represented by neurons in LIP.”
From Microstimulation of macaque area LIP affects decision-making in a motion discrimination task (2006) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“For this monkey, microstimulation of area MT produced a change in momentary evidence equivalent to ~10% coherent motion in the preferred direction of the stimulated neurons (see Methods)16.”
From Microstimulation of macaque area LIP affects decision-making in a motion discrimination task (2006) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“This puts LIP neurons on similar footing to MT neurons, which have been shown to play a causal role in the perceptual judgment of visual motion in their receptive fields7,16,23.”
From Microstimulation of macaque area LIP affects decision-making in a motion discrimination task (2006) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“The MT stimulation study to which we compare our data used the same stimulation protocol, except the amplitude of the current pulses was 5 µA16.”
From Microstimulation of macaque area LIP affects decision-making in a motion discrimination task (2006) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“The MT data (Fig. 4 and Fig 5) are from a previously published study16 and incorporate two additional sites acquired after publication.”
From Microstimulation of macaque area LIP affects decision-making in a motion discrimination task (2006) · cites this paper as [16]
Citations
Cites
Brainard, D. H. (1997) · Spatial Vision · doi:10.1163/156856897x00357 · Cited by 20,012
Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T., & Flannery, B. P. (1994) · Cited by 15,411
The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies
Pelli, D. G. (1997) · Spatial Vision · doi:10.1163/156856897x00366 · Cited by 11,110
(1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,293
Signal detection theory and psychophysics
Ingleby, D. (1967) · Journal of Sound and Vibration · doi:10.1016/0022-460x(67)90197-6 · Cited by 8,616
Spatiotemporal energy models for the perception of motion
Adelson, E. H., & Bergen, J. R. (1985) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.2.000284 · Cited by 3,442
Statistical Methods for Reliability Data
Nelson, W. B. (1998) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1998.10485526 · Cited by 2,516
The time course of perceptual choice: The leaky, competing accumulator model.
Usher, M., & McClelland, J. L. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.550 · Cited by 2,152
Neural Basis of a Perceptual Decision in the Parietal Cortex (Area LIP) of the Rhesus Monkey
Shadlen, M. N., & Newsome, W. T. (2001) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2001.86.4.1916 · Cited by 1,755
Self-citationNewsome, W., & Pare, E. (1988) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.08-06-02201.1988 · Cited by 1,615
Roitman, J. D., & Shadlen, M. N. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-21-09475.2002 · Cited by 1,589 · cited 1×
“Indeed, when monkeys are allowed to control the viewing duration, they take longer to reach a decision when the motion information is weak than when it is strong and the decision is eas”
BackgroundSelf-citationModeling Response Times for Two-Choice Decisions
Ratcliff, R., & Rouder, J. N. (1998) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00067 · Cited by 1,478
Statistical Methods for Reliability Data
Nelson, W. B., Meeker, W. Q., & Escobar, L. A. (1998) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1271181 · Cited by 1,224
Neuronal correlates of a perceptual decision
Newsome, W. T., Britten, K. H., & Movshon, J. A. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/341052a0 · Cited by 1,177
Neural Control of Voluntary Movement Initiation
Hanes, D. P., & Schall, J. D. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5286.427 · Cited by 1,145
An Integrated Software Suite for Surface-based Analyses of Cerebral Cortex
Essen, D. C. V., Drury, H. A., Dickson, J., Harwell, J., Hanlon, D., & Anderson, C. H. (2001) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1136/jamia.2001.0080443 · Cited by 1,100
A relationship between behavioral choice and the visual responses of neurons in macaque MT
Britten, K. H., Newsome, W. T., Shadlen, M. N., Celebrini, S., & Movshon, J. A. (1996) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/s095252380000715x · Cited by 1,049
Self-citationNeural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the macaque
Kim, J.-N., & Shadlen, M. N. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/5739 · Cited by 950
Self-citationNeural computations that underlie decisions about sensory stimuli
Gold, J. I., & Shadlen, M. N. (2001) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01567-9 · Cited by 881
Self-citationNeural computation of log likelihood in control of saccadic eye movements
Carpenter, R. H. S., & Williams, M. L. L. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/377059a0 · Cited by 823
Microstimulation in visual area MT: effects on direction discrimination performance
Salzman, C., Murasugi, C., Britten, K., & Newsome, W. (1992) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-06-02331.1992 · Cited by 657
Responses of neurons in macaque MT to stochastic motion signals
Britten, K. H., Shadlen, M. N., Newsome, W. T., & Movshon, J. A. (1993) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/s0952523800010269 · Cited by 594
Self-citationFlutter Discrimination: neural codes, perception, memory and decision making
Romo, R., & Salinas, E. (2003) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1058 · Cited by 589
Representation of a perceptual decision in developing oculomotor commands
Gold, J. I., & Shadlen, M. N. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35006062 · Cited by 515
Self-citationThe response of area MT and V1 neurons to transparent motion
Snowden, R., Treue, S., Erickson, R. G., & Andersen, R. A. (1991) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.11-09-02768.1991 · Cited by 457
The influence of urgency on decision time
Reddi, B. A. J., & Carpenter, R. H. S. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/77739 · Cited by 411
Evidence for an Accumulator Model of Psychophysical Discrimination
VICKERS, D. (1970) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140137008931117 · Cited by 369
The Wave Theory of Difference and Similarity
Link, S. W. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780429054709 · Cited by 351
Transparent motion perception as detection of unbalanced motion signals. II. Physiology
Qian, N., & Andersen, R. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-12-07367.1994 · Cited by 302
Dynamics of neuronal responses in macaque MT and VIP during motion detection
Cook, E. P., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn924 · Cited by 289
Motion Opponency in Visual Cortex
Heeger, D. J., Boynton, G. M., Demb, J. B., Seidemann, E., & Newsome, W. T. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-16-07162.1999 · Cited by 283
Gold, J. I., & Shadlen, M. N. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-02-00632.2003 · Cited by 281
Self-citationTransparent motion perception as detection of unbalanced motion signals. I. Psychophysics
Ning Qian, A., Andersen, R. A., & Adelson, E. H. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-12-07357.1994 · Cited by 270
Touch and Go: Decision-Making Mechanisms in Somatosensation
Romo, R., & Salinas, E. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.107 · Cited by 262
Windows on the brain: the emerging role of atlases and databases in neuroscience
Essen, D. C. V. (2002) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(02)00361-6 · Cited by 261
The independence of channels in human vision selective for direction of movement.
Levinson, E., & Sekuler, R. (1975) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp011058 · Cited by 224
Good, I. J. (1979) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/66.2.393 · Cited by 184
Horwitz, G. D., & Newsome, W. T. (2001) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2001.86.5.2543 · Cited by 168
Rudolph, K. K. (1999) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/9.1.90 · Cited by 163
Neural correlates of decisions
Platt, M. L. (2002) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(02)00302-1 · Cited by 153
Microstimulation of extrastriate area MST influences performance on a direction discrimination task
Celebrini, S., & Newsome, W. T. (1995) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1995.73.2.437 · Cited by 150
Wezel, R. J. A. V., & Britten, K. H. (2002) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00276.2002 · Cited by 133
Pantle, A. J. (1974) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(74)90221-1 · Cited by 112
Making choices: the neurophysiology of visual-saccadic decision making
Glimcher, P. W. (2001) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01932-9 · Cited by 101
Neural correlates of visual and motor decision processes
Schall, J. D., & Bichot, N. P. (1998) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(98)80142-6 · Cited by 99
Churchland, M. M., & Lisberger, S. G. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-23-09387.2001 · Cited by 92
Cortical processing of visual motion.
Albright, T. D. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 91
Subjective probability in choice-reaction experiments ☆
Laming, D. (1969) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-2496(69)90030-3 · Cited by 69
The Decision to Make a Movement: Neurophysiological Insights
Aminoff, M. J., & Goodin, D. S. (1997) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100021788 · Cited by 9
Human Brain Program Research Progress in Biomedical Imaging/ Neuroscience, 2001
Wong, S. T. C., & Koslow, S. H. (2001) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1136/jamia.2001.0080510 · Cited by 5
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Luce, R.D. Response Times (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1986).
- Wald, A. Sequential Analysis (Wiley, New York, 1947).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity
Boyden, E. S., Zhang, F., Bamberg, E., Nagel, G., & Deisseroth, K. A. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1525 · Cited by 5,015
The Neural Basis of Decision Making
Gold, J. I., & Shadlen, M. N. (2007) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038 · Cited by 3,764
Self-citationBogacz, R., Brown, E., Moehlis, J., Holmes, P. J., & Cohen, J. D. (2006) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.113.4.700 · Cited by 1,945
Visual fixations and the computation and comparison of value in simple choice
Krajbich, I., Armel, C., & Rangel, A. (2010) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2635 · Cited by 1,408
Cisek, P., & Kalaska, J. F. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.027 · Cited by 1,060
Metadata
- Authors
- Ditterich, J., Mazurek, M. E., & Shadlen, M. N.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shadlen, Michael N
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2003-07-13
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 891-898
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- OpenAlex
- W2152408796
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Achievement Rewards for College Scientists Foundation
- Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer
- National Eye Institute (EY11378, R01EY011378)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR00166, P51RR000166)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- middle temporal area, direction-selective neurons, motion perception, perceptual decision making, decision-making speed, decision threshold, evidence accumulation, direction discrimination, rhesus monkeys
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Discrimination, Psychological, Electric Stimulation, Female, Macaca mulatta, Motion Perception, Neurons, Time Factors, Visual Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
