Neural Control of Voluntary Movement Initiation
Abstract
When humans respond to sensory stimulation, their reaction times tend to be long and variable relative to neural transduction and transmission times. The neural processes responsible for the duration and variability of reaction times are not understood. Single-cell recordings in a motor area of the cerebral cortex in behaving rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) were used to evaluate two alternative mathematical models of the processes that underlie reaction times. Movements were initiated if and only if the neural activity reached a specific and constant threshold activation level. Stochastic variability in the rate at which neural activity grew toward that threshold resulted in the distribution of reaction times. This finding elucidates a specific link between motor behavior and activation of neurons in the cerebral cortex.
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The process suggests an accumulation of information toward a threshold, consistent with models of reaction time proposed by other investigators.
“The process suggests an accumulation of information toward a threshold, consistent with models of reaction time proposed by other investigators”
From Response of Neurons in the Lateral Intraparietal Area during a Combined Visual Discrimination Reaction Time Task (2002) · cites this paper as Hanes and Schall, 1996
The variability inherent in this estimate is consistent with the observation that neurons in other brain structures exhibit a more consistent relationship with saccade initiation.
“The variability inherent in this estimate is consistent with the observation that neurons in other brain structures exhibit a more consistent relationship with saccade initiation”
From Response of Neurons in the Lateral Intraparietal Area during a Combined Visual Discrimination Reaction Time Task (2002) · cites this paper as Hanes and Schall, 1996
Variation in the buildup rate affects the amount of time it takes to reach a decision.
“variation in the buildup rate also affects the amount of time it takes to reach a decision (19–21, 37, 38)”
From Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex (2009) · cites this paper as [38]
On a variety of 2-choice decision tasks, a threshold crossing is associated with termination of the decision.
“On a variety of 2-choice decision tasks, a threshold crossing is associated with termination of the decision 1,2,19.”
From Decision-making with multiple alternatives (2008) · cites this paper as [19]
FEF and SC are brain regions essential for selecting, preparing, and initiating saccadic eye movements.
“In the case of oculomotor tasks, a natural candidate is movement neurons in the frontal eye field (FEF) and superior colliculus (SC), which are brain regions essential for selecting, preparing, and initiating saccadic eye movements.”
From Decision Making in Recurrent Neuronal Circuits (2008) · cites this paper as Hanes and Schall, 1996
Trial-to-trial variability of saccade response time was inversely correlated with the slope of the buildup activity of movement-related neurons, whereas the threshold level remained constant independent of the response time.
“Trial-to-trial variability of saccade response time was shown to be inversely correlated with the slope of the buildup activity of movement-related neurons, whereas the threshold level remained constant independent of the response time (Hanes and Schall, 1996).”
From Decision Making in Recurrent Neuronal Circuits (2008) · cites this paper as Hanes and Schall, 1996
A saccade was initiated when the firing activity reached a threshold level of movement neurons in the FEF.
“In monkey physiological experiments, Hanes and Schall found that a saccade was initiated when the firing activity reached a threshold level of movement neurons in the FEF (Hanes and Schall, 1996; Schall, 2001).”
From Decision Making in Recurrent Neuronal Circuits (2008) · cites this paper as Hanes and Schall, 1996
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Sensorimotor Mechanisms of Decisions and Actions
James, T. W. (2026) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.a.2484
- Authors
- Hanes, D. P., & Schall, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- ORCID
- Schall, Jeffrey D.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1996-10-18
- Volume
- 274
- Issue
- 5286
- Pages
- 427-430
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1997173667
- Cited by
- 1,145
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 8.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1f31mh011178-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH055806, R01-MH55806, F31-MH-11178)
- National Eye Institute (P30-EY08126, P30EY008126)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- reaction time, reaction time variability, motor cortex, single-unit recording, rhesus monkeys, motor behavior
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Computer Simulation, Frontal Lobe, Macaca mulatta, Models, Neurological, Synaptic Transmission, Neurons, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Saccades, Stochastic Processes, Linear Models, Patch-Clamp Techniques
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