Reward processing in unipolar and bipolar depression: A functional MRI study
Open accessAbstract
Differentiating bipolar disorders (BD) from unipolar depression (UD) remains a major clinical challenge. The identification of neurobiological markers may help to differentiate these disorders, particularly during depressive episodes. This cross-sectional study, including 33 patients with UD, 33 patients with BD, and 34 healthy controls, is one of the first to directly compare UD and BD with respect to reward processing. A card-guessing paradigm was employed and brain activity associated with reward processing was investigated by means of fMRI. A 3 (group) × 2 (condition: reward>control, loss>control) ANOVA was conducted using the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) as ROI. Furthermore, a whole-brain approach was applied. A functional connectivity analysis was performed to characterize diagnosis-related alterations in the functional coupling between the NAcc and other brain areas. The ANOVA revealed higher activity for healthy controls (HCs) than for BD and UD in the NAcc during reward processing. Moreover, UD showed a higher functional connectivity between the NAcc and the VTA than HC. The patients groups could be differentiated in that BD showed a decreased activation, in the reward condition, of the NAcc, caudate nucleus, thalamus, putamen, insula, and prefrontal areas compared with UD. These results may help to refine the understanding of neural correlates of reward processing in both disorders, and to understand the neural underpinnings of anhedonia, a core symptom of depressive episodes.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Reduced activation during consummatory phase of reward in NAc and caudate in MDD vs HCs.
“Furthermore, reduced activation during the consummatory phase of reward was shown for the NAc and caudate in MDD patients compared with HCs (Pizzagalli et al., 2009; Redlich et al., 2015).”
From Circuit Mechanisms of Reward, Anhedonia, and Depression (2019) · cites this paper as Redlich et al., 2015
Increased connectivity between the NAc and the VTA in MDD patients vs HCs was described during reward processing in an fMRI task focusing on reward feedback.
“Furthermore, increased connectivity between the NAc and the VTA in MDD patients vs HCs was described during reward processing in an fMRI task focusing on reward feedback (Redlich et al., 2015).”
From Circuit Mechanisms of Reward, Anhedonia, and Depression (2019) · cites this paper as Redlich et al., 2015
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817 · see citing works
(1970) · Cited by 24,983 · see citing works
Tzourio-Mazoyer, N., Landeau, B., Papathanassiou, D., Crivello, F., Etard, O., Delcroix, N., Mazoyer, B., & Joliot, M. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0978 · Cited by 16,319 · see citing works
A Rating Scale for Mania: Reliability, Validity and Sensitivity
Young, R. C., Biggs, J. T., Ziegler, V. E., & Meyer, D. A. (1978) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.133.5.429 · Cited by 8,744 · see citing works
Maldjian, J., Laurienti, P., Kraft, R., & Burdette, J. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00169-1 · Cited by 5,453 · see citing works
Friston, K. J., Harrison, L., & Penny, W. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00202-7 · Cited by 4,583 · see citing works
Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons
Schultz, W. (1998) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1 · Cited by 4,564 · see citing works
Forman, S. D., Cohen, J. D., Fitzgerald, M., Eddy, W. F., Mintun, M. A., & Noll, D. C. (1995) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910330508 · Cited by 3,202 · see citing works
Smoking and Mental Illness: A Population-Based Prevalence Study
Lasser, K., Boyd, J. W., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., McCormick, D., & Bor, D. H. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.20.2606 · Cited by 2,508 · see citing works
Functional and effective connectivity in neuroimaging: a synthesis
Friston, K. J. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460020107 · Cited by 2,452 · see citing works
A scale for the assessment of hedonic tone the Snaith-Hamilton pleasure scale
Snaith, R. P., Hamilton, M., Morley, S., Humayan, A., Hargreaves, D., & Trigwell, P. (1995) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.167.1.99 · Cited by 1,778 · see citing works
Phillips, M. L., Ladouceur, C. D., & Drevets, W. C. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.65 · Cited by 1,383 · see citing works
Multiple reward signals in the brain
Schultz, W. (2000) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35044563 · Cited by 1,303 · see citing works
Dissociation of reward anticipation and outcome with event-related fMRI
Knutson, B., Fong, G. W., Adams, C. M., Varner, J. L., & Hommer, D. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200112040-00016 · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression
Dunlop, B. W., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.3.327 · Cited by 1,244 · see citing works
Pizzagalli, D. A., Holmes, A. J., Dillon, D. G., Goetz, E. L., Birk, J. L., Bogdan, R., Dougherty, D. D., Iosifescu, D. V., Rauch, S. L., & Fava, M. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08081201 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Lewis, L., & Vornik, L. A. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 943 · see citing works
Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Lewis, L., & Vornik, L. A. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v64n0209 · Cited by 922 · see citing works
Liu, X., Hairston, J., Schrier, M., & Fan, J. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.012 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Bora, E., Fornito, A., Pantelis, C., & Yücel, M. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.049 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Dissociable Neural Responses in Human Reward Systems
Elliott, R., Friston, K. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-16-06159.2000 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest
Lehrl, S. (2005) · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Bipolar disorder diagnosis: challenges and future directions
Phillips, M. L., & Kupfer, D. J. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60989-7 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Hautzinger, M., Keller, F., & Kühner, C. (2006) · Cited by 663 · see citing works
The Neural Correlates of Anhedonia in Major Depressive Disorder
Keedwell, P. A., Andrew, C., Williams, S. C. R., Brammer, M. J., & Phillips, M. L. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.019 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Ernst, M., Nelson, E. E., Jazbec, S., McClure, E. B., Monk, C. S., Leibenluft, E., Blair, J., & Pine, D. S. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.038 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G., Fowler, J. S., Tomasi, D., Telang, F., & Baler, R. (2010) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201000042 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Smoking and mental illness: results from population surveys in Australia and the United States
Lawrence, D., Mitrou, F., & Zubrick, S. R. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-285 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Neural Responses to Monetary Incentives in Major Depression
Knutson, B., Bhanji, J. P., Cooney, R. E., Atlas, L. Y., & Gotlib, I. H. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.07.023 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Alcohol dependence is associated with blunted dopamine transmission in the ventral striatum
Martinez, D., Gil, R., Slifstein, M., Hwang, D.-R., Huang, Y., Perez, A., Kegeles, L., Talbot, P., Evans, S., Krystal, J., et al. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.044 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Forbes, E. E., Brown, S. M., Kimak, M., Ferrell, R. E., Manuck, S. B., & Hariri, A. R. (2009) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002086 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Effects of medication on neuroimaging findings in bipolar disorder: an updated review
Hafeman, D. M., Chang, K. D., Garrett, A. S., Sanders, E. M., & Phillips, M. L. (2012) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01023.x · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Phillips, M. L., Ladouceur, C. D., & Drevets, W. C. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.82 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Medication Effects in Neuroimaging Studies of Bipolar Disorder
Phillips, M. L., Travis, M. J., Fagiolini, A. M., & Kupfer, D. J. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07071066 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Almeida, J. R. C. D., Versace, A., Mechelli, A., Hassel, S., Quevedo, K., Kupfer, D. J., & Phillips, M. L. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.024 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Brain Morphometric Biomarkers Distinguishing Unipolar and Bipolar Depression
Redlich, R., Almeida, J., Grotegerd, D., Opel, N., Kugel, H., Heindel, W. L., Arolt, V., Phillips, M. L., & Dannlowski, U. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1100 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citationAlmeida, J., & Phillips, M. L. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.010 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Nusslock, R., Almeida, J., Forbes, E. E., Versace, A., Frank, E., LaBarbara, E. J., Klein, C. R., & Phillips, M. L. (2012) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01012.x · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Ventral Striatum Activity in Response to Reward: Differences Between Bipolar I and II Disorders
Caseras, X., Lawrence, N., Murphy, K., Wise, R. G., & Phillips, M. L. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12020169 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Dannlowski, U., Ohrmann, P., Konrad, C., Domschke, K., Bauer, J., Kugel, H., Hohoff, C., Schöning, S., Kersting, A., Baune, B. T., et al. (2009) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145708008973 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationStrukturiertes klinisches Interview für DSM-IV
Wittchen, H.-U. 1. (n.d.) · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Versace, A., Almeida, J., Quevedo, K. M., Thompson, W. K., Terwilliger, R. A., Hassel, S., Kupfer, D. J., & Phillips, M. L. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.036 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Diekhof, E. K., Falkai, P., & Gruber, O. (2008) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.07.004 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Chase, H. W., Nusslock, R., Almeida, J., Forbes, E., Labarbara, E. J., & Phillips, M. L. (2013) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12132 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Diekhof, E. K., & Gruber, O. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4690-09.2010 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Keller, J., Young, C. B., Kelley, E., Prater, K. E., Levitin, D. J., & Menon, V. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.05.015 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Abler, B., Erk, S., & Walter, H. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0690-y · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Grotegerd, D., Stuhrmann, A., Kugel, H., Schmidt, S., Redlich, R., Zwanzger, P., Rauch, A. V., Heindel, W. L., Zwitserlood, P., Arolt, V., et al. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22380 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationPrefrontal Cortex Modulates Desire and Dread Generated by Nucleus Accumbens Glutamate Disruption
Richard, J. M., & Berridge, K. C. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.009 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Deutsche Version der Snaith-Hamilton-Pleasure-Scale (SHAPS-D)
Franz, M., Lemke, M. R., Meyer, T., Ulferts, J., Puhl, P., & Snaith, R. P. (1998) · Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie · doi:10.1055/s-2007-995279 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
O’Sullivan, N., Szczepanowski, R., El‐Deredy, W., Mason, L., & Bentall, R. P. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.06.008 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Nusslock, R., Young, C. B., & Damme, K. S. F. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.08.011 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Fronto-limbic circuitry in euthymic bipolar disorder: Evidence for prefrontal hyperactivation
Robinson, J. L., Monkul, E. S., Tordesillas-Gutiérrez, D., Franklin, C., Bearden, C. E., Fox, P. T., & Glahn, D. C. (2008) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.12.004 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Redlich, R., Grotegerd, D., Opel, N., Kaufmann, C., Zwitserlood, P., Kugel, H., Heindel, W., Donges, U.-S., Suslow, T., Arolt, V., et al. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu055 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationTrost, S., Diekhof, E. K., Zvonik, K., Lewandowski, M., Usher, J., Keil, M., Zilles‐Wegner, D., Falkai, P., Dechent, P., & Gruber, O. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.39 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
(2015) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856214565568 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Benson, B., Willis, M. W., Ketter, T., Speer, A., Kimbrell, T., Herscovitch, P., George, M., & Post, R. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.045 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Opel, N., Redlich, R., Grotegerd, D., Dohm, K., Haupenthal, C., Heindel, W. L., Kugel, H., Arolt, V., & Dannlowski, U. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22773 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationDannlowski, U., Grabe, H. J., Wittfeld, K., Klaus, J., Konrad, C., Grotegerd, D., Redlich, R., Suslow, T., Opel, N., Ohrmann, P., et al. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.39 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationExley, R. A., Clements, M. A., Hartung, H., McIntosh, J. M., Franklin, M., Bermúdez, I., & Cragg, S. J. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12298 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Wickham, R. J., Solecki, W., Rathbun, L. R., McIntosh, J. M., & Addy, N. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3082-0 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Frontiers of Biomolecular Exploration in Brain Disorders
Nilsson, C. L., & Cunningham, K. A. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.262 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostical and Statis- tical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR: 4th Edition Text Revision. APA Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2000.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Goodwin, G., Haddad, P. M., Ferrier, I. N., Aronson, J., Barnes, T., Cipriani, A., Coghill, D., Fazel, S., Geddes, J. R., Grunze, H., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116636545 · Cited by 1,314 · see citing works
Ashok, A. H., Marques, T. R., Jauhar, S., Nour, M. M., Goodwin, G. M., Young, A. H., & Howes, O. D. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.16 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Reward Processing in Depression: A Conceptual and Meta-Analytic Review Across fMRI and EEG Studies
Keren, H., O’Callaghan, G., Vidal-Ribas, P., Buzzell, G. A., Brotman, M. A., Leibenluft, E., Pan, P. M., Meffert, L., Kaiser, A., Wolke, S., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17101124 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Craske, M. G., Meuret, A. E., Ritz, T., Treanor, M., & Dour, H. J. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22490 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Reward processing and mood-related symptoms: An RDoC and translational neuroscience perspective
Nusslock, R., & Alloy, L. B. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.001 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Circuit Mechanisms of Reward, Anhedonia, and Depression
Höflich, A., Michenthaler, P., Kasper, S., & Lanzenberger, R. (2019) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyy081 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Towards a second-person neuropsychiatry
Schilbach, L. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0081 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Differentiating between bipolar and unipolar depression in functional and structural MRI studies
Han, K.-M., De Berardis, D., Fornaro, M., & Kim, Y.-K. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.03.022 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Borsini, A., Wallis, A. S. J., Zunszain, P., Pariante, C. M., & Kempton, M. J. (2020) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-020-00804-6 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Avissar, M., Powell, F., Ilieva, I. P., Respino, M., Gunning, F. M., Liston, C. M., & Dubin, M. J. (2017) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2017.07.002 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Yin, L., Xu, X., Chen, G., Mehta, N. D., Haroon, E., Miller, A. H., Luo, Y., Li, Z., & Felger, J. C. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.011 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Dannlowski, U., Kugel, H., Grotegerd, D., Redlich, R., Opel, N., Dohm, K., Zaremba, D., Grögler, A., Schwieren, J., Suslow, T., et al. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.010 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationNusslock, R., Walden, K., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.06.004 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Carl, H., Walsh, E. C., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Minkel, J. D., Crowther, A., Moore, T. M., Gibbs, D. E., Petty, C., Bizzell, J., Dichter, G. S., et al. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.005 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
He, H., Jing Sui (Beijing Normal University), my correct affiliation is beijing normal university, N. Q. U. O. S. A. T., Du, Y., Yu, Q., Lin, D., Drevets, W. C., Savitz, J. B., Yang, J., Victor, T. A., & Calhoun, V. D. (2017) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-017-1451-x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Bürger, C., Redlich, R., Grotegerd, D., Meinert, S. L., Dohm, K., Schneider, I., Zaremba, D., Förster, K., Alferink, J., Bölte, J., et al. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.36 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, G., Zhang, C., Chen, J., Su, Y., Zhou, R., Wang, F., Xia, W., Huang, J., Wang, Z., Hu, Y., et al. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-0098-6 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Deng, F., Wang, Y., Huang, H., Niu, M., Zhong, S., Zhao, L., Qi, Z., Wu, X., Sun, Y., Niu, C., et al. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.006 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Anhedonia in depression and bipolar disorder
Whitton, A. E., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2022) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_323 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Han, S., Cui, Q., Wang, X., Li, L., Li, D., He, Z., Guo, X., Fan, Y., Guo, J., Sheng, W., et al. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25017 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
A voxel‐based diffusion tensor imaging study in unipolar and bipolar depression
Repple, J., Meinert, S. L., Grotegerd, D., Kugel, H., Redlich, R., Dohm, K., Zaremba, D., Opel, N., Buerger, C., Förster, K., et al. (2017) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12465 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, L., Wang, Y., Jia, Y., Zhong, S., Sun, Y., Zhou, Z., Zhang, Z., & Huang, L. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.042 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Siegel, J. E., Bertocci, M. A., Wu, B. B., Phillips, M. L., Strakowski, S. M., & Almeida, J. (2022) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.13176 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Rive, M. M., Redlich, R., Schmaal, L., Marquand, A. F., Dannlowski, U., Grotegerd, D., Veltman, D. J., Schene, A. H., & Ruhé, H. G. (2016) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12446 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial anhedonia in major depressive disorder: a symptom-specific neuroimaging approach
Enneking, V., Krüssel, P., Zaremba, D., Dohm, K., Grotegerd, D., Förster, K., Meinert, S. L., Bürger, C., Dzvonyar, F., Leehr, E. J., et al. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0283-6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationHan, S., He, Z., Duan, X., Tang, Q., Chen, Y., Yang, Y., Pang, Y., Nan, X., Cui, Q., & Chen, H. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.12.017 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Pacifico, R., & Davis, R. L. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.94 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Walsh, E. C., Carl, H., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Minkel, J. D., Crowther, A., Moore, T. M., Gibbs, D. E., Petty, C., Bizzell, J., Smoski, M. J., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.179 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Mood disorders: neurocognitive models
Malhi, G. S., Byrow, Y., Fritz, K., Das, P., Baune, B. T., Porter, R., & Outhred, T. (2015) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12353 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Sharma, A. K., Satterthwaite, T. D., Vandekar, L., Katchmar, N., Daldal, A., Ruparel, K., Elliott, M. A., Baldassano, C. F., Thase, M. E., Gur, R. E., et al. (2016) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.06.003 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Luo, Z., Chen, G., Jia, Y., Zhong, S., Gong, J., Chen, F., Wang, J., Qi, Z., Liu, X., Huang, L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.012 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Dohm, K., Redlich, R., Zwitserlood, P., & Dannlowski, U. (2016) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867416661426 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationTransdiagnostic neuroimaging in psychiatry: a review
Mitelman, S. A. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.026 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Abnormal dynamic functional connectivity density in patients with generalized anxiety disorder
Chen, Y., Cui, Q., Xie, A., Pang, Y., Sheng, W., Tang, Q., Li, D., Huang, J., He, Z., Wang, Y., et al. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.084 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Redlich, R., Bürger, C., Dohm, K., Grotegerd, D., Opel, N., Zaremba, D., Meinert, S. L., Förster, K., Repple, J., Schnelle, R., et al. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717000605 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationFeng, K., Law, S., Ravindran, N., Chen, G., Ma, X., Bo, X., Zhang, X., Shen, C., Li, J., Wang, Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.048 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Decreased static and increased dynamic global signal topography in major depressive disorder
Han, S., Wang, X., He, Z., Sheng, W., Zou, Q., Li, L., Yang, Y., Guo, X., Fan, Y., Guo, J., et al. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109665 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Presentation and Neurobiology of Anhedonia in Mood Disorders: Commonalities and Distinctions
Rizvi, S. J., Lambert, C. M., & Kennedy, S. H. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0877-z · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The roles of valuation and reward processing in cognitive function and psychiatric disorders
Hélie, S., Shamloo, F., Novak, K. D., & Foti, D. (2017) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13327 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Zaremba, D., Enneking, V., Meinert, S. L., Förster, K., Bürger, C., Dohm, K., Grotegerd, D., Redlich, R., Dietsche, B., Krug, A., et al. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718000016 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationKirschner, M., Cathomas, F., Manoliu, A., Habermeyer, B., Simon, J. J., Seifritz, E., Tobler, P. N., & Kaiser, S. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719000801 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Association of disease course and brain structural alterations in major depressive disorder
Lemke, H., Romankiewicz, L., Förster, K., Meinert, S. L., Waltemate, L., Fingas, S. M., Grotegerd, D., Redlich, R., Dohm, K., Leehr, E. J., et al. (2022) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23260 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationRedlich, R., Stacey, D., Opel, N., Grotegerd, D., Dohm, K., Kugel, H., Heindel, W. L., Arolt, V., Baune, B. T., & Dannlowski, U. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.008 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationVm, V., & Uranova, N. A. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.027 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Lu, F., Chen, Y., Cui, Q., Guo, Y., Pang, Y., Luo, W., Yu, Y., Chen, J., Gao, J., Sheng, W., et al. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac534 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Trost, S., Diekhof, E. K., Mohr, H., Vieker, H., Krämer, B., Wolf, C., Keil, M., Dechent, P., Binder, E. B., & Gruber, O. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.70 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Shi, J., Geng, J., Yan, R., Liu, X., Chen, Y., Zhu, R., Wang, X., Shao, J., Bi, K., Xiao, M., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02586 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Han, S., Cui, Q., Wang, X., Chen, Y., Li, D., Li, L., Guo, X., Fan, Y., Guo, J., Sheng, W., et al. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109865 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
From apathy to addiction: Insights from neurology and psychiatry.
Kirschner, M., Rabinowitz, A. G., Singer, N., & Dagher, A. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109926 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Damme, K. S. F., Young, C. B., & Nusslock, R. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx017 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Opel, N., Redlich, R., Repple, J., Flint, C., Grotegerd, D., Dohm, K., Zaremba, D., Goltermann, J., Steinmann, L. A., Krughöfer, R., et al. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.027 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationEnneking, V., Dzvonyar, F., Dück, K., Dohm, K., Grotegerd, D., Förster, K., Meinert, S. L., Lemke, H., Klug, M., Waltemate, L., et al. (2020) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2020.03.018 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationLemke, H., Probst, S., Warneke, A., Waltemate, L., Winter, A., Thiel, K., Meinert, S. L., Enneking, V., Breuer, F., Klug, M., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.05.008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationHusain, S. F., McIntyre, R. S., Tang, T. B., Latif, M. H. A., Tran, B. X., Linh, V. G., Thao, T. P. N., Ho, C. S. H., & Ho, R. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2021.10.009 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
He, Z., Lu, F., Sheng, W., Han, S., Pang, Y., Chen, Y., Tang, Q., Yang, Y., Luo, W., Yu, Y., et al. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109949 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Vrijen, C., Hartman, C. A., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2016) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0846-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Okamura, H., Yasugaki, S., Suzuki-Abe, H., Arai, Y., Sakurai, K., Yanagisawa, M., Takizawa, H., & Hayashi, Y. (2022) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0068-22.2022 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bart, C. P., Titone, M. K., Ng, T. H., Nusslock, R., & Alloy, L. B. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102035 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Decreased Connection Between Reward Systems and Paralimbic Cortex in Depressive Patients
Bai, T., Zu, M., Chen, Y., Xie, W., Cai, C., Wei, Q., Ji, G., Tian, Y., & Wang, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00462 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Weinstock, L. M., Chou, T., Hoyos, C. C.-D., Miller, I. W., & Gruber, J. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9945-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Stacey, D., Redlich, R., Büschel, A., Opel, N., Grotegerd, D., Zaremba, D., Dohm, K., Bürger, C., Meinert, S. L., Förster, K., et al. (2016) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12318 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationBrandt, I. M., Köhler‐Forsberg, K., Ganz, M., Ozenne, B., Jørgensen, M. B., Poulsen, A. S., Knudsen, G. M., Frøkjær, V. G., & Fisher, P. M. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.12.010 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Pavuluri, M. N., Volpe, K. A., & Yuen, A. (2017) · AIMS neuroscience · doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2017.1.52 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Daniels, A., Wellan, S., Beck, A., Erk, S., Wackerhagen, C., Romanczuk-Seiferth, N., Schwarz, K., Schweiger, J. I., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Heinz, A., et al. (2025) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-024-01261-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sun, F., Liu, Z., Fan, Z., Zuo, J., Xi, C., & Yang, J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.021 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Nimarko, A. F., Gorelik, A. J., Carta, K. E., Gorelik, M. G., & Singh, M. K. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01800-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Salience-thalamic circuit uncouples in major depressive disorder, but not in bipolar depression
Zeng, C., Xue, Z., Ross, B., Zhang, M., Liu, Z., Wu, G., Ouyang, X., Li, D., & Pu, W. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.007 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Fischer, A. S., Holt-Gosselin, B., Hagan, K. E., Fleming, S. L., Nimarko, A. F., Gotlib, I. H., & Singh, M. K. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.02.009 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Yu, F., Fang, H., Zhang, J., Wang, Z., Ai, H., Kwok, V. P. Y., Fang, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, X., Zhu, C., et al. (2022) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23292 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Barch, D. M., Pagliaccio, D., Luking, K. R., Moran, E. K., & Culbreth, A. J. (2019) · Nebraska Symposium on Motivation/The Nebraska symposium on motivation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27473-3_5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Letzen, J., Seminowicz, D., Campbell, C., & Finan, P. (2018) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.011 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Repple, J., Zaremba, D., Meinert, S. L., Grotegerd, D., Redlich, R., Förster, K., Dohm, K., Opel, N., Hahn, T., Enneking, V., et al. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.180243 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationOrbitofrontal cortex grey matter volume is related to children’s depressive symptoms
Vandermeer, M. R. J., Liu, P., Ali, O. M., Daoust, A. R., Joanisse, M. F., Barch, D. M., & Hayden, E. P. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102395 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Reward Processing in Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia: A Neurodevelopmental Framework
Nusslock, R., Mittal, V. A., & Alloy, L. B. (2025) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080822-041621 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Liu, H., Zhao, K., Shi, J., Chen, Y., Yao, Z., & Lü, Q. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00704 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Serykh, A., Валерьевна, Х. М., Dubrovina, N. I., Петрова, Е. С., Mikhnevich, N., Starostina, M. V., Amstislavskaya, T. G., & Lipina, T. V. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112693 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Increased brain nucleus accumbens functional connectivity in melancholic depression
Chen, Z., Ou, Y., Liu, F., Li, H., Li, P., Xie, G., Cui, X., & Guo, W. (2023) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109798 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Yang, J., Lei, D., Suo, X., Tallman, M. J., Qin, K., Li, W., Bruns, K. M., Blom, T. J., Durán, L. R. P., Cotton, S., et al. (2021) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13245 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zeng, C., Liao, S., & Pu, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1067819 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Meinert, S. L., Leehr, E. J., Grotegerd, D., Repple, J., Förster, K., Winter, N. R., Enneking, V., Fingas, S. M., Lemke, H., Waltemate, L., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720002950 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationReward and punishment learning deficits among bipolar disorder subtypes
Pouchon, A., Vinckier, F., Dondé, C., Gueguen, M. C. M., Polosan, M., & Bastin, J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.075 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Arjmand, S., Behzadi, M., Stephens, G. J., Ezzatabadipour, S., Seifaddini, R., Arjmand, S., & Shabani, M. (2017) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858417714226 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wakatsuki, Y., Ogura, Y., Hashimoto, N., Toyomaki, A., Miyamoto, T., Nakagawa, S., Inoue, T., & Kusumi, I. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13429 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Morris, L. S., Costi, S., Hameed, S., Collins, K. A., Stern, E. R., Chowdhury, A., Morel, C., Salas, R., Iosifescu, D. V., Han, M., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-02957-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Anhedonia difference between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder II
Fang, X., Wang, D., Tang, W., Liu, H., Zhang, X., & Zhang, C. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03548-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Liu, X., Guo, Z., Ding, Y., Li, J., Wang, G., Hou, H., Chen, X., & Yu, E. (2017) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-017-1854-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cha, J., Speaker, S. L., Hu, B., Altinay, M. I., Koirala, P., Karne, H. S., Spielberg, J. M., Kuceyeski, A. F., Dhamala, E., & Anand, A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.037 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Shao, J., Zhang, Y., Li, X., Wang, X., Wang, H., Zhu, R., Yao, Z., & Lü, Q. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01290-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Redlich, C., Dlugos, A. M., Hill, M. N., Patel, S., Korn, D., Enneking, V., Foerster, K., Arolt, V., Domschke, K., Dannlowski, U., et al. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-00870-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationHan, S., Zheng, R., Li, S., Zhou, B., Jiang, Y. B., Fang, K., Wei, Y., Wen, B., Pang, J., Li, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.159 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pushing the Frontiers: Optogenetics for Illuminating the Neural Pathophysiology of Bipolar Disorder
Kong, L., Guo, X., Shen, Y., Xu, L., Huang, H., Lu, J., & Hu, S. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.84923 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Higher body weight-dependent neural activation during reward processing
Richter, M. F., Widera, S., Malz, F., Goltermann, J., Steinmann, L. A., Kraus, A., Enneking, V., Meinert, S. L., Repple, J., Redlich, R., et al. (2023) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-023-00769-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationCasement, M. D., Goldstein, T. R., Merranko, J. A., Gratzmiller, S. M., & Franzen, P. L. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000737 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sex differences in anhedonia in bipolar depression: a resting-state fMRI study
Wang, X., Xia, Y. X., Yan, R., Sun, H., Huang, Y., Xia, Q., Sheng, J., You, W., Hua, L., Tang, H., et al. (2024) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01765-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Calesella, F., Serra, E., Palladini, M., Colombo, F., Bravi, B., Fortaner-Uyà, L., Monopoli, C., Tassi, E., Brambilla, P., Colombo, C., et al. (2025) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.05.011 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Macoveanu, J., Kjærstad, H. L., Chase, H. W., Frangou, S., Knudsen, G. M., Vinberg, M., Kessing, L. V., & Miskowiak, K. W. (2020) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12915 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Tang, A., Chen, Y., Si, K., Lai, J., Gong, W., & Hu, S. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03398-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zwiky, E., König, P., Herrmann, R., Küttner, A., Selle, J., Ptasczynski, L. E., Schöniger, K., Rutenkröger, M., Enneking, V., Borgers, T., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1396811 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationComparing adaptive coding of reward in bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia
Kaliuzhna, M., Kirschner, M., Tobler, P. N., & Kaiser, S. (2022) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26078 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Distinct structural brain circuits indicate mood and apathy profiles in bipolar disorder
Jiang, W., Andreassen, O. A., Agartz, I., Lagerberg, T. V., Westlye, L. T., Calhoun, V. D., & Turner, J. A. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101989 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Redlich, R., Dohm, K., Grotegerd, D., Opel, N., Zwitserlood, P., Heindel, W., Arolt, V., Kugel, H., & Dannlowski, U.
- Affiliations
- University of Münster (DE)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Dannlowski, Udo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2015-04-16
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2623-2631
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC4569953
- OpenAlex
- W1976921288
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 13.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DA1151/5-1, FOR 2107)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- reward processing, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, functional connectivity, anhedonia, neural correlates of depression, differential diagnosis of depression, caudate nucleus, thalamus, insula, prefrontal cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Bipolar Disorder, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mental Processes, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Reward, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review