Cited by 1,136Gut microbiota and healthImmune Response and InflammationT-cell and B-cell Immunology

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Epithelial-cell recognition of commensal bacteria and maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut

Artis, David·2008·Nature reviews. Immunology

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Abstract

Mucosal surfaces such as the intestinal tract are continuously exposed to both potential pathogens and beneficial commensal microorganisms. This creates a requirement for a homeostatic balance between tolerance and immunity that represents a unique regulatory challenge to the mucosal immune system. Recent findings suggest that intestinal epithelial cells, although once considered a simple physical barrier, are a crucial cell lineage for maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. This Review discusses recent findings that identify a cardinal role for epithelial cells in sampling the intestinal microenvironment, discriminating pathogenic and commensal microorganisms and influencing the function of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.

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Background
Role of milk carbohydrates in intestinal health of nursery pigs: a review
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Probiotics and Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Finding the Missing Pieces of the Probiotic Puzzle
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Cigarette Smoke Extract (CSE) Delays NOD2 Expression and Affects NOD2/RIPK2 Interactions in Intestinal Epithelial Cells
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BackgroundInfluential
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Background
ILSI Brazil International Workshop on Functional Foods: a narrative review of the scientific evidence in the area of carbohydrates, microbiome, and health
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Background
Longitudinal Examination of the Intestinal Lamina Propria Cellular Compartment of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques Provides Broader and Deeper Insights into the Link between Aberrant MicroRNA Expression and Persistent Immune Activation
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“While markedly elevated IRAK1 protein expression was detected in both colon and jejunum, we have shown data from the colon, as it represents a major contributor to microbial translocation owing to its large concentration of bacterial (10(11) to 10(12) cells/g of intestinal contents) and other microbial flora (44).”
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Immunomodulators in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Emerging Role for Biologic Agents
Kemp, R. A., Dunn, E. T. J., & Schultz, M. (2013) · BioDrugs · doi:10.1007/s40259-013-0045-2 · Cited by 25
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“It is interesting to note that intestinal epithelial cells express IDO as well (Artis, 2008).”
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Role of Glucomannans in Immunology
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The yin and yang of B cells in a constant state of battle: intestinal inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease
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Epithelial-neuronal-immune cell interactions: Implications for immunity, inflammation, and tissue homeostasis at mucosal sites
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Effect of resistant starch type 2 on inflammatory mediators: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
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Gut microbiota–microRNA interactions in ankylosing spondylitis
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Association of GILZ with MUC2, TLR2, and TLR4 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Cari, L., Rosati, L., Leoncini, G., Lusenti, E., Gentili, M., Nocentini, G., Riccardi, C., Migliorati, G., & Ronchetti, S. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24032235 · Cited by 24
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Effect of the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 Type III Secretion System on Salmonella Survival in Activated Chicken Macrophage-Like HD11 Cells
Wisner, A. L. S., Potter, A. A., & Köster, W. L. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029787 · Cited by 24
“macrophages and dendritic cells [11,12,13,14,15].”
Huai hua san alleviates dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis and modulates colonic microbiota
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Entamoeba histolytica Cathepsin-Like Enzymes
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Linking Periodontitis with Inflammatory Bowel Disease through the Oral–Gut Axis: The Potential Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis
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Marine Algae and Deriving Biomolecules for the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Potential Clinical Therapeutics to Decrease Gut Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers?
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Bacterial probiotics as an aid in the control of Clostridium difficile disease in neonatal pigs.
Arruda, P., Madson, D., Ramirez, A., Rowe, E., & Songer, J. G. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 23
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“Two, the surface of food or commensal bacteria may carry specific markers recogniz- able by the mammalian gut epithelial cells (Artis, 2008).”
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‘ABC’ of Mucosal Immunology
Brandtzæg, P. (2009) · Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop series · doi:10.1159/000235781 · Cited by 23
Defining microbiota for developing new probiotics
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Regulating Bacteria–Host Interactions for Disease Intervention by Covalent Conjugation of Bacterial Surface
Chen, M., & Liu, J. (2025) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.5c00271 · Cited by 23
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“PP play a critical role in host defense and oral tolerance ( Artis 2008 ); most of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the gut is generated by B cells in the PP germinal centers (McGhee 2005; Mestecky and Elson 2008).”
Background
ATP conditions intestinal epithelial cells to an inflammatory state that promotes components of DC maturation
Yao, Y. F., Levings, M. K., & Steiner, T. S. (2012) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201142213 · Cited by 22
Dysbiosis in Pediatrics Is Associated with Respiratory Infections: Is There a Place for Bacterial-Derived Products?
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Impact of parasitic infection on human gut ecology and immune regulations
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Probiotic Intake and Inflammation in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: An Analysis of the CKD-REIN Cohort
Wagner, S., Merkling, T., Metzger, M., Koppe, L., Laville, M., Boutron‐Ruault, M., Frimat, L., Combe, C., Massy, Z. A., Stengel, B., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.772596 · Cited by 23
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Chemically Induced Colitis-Associated Cancer Models in Rodents for Pharmacological Modulation: A Systematic Review
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Luminal-Applied Flagellin Is Internalized by Polarized Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Elicits Immune Responses via the TLR5 Dependent Mechanism
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Reduced expression of basal and probiotic-inducible G-CSF in intestinal mononuclear cells is associated with inflammatory bowel disease
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Act Locally, Act Globally—Microbiota, Barriers, and Cytokines in Atherosclerosis
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“A large number of immune cells, including cells of innate and adaptive immunity, residing within the intestinal wall are specialized in the recognition and killing of bacteria that are able to escape the first two lines of defense [3].”
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Involvement of Smad7 in Inflammatory Diseases of the Gut and Colon Cancer
Troncone, E., Marafini, I., Stolfi, C., & Monteleone, G. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22083922 · Cited by 22
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Effects of Prebiotics and Probiotics on the Host Immune Response
Kogut, M. H., & Swaggerty, C. L. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1311-0_5 · Cited by 22

Authors: Artis, D.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author: Artis, David
ORCID: Artis, David
Venue: Nature reviews. Immunology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-06
Volume: 8
Issue: 6
Pages: 411-420
ISSN: 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
1474-1741
DOI: 10.1038/nri2316
OpenAlex: W2025114863
Cited by: 1,136
References: 167
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 92 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 81
FWCI: 6.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (T32CA009140, T32-CA09140-30)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (F31-GM82187, F31GM082187)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI74878, T32AI007532, R01AI074878, F32-AI72943, F32AI072943, R01AI061570, AI 61570)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords: intestinal epithelial cells, commensal bacteria, immune homeostasis, mucosal immunity, host-microbe interactions, epithelial barrier function, antigen presentation, lymphocytes, pathogen discrimination, gut microbiota
MeSH terms: Animals, Bacteria, Gastric Mucosa, Homeostasis, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa

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Epithelial-cell recognition of commensal bacteria and maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut

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