Cited by 1,136Gut microbiota and healthImmune Response and InflammationT-cell and B-cell Immunology

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Epithelial-cell recognition of commensal bacteria and maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut

Artis, David·2008·Nature reviews. Immunology

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Abstract

Mucosal surfaces such as the intestinal tract are continuously exposed to both potential pathogens and beneficial commensal microorganisms. This creates a requirement for a homeostatic balance between tolerance and immunity that represents a unique regulatory challenge to the mucosal immune system. Recent findings suggest that intestinal epithelial cells, although once considered a simple physical barrier, are a crucial cell lineage for maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. This Review discusses recent findings that identify a cardinal role for epithelial cells in sampling the intestinal microenvironment, discriminating pathogenic and commensal microorganisms and influencing the function of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.

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“It has been demonstrated that certain strains of probiotics regulate the immunological homeostasis of the intestinal mucosa [12-14], and partially affect the development of allergic diseases [15-17].”
Background
Developmental Immunotoxicology Testing (DIT)
Holsapple, M. P., Prell, R. A., & Comstock, S. S. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.65734-3 · Cited by 3
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Bose, U., Howitt, C. A., & Colgrave, M. L. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100596-5.22466-9 · Cited by 3
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“Intestinal epithelial cells, in particular, perform an important role as a protective forefront of immunity of the host mucosa, allowing the host to survive persistent interaction with external triggers such as gram-negative infections [7, 11].”
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“These values approach the normal range for healthy adults (approximately 30–200 ng/mL (Artis 2008)), indicating a clinically relevant improvement in gut barrier integrity.”
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Daniel, R. C., Okeugo, B., Armbrister, S. A., Saleh, Z. M., Wang, J., Luo, M., Taylor, C. M., Lundberg, L. E., Giorgberidze, S., Yin, Z., et al. (2025) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-025-10849-z · Cited by 2
“Neonatal immune development is tightly associated with commensal bacterial colonization that eventually facilitates optimal tolerance to various bacteria, milk and other antigens encountered [18, 19].”
7,8-Dihydroxyflavone alleviates ulcerative colitis by binding keap1 to activate an slc7a11-dependent inhibition of NF-κB p65 signaling in macrophages
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Alkali-extracted polysaccharides from mung bean skin possess protective effect on H 2O 2-induced IEC-6 cells: the role of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways
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“While non-immune cells cell-autonomously respond to extracellular stresses and foes that invade the cell inside as a conventional cellular defence system [57], recognising and attacking these aberrant cells is a completely new cellular defence mechanism.”
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“20 Shifts in the microbiome, stemming from various environmental factors such as those asso - ciated with diet or infections, 21 can compromise the integrity of the intestinal barrier by causing perturbations in the lumen.”
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“The microbiome has a very wide range of health benefits for the host [49], and disrupted intestinal ecology influences both the efficacy and toxicity of adjuvant chemotherapy [50].”
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The Gastrointestinal Immune System*
Kim, C. H., & Shanahan, F. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-046884-6.00843-5 · Cited by 2
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“Moreover, the gut epithelium and its associated microorganisms provide an important barrier that serves both to prevent invasion by potential pathogens and limit the elicitation of host responses to the resident microbiota (Artis, 2008).”
Background
Direct Physiological Effects on Local Gi and Indirect Systemic Effects of Prebiotic Fructan Treatment, and its Role in Disease Prevention and Therapy
Tungland, B. C. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814649-1.00005-3 · Cited by 2
Canine primary jejunal and colonic epithelial cells predominantly express TLR5 and TLR9 but do not change TLR expression pattern after stimulation with certain Toll-like receptor ligands
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Authors: Artis, D.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author: Artis, David
ORCID: Artis, David
Venue: Nature reviews. Immunology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-06
Volume: 8
Issue: 6
Pages: 411-420
ISSN: 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
1474-1741
DOI: 10.1038/nri2316
OpenAlex: W2025114863
Cited by: 1,136
References: 167
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 92 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 81
FWCI: 6.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (T32CA009140, T32-CA09140-30)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (F31-GM82187, F31GM082187)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI74878, T32AI007532, R01AI074878, F32-AI72943, F32AI072943, R01AI061570, AI 61570)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords: intestinal epithelial cells, commensal bacteria, immune homeostasis, mucosal immunity, host-microbe interactions, epithelial barrier function, antigen presentation, lymphocytes, pathogen discrimination, gut microbiota
MeSH terms: Animals, Bacteria, Gastric Mucosa, Homeostasis, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa

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Epithelial-cell recognition of commensal bacteria and maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut

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