Metagenomic Analysis of the Human Distal Gut Microbiome
Open accessAbstract
The human intestinal microbiota is composed of 10(13) to 10(14) microorganisms whose collective genome ("microbiome") contains at least 100 times as many genes as our own genome. We analyzed approximately 78 million base pairs of unique DNA sequence and 2062 polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S ribosomal DNA sequences obtained from the fecal DNAs of two healthy adults. Using metabolic function analyses of identified genes, we compared our human genome with the average content of previously sequenced microbial genomes. Our microbiome has significantly enriched metabolism of glycans, amino acids, and xenobiotics; methanogenesis; and 2-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway-mediated biosynthesis of vitamins and isoprenoids. Thus, humans are superorganisms whose metabolism represents an amalgamation of microbial and human attributes.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Many aspects of intercellular and inter-species signaling, short- and long-term evolution, and regulatory programs are exercised by microbes in their natural settings and are extremely difficult to recapitulate in a controlled setting.
“Since early studies of environmental and host-associated microbial communities (Gill et al., 2006; Tyson et al., 2004; Venter et al., 2004), it has been clear that many aspects of intercellular and inter-species signaling, short- and long-term evolution, and regulatory programs are exercised by microbes in their natural settings and extremely difficult to recapitulate in a controlled setting.”
From Integrating taxonomic, functional, and strain-level profiling of diverse microbial communities with bioBakery 3 (2021) · cites this paper as Gill et al., 2006
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids
Rice-Evans, C. A., Miller, N. J., & Paganga, G. (1996) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0891-5849(95)02227-9 · Cited by 9,085 · see citing works
Host-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine
Bäckhed, F., Ley, R. E., Sonnenburg, J. L., Peterson, D. A., & Gordon, J. I. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1104816 · Cited by 5,277 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- [2]Eckburg PB, et al. Science. 2005;308:1635. [Google Scholar]
- [3]Ley RE, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005;102:11070. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0504978102. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI · Paper page
- [4]Mazmanian SK, Liu CH, Tzianabos AO, Kasper DL. Cell. 2005;122:107. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI · Paper page
- [5]Rakoff-Nahoum S, Paglino J, Eslami-Varzaneh F, Edberg S, Medzhitov R. Cell. 2004;118:229. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI · Paper page
- [6]Backhed F, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004;101:15718. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407076101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI · Paper page
- [7]Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Wilson ID. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2005;3:431. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1152. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI · Paper page
- [8]Rondon MR, et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2000;66:2541. doi: 10.1128/aem.66.6.2541-2547.2000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [9]Venter JC, et al. Science. 2004;304:66. doi: 10.1126/science.1093857. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI · Paper page
- [10]Tyson GW, et al. Nature. 2004;428:25. [Google Scholar]
- [12]Schell MA, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002;99:14422. doi: 10.1073/pnas.212527599. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Mahowald, M. A., Magrini, V., Mardis, E. R., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05414 · Cited by 12,444 · see citing works
Self-citationA human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing
MetaHIT Consortium, Qin, J., Li, R., Raes, J., Arumugam, M., Burgdorf, K. S., Manichanh, C., Nielsen, T., Pons, N., Levenez, F., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08821 · Cited by 11,624 · see citing works
Human gut microbes associated with obesity
Ley, R. E., Turnbaugh, P. J., Klein, S., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/4441022a · Cited by 8,785 · see citing works
Self-citationA core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins
Turnbaugh, P. J., Hamady, M., Yatsunenko, T., Cantarel, B. L., Duncan, A., Ley, R. E., Sogin, M. L., Jones, W. J., Roe, B. A., Affourtit, J. P., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07540 · Cited by 7,823 · see citing works
Self-citationEnterotypes of the human gut microbiome
MetaHIT Consortium (additional members), Arumugam, M., Raes, J., Pelletier, E., Le Paslier, D., Yamada, T., Mende, D. R., Fernandes, G. R., Tap, J., Bruls, T., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09944 · Cited by 7,548 · see citing works
Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes
Wu, G. D., Chen, J., Hoffmann, C., Bittinger, K., Chen, Y.-Y., Keilbaugh, S. A., Bewtra, M., Knights, D., Walters, W. A., Knight, R., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1208344 · Cited by 6,513 · see citing works
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Hamady, M., Fraser-Liggett, C. M., Knight, R., & Gordon, J. I. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06244 · Cited by 6,091 · see citing works
Self-citationDe Filippo, C., Cavalieri, D., Di Paola, M., Ramazzotti, M., Poullet, J. B., Massart, S., Collini, S., Pieraccini, G., & Lionetti, P. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1005963107 · Cited by 5,579 · see citing works
Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body
Sender, R., Fuchs, S., & Milo, R. (2016) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533 · Cited by 5,425 · see citing works
Cryan, J. F., O'Riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., Sandhu, K. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Boehme, M., Codagnone, M. G., Cussotto, S., Fulling, C., Golubeva, A. V., et al. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 · Cited by 5,286 · see citing works
The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease
Round, J. L., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2515 · Cited by 5,029 · see citing works
Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour
Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3346 · Cited by 4,572 · see citing works
Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease
Xavier, R. J., & Podolsky, D. K. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06005 · Cited by 4,364 · see citing works
Gut microbiota in health and disease
Sekirov, I., Russell, S. L., Antunes, L. C. M., & Finlay, B. B. (2010) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00045.2009 · Cited by 4,182 · see citing works
The gut microbiota--masters of host development and physiology
Sommer, F., & Bäckhed, F. (2013) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2974 · Cited by 3,681 · see citing works
Davis, N. M., Proctor, D. M., Holmes, S. P., Relman, D. A., & Callahan, B. J. (2018) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0605-2 · Cited by 3,493 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view
Clemente, J. C., Ursell, L. K., Parfrey, L. W., & Knight, R. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.035 · Cited by 3,710 · see citing works
Introduction to the human gut microbiota
Thursby, E., & Juge, N. (2017) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20160510 · Cited by 3,600 · see citing works
Rinninella, E., Raoul, P., Cintoni, M., Franceschi, F., Miggiano, G. A. D., Gasbarrini, A., & Mele, M. C. (2019) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms7010014 · Cited by 3,462 · see citing works
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk
Tang, W. H. W., Wang, Z., Levison, B. S., Koeth, R. A., Britt, E. B., Fu, X., Wu, Y., & Hazen, S. L. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1109400 · Cited by 3,402 · see citing works
Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior
Heijtz, R. D., Wang, S., Anuar, F., Qian, Y., Björkholm, B., Samuelsson, A., Hibberd, M. L., Forssberg, H., & Pettersson, S. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1010529108 · Cited by 3,228 · see citing works
Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites
Wikoff, W. R., Anfora, A. T., Liu, J., Schultz, P. G., Lesley, S. A., Peters, E. C., & Siuzdak, G. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0812874106 · Cited by 2,677 · see citing works
Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health
Singh, R. K., Chang, H.-W., Yan, D., Lee, K. M., Ucmak, D., Wong, K., Abrouk, M., Farahnik, B., Nakamura, M., Zhu, T. H., et al. (2017) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1175-y · Cited by 2,599 · see citing works
Gut–brain axis: How the microbiome influences anxiety and depression
Foster, J. A., & McVey Neufeld, K.-A. (2013) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005 · Cited by 2,460 · see citing works
Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects
Schwiertz, A., Taras, D., Schäfer, K., Beijer, S., Bos, N. A., Donus, C., & Hardt, P. D. (2010) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.167 · Cited by 2,457 · see citing works
Beghini, F., McIver, L. J., Blanco-Míguez, A., Dubois, L., Asnicar, F., Maharjan, S., Mailyan, A., Manghi, P., Scholz, M., Thomas, A. M., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.65088 · Cited by 2,303 · see citing works
Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis
Qin, N., Yang, F., Li, A., Prifti, E., Chen, Y., Shao, L., Guo, J., Le Chatelier, E., Yao, J., Wu, L., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13568 · Cited by 2,177 · see citing works
The microbiome and butyrate regulate energy metabolism and autophagy in the mammalian colon
Donohoe, D. R., Garge, N., Zhang, X., Sun, W., O'Connell, T. M., Bunger, M. K., & Bultman, S. J. (2011) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.018 · Cited by 2,003 · see citing works
“These microbiota and their genomes, referred to collectively as the microbiome, are being characterized by metagenomic sequencing as part of the Human Microbiome Project (Gill et al., 2006; Hildebrandt et al., 2009; Kurokawa et al., 2007; Qin et al.; Turnbaugh et al., 2009; Turnbaugh et al., 2007).”
Terzić, J., Grivennikov, S., Karin, E., & Karin, M. (2010) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.058 · Cited by 1,974 · see citing works
Microbial Influences in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Sartor, R. B. (2008) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.059 · Cited by 1,927 · see citing works
Clarke, G., Grenham, S., Scully, P., Fitzgerald, P., Moloney, R. D., Shanahan, F., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.77 · Cited by 1,893 · see citing works
Dietary fiber and prebiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota
Holscher, H. D. (2017) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2017.1290756 · Cited by 1,808 · see citing works
Kaser, A., Zeissig, S., & Blumberg, R. S. (2010) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101225 · Cited by 1,806 · see citing works
Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly
Claesson, M. J., Cusack, S., O'Sullivan, O., Greene-Diniz, R., de Weerd, H., Flannery, E., Marchesi, J. R., Falush, D., Dinan, T., Fitzgerald, G., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1000097107 · Cited by 1,754 · see citing works
Zhu, L., Baker, S. S., Gill, C., Liu, W., Alkhouri, R., Baker, R. D., & Gill, S. R. (2013) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.26093 · Cited by 1,708 · see citing works
Self-citationAn ecological and evolutionary perspective on human–microbe mutualism and disease
Dethlefsen, L., McFall-Ngai, M., & Relman, D. A. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06245 · Cited by 1,660 · see citing works
Self-citationSchwabe, R. F., & Jobin, C. (2013) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3610 · Cited by 1,689 · see citing works
Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: A gut microbiota perspective
LeBlanc, J. G., Milani, C., de Giori, G. S., Sesma, F., van Sinderen, D., & Ventura, M. (2013) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2012.08.005 · Cited by 1,613 · see citing works
The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health
Conlon, M., & Bird, A. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7010017 · Cited by 1,567 · see citing works
Odamaki, T., Kato, K., Sugahara, H., Hashikura, N., Takahashi, S., Xiao, J.-Z., Abe, F., & Osawa, R. (2016) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0708-5 · Cited by 1,521 · see citing works
The Integrative Human Microbiome Project
The Integrative HMP (iHMP) Research Network Consortium, Proctor, L. M., Creasy, H. H., Fettweis, J. M., Lloyd-Price, J., Mahurkar, A., Zhou, W., Buck, G. A., Snyder, M. P., Strauss, J. F., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1238-8 · Cited by 1,381 · see citing works
Proinflammatory T-cell responses to gut microbiota promote experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Lee, Y. K., Menezes, J. S., Umesaki, Y., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1000082107 · Cited by 1,323 · see citing works
Paneth cells, antimicrobial peptides and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis
Bevins, C. L., & Salzman, N. H. (2011) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2546 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
Scaling laws predict global microbial diversity
Locey, K. J., & Lennon, J. T. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1521291113 · Cited by 1,184 · see citing works
Jakobsson, H. E., Jernberg, C., Andersson, A. F., Sjölund-Karlsson, M., Jansson, J. K., & Engstrand, L. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009836 · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
Long-term ecological impacts of antibiotic administration on the human intestinal microbiota
Jernberg, C., Löfmark, S., Edlund, C., & Jansson, J. K. (2007) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2007.3 · Cited by 1,134 · see citing works
Manichanh, C., Borruel, N., Casellas, F., & Guarner, F. (2012) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2012.152 · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
Enteric defensins are essential regulators of intestinal microbial ecology
Salzman, N. H., Hung, K., Haribhai, D., Chu, H., Karlsson-Sjöberg, J., Amir, E., Teggatz, P., Barman, M., Hayward, M., Eastwood, D., et al. (2010) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1825 · Cited by 1,156 · see citing works
Chen, T., Yu, W.-H., Izard, J., Baranova, O. V., Lakshmanan, A., & Dewhirst, F. E. (2010) · Database · doi:10.1093/database/baq013 · Cited by 1,162 · see citing works
Loomba, R., Seguritan, V., Li, W., Long, T., Klitgord, N., Bhatt, A., Dulai, P. S., Caussy, C., Bettencourt, R., Highlander, S. K., et al. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.001 · Cited by 1,123 · see citing works
Self-citationSymbiotic gut microbes modulate human metabolic phenotypes
Li, M., Wang, B., Zhang, M., Rantalainen, M., Wang, S., Zhou, H., Zhang, Y., Shen, J., Pang, X., Zhang, M., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0712038105 · Cited by 1,144 · see citing works
Epithelial-cell recognition of commensal bacteria and maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut
Artis, D. (2008) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2316 · Cited by 1,136 · see citing works
Impacts of polystyrene microplastic on the gut barrier, microbiota and metabolism of mice
Jin, Y., Lu, L., Tu, W., Luo, T., & Fu, Z. (2019) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.353 · Cited by 1,100 · see citing works
Hemarajata, P., & Versalovic, J. (2013) · Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1177/1756283x12459294 · Cited by 1,083 · see citing works
Jones, B. V., Begley, M., Hill, C., Gahan, C. G. M., & Marchesi, J. R. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0804437105 · Cited by 1,098 · see citing works
Initial impact of the sequencing of the human genome
Lander, E. S. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09792 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
Theriot, C. M., Koenigsknecht, M. J., Carlson, P. E., Hatton, G. E., Nelson, A. M., Li, B., Huffnagle, G. B., Z. Li, J., & Young, V. B. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms4114 · Cited by 974 · see citing works
Forsyth, C. B., Shannon, K. M., Kordower, J. H., Voigt, R. M., Shaikh, M., Jaglin, J. A., Estes, J. D., Dodiya, H. B., & Keshavarzian, A. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028032 · Cited by 974 · see citing works
Dubin, K., Callahan, M. K., Ren, B., Khanin, R., Viale, A., Ling, L., No, D., Gobourne, A., Littmann, E., Huttenhower, C., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10391 · Cited by 987 · see citing works
Iwase, T., Uehara, Y., Shinji, H., Tajima, A., Seo, H., Takada, K., Agata, T., & Mizunoe, Y. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09074 · Cited by 991 · see citing works
Reduced incidence of Prevotella and other fermenters in intestinal microflora of autistic children
Kang, D.-W., Park, J. G., Ilhan, Z. E., Wallstrom, G., LaBaer, J., Adams, J. B., & Krajmalnik-Brown, R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068322 · Cited by 976 · see citing works
Lagier, J.-C., Khelaifia, S., Alou, M. T., Ndongo, S., Dione, N., Hugon, P., Caputo, A., Cadoret, F., Traore, S. I., Seck, E. H., et al. (2016) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.203 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
RetractedBrain-gut-microbe communication in health and disease
Grenham, S., Clarke, G., Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2011) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2011.00094 · Cited by 952 · see citing works
The role of microbial amino acid metabolism in host metabolism
Neis, E., Dejong, C., & Rensen, S. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7042930 · Cited by 920 · see citing works
A bacterial driver–passenger model for colorectal cancer: beyond the usual suspects
Tjalsma, H., Boleij, A., Marchesi, J. R., & Dutilh, B. E. (2012) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2819 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Functional characterization of the antibiotic resistance reservoir in the human microflora
Sommer, M. O. A., Dantas, G., & Church, G. M. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1176950 · Cited by 878 · see citing works
Bile acid signaling in metabolic disease and drug therapy
Li, T., & Chiang, J. Y. L. (2014) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.113.008201 · Cited by 935 · see citing works
Towards the human intestinal microbiota phylogenetic core
Tap, J., Mondot, S., Levenez, F., Pelletier, E., Caron, C., Furet, J., Ugarte, E., Muñoz‐Tamayo, R., Paslier, D. L. E., Nalin, R., et al. (2009) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01982.x · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Armougom, F., Henry, M., Vialettes, B., Raccah, D., & Raoult, D. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007125 · Cited by 905 · see citing works
Effects of gut microbes on nutrient absorption and energy regulation
Krajmalnik‐Brown, R., Ilhan, Z., Kang, D., & DiBaise, J. K. (2012) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0884533611436116 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Comparative metagenomics revealed commonly enriched gene sets in human gut microbiomes
Kurokawa, K., Itoh, T., Kuwahara, T., Oshima, K., Toh, H., Toyoda, A., Takami, H., Morita, H., Sharma, V. K., Srivastava, T. P., et al. (2007) · DNA Research · doi:10.1093/dnares/dsm018 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Cuevas-Ramos, G., Petit, C. R., Marcq, I., Boury, M., Oswald, E., & Nougayrède, J.-P. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1001261107 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Archaea and fungi of the human gut microbiome: correlations with diet and bacterial residents
Hoffmann, C., Dollive, S., Grunberg, S., Chen, J., Li, H., Wu, G. D., Lewis, J. D., & Bushman, F. D. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066019 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Greenblum, S., Turnbaugh, P. J., & Borenstein, E. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1116053109 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Self-citationMicrobiota and Host Nutrition across Plant and Animal Kingdoms
Hacquard, S., Garrido-Oter, R., González, A., Spaepen, S., Ackermann, G., Lebeis, S., McHardy, A. C., Dangl, J. L., Knight, R., Ley, R., et al. (2015) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.009 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
The gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease
Matsuoka, K., & Kanai, T. (2015) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-014-0454-4 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
The human microbiome: Our second genome
Grice, E. A., & Segre, J. A. (2012) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-090711-163814 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
Enteric dysbiosis associated with a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease
Yan, A. W., Fouts, D. E., Brandl, J., Stärkel, P., Torralba, M., Schott, E., Tsukamoto, H., Nelson, K. E., Brenner, D. A., & Schnabl, B. (2011) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.24018 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Self-citationCommensal clostridia: Leading players in the maintenance of gut homeostasis
Lopetuso, L. R., Scaldaferri, F., Petito, V., & Gasbarrini, A. (2013) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/1757-4749-5-23 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Shifting the balance: antibiotic effects on host–microbiota mutualism
Willing, B. P., Russell, S. L., & Finlay, B. B. (2011) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2536 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
The intestinal microbiota: Antibiotics, colonization resistance, and enteric pathogens
Kim, S., Covington, A., & Pamer, E. G. (2017) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12563 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Zoetendal, E. G., Raes, J., van den Bogert, B., Arumugam, M., Booijink, C. C. G. M., Troost, F. J., Bork, P., Wels, M., de Vos, W. M., & Kleerebezem, M. (2012) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.212 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
Intestinal microbiota in human health and disease: the impact of probiotics
Gerritsen, J., Smidt, H., Rijkers, G. T., & de Vos, W. M. (2011) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s12263-011-0229-7 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
A Catalog of Reference Genomes from the Human Microbiome
The Human Microbiome Jumpstart Reference Strains Consortium, Nelson, K. E., Weinstock, G. M., Highlander, S. K., Worley, K. C., Creasy, H. H., Wortman, J. R., Rusch, D. B., Mitreva, M., Sodergren, E., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1183605 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Self-citationThe immune system and the gut microbiota: friends or foes?
Cerf-Bensussan, N., & Gaboriau-Routhiau, V. (2010) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2850 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
A humanized gnotobiotic mouse model of host-archaeal-bacterial mutualism
Samuel, B. S., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0602187103 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Self-citationInteractions of gut microbiota with functional food components and nutraceuticals
Laparra, J. M., & Sanz, Y. (2010) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2009.11.001 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Exercise Modifies the Gut Microbiota with Positive Health Effects
Monda, V., Villano, I., Messina, A., Valenzano, A., Esposito, T., Moscatelli, F., Viggiano, A., Cibelli, G., Chieffi, S., Monda, M., et al. (2017) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2017/3831972 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
The role of the microbiome in cancer development and therapy
Bhatt, A. P., Redinbo, M. R., & Bultman, S. J. (2017) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21398 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Review article: dietary fibre-microbiota interactions
Simpson, H. L., & Campbell, B. J. (2015) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.13248 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota and Obesity: A Role for Probiotics
Abenavoli, L., Scarpellini, E., Colica, C., Boccuto, L., Salehi, B., Sharifi-Rad, J., Aiello, V., Romano, B., De Lorenzo, A., Izzo, A. A., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112690 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
The gut microbiota: a key factor in the therapeutic effects of (poly)phenols
Espín, J. C., González-Sarrías, A., & Tomás-Barberán, F. A. (2017) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.033 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Intestinal luminal nitrogen metabolism: Role of the gut microbiota and consequences for the host
Davila, A.-M., Blachier, F., Gotteland, M., Andriamihaja, M., Benetti, P.-H., Sanz, Y., & Tomé, D. (2013) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2012.11.005 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Diversity of the human gastrointestinal tract microbiota revisited
Rajilić‐Stojanović, M., Smidt, H., & De Vos, W. M. (2007) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01369.x · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Engineered In Vitro Disease Models
Benam, K. H., Dauth, S., Hassell, B., Herland, A., Jain, A., Jang, K.-J., Karalis, K., Kim, H. J., MacQueen, L., Mahmoodian, R., et al. (2015) · Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040418 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Genomic and metabolic adaptations of <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i> to the human gut
Samuel, B. S., Hansen, E. E., Manchester, J. K., Coutinho, P. M., Henrissat, B., Fulton, R., Latreille, P., Kim, K., Wilson, R. K., & Gordon, J. I. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0704189104 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Self-citationSpecialized metabolites from the microbiome in health and disease
Sharon, G., Garg, N., Debelius, J., Knight, R., Dorrestein, P. C., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.10.016 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Dysregulated Microbial Fermentation of Soluble Fiber Induces Cholestatic Liver Cancer
Singh, V., Yeoh, B. S., Chassaing, B., Xiao, X., Saha, P., Aguilera Olvera, R., Lapek, J. D., Zhang, L., Wang, W.-B., Hao, S., et al. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.004 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Gut microbiota and dysbiosis in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for pathogenesis and treatment
Liu, S., Gao, J., Zhu, M., Liu, K., & Zhang, H.-L. (2020) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-020-02073-3 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Analysis of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Petrov, V. A., Saltykova, I. V., Zhukova, I. A., Alifirova, V. M., Zhukova, N. G., Dorofeeva, Y. B., Tyakht, A. V., Kovarsky, B. A., Alekseev, D. G., Kostryukova, E. S., et al. (2017) · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10517-017-3700-7 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gill, S. R., Pop, M., DeBoy, R. T., Eckburg, P. B., Turnbaugh, P. J., Samuel, B. S., Gordon, J. I., Relman, D. A., Fraser-Liggett, C. M., & Nelson, K. E.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
- Corresponding author
- Gill, Steven R.
- Pop, Mihai
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2006-06-02
- Volume
- 312
- Issue
- 5778
- Pages
- 1355-1359
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC3027896
- OpenAlex
- W2145336165
- Cited by
- 4,699
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 183 · 2024: 212 · 2023: 255 · 2022: 330 · 2021: 303 · 2020: 353 · 2019: 285 · 2018: 250 · 2017: 259 · 2016: 245 · 2015: 256 · 2014: 249 · 2013: 254 · 2012: 247
- FWCI
- 68.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI51259, R01AI051259)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 70977, R01DK070977)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Keywords
- human gut microbiome, metagenomics, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, fecal DNA, microbial gene content, glycogen metabolism, amino acid metabolism, xenobiotic metabolism, methanogenesis, methylerythritol phosphate pathway, vitamin biosynthesis, isoprenoid biosynthesis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bacteria, Bifidobacterium, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fiber, DNA, Ribosomal, Feces, Female, Fermentation, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestines, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Genetic Variation, Xenobiotics, Open Reading Frames, Genome, Bacterial, Genomics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
