Cited by 1,136Gut microbiota and healthImmune Response and InflammationT-cell and B-cell Immunology

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Epithelial-cell recognition of commensal bacteria and maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut

Artis, David·2008·Nature reviews. Immunology

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Abstract

Mucosal surfaces such as the intestinal tract are continuously exposed to both potential pathogens and beneficial commensal microorganisms. This creates a requirement for a homeostatic balance between tolerance and immunity that represents a unique regulatory challenge to the mucosal immune system. Recent findings suggest that intestinal epithelial cells, although once considered a simple physical barrier, are a crucial cell lineage for maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. This Review discusses recent findings that identify a cardinal role for epithelial cells in sampling the intestinal microenvironment, discriminating pathogenic and commensal microorganisms and influencing the function of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.

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Carnosol Maintains Intestinal Barrier Function and Mucosal Immune Homeostasis in DSS-Induced Colitis
Xu, X. D., Zhang, G., Peng, K., Gao, Y., Wang, J., Gao, C., He, C., & Lu, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.894307 · Cited by 15
“The interactions between microbiota and the host occur at the surface of IEC, which contribute to a variety of diseases at a broad range of extra-intestinal sites, including primary sclerosing cholangitis, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes (29, 32).”
Background
The Changes in Microbiotic Composition of Different Intestinal Tracts and the Effects of Supplemented Lactobacillus During the Formation of Goose Fatty Liver
Wen, K., Liu, L., Zhao, M., Geng, T., & Gong, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.906895 · Cited by 15
“Some studies have shown that Lactobacillus can regulate intestinal barrier function, defensin production, and inflammatory responses, and inhibit the invasion of harmful bacteria (Artis, 2008).”
Background
Gut microbiota-derived acetate promotes long-term recovery through angiogenesis guided by lymphatic ingrowth in older adults with stroke
Yuan, Y., Li, L., Wang, J., Myagmar, B.-O., Gao, Y., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Zhang, C., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1398913 · Cited by 15
“The gut epithelium, composed of a single layer of epithelial cells, is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and mucosal immunity, playing an integral role in the dialogue with luminal bacteria (Artis, 2008).”
Background
miR-190b Is Markedly Upregulated in the Intestine in Response to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replication and Partly Regulates Myotubularin-Related Protein-6 Expression
Mohan, M., Chandra, L. C., Torben, W., Aye, P. P., Alvarez, X. A., & Lackner, A. A. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1303479 · Cited by 15
“Third, the increased concentration of bacteria in the colon (10(12) bacterial organisms per milliliter of contents) (56) makes it an important source of intestinal bacteria/bacterial products that is well documented to translocate into the systemic circulation via a disrupted intestinal epithelial barrier leading to c…”
Background
Effects of supplementation of citrulline and Lactobacillus helveticus ASCC 511 on intestinal epithelial cell integrity
Ho, S. W., El-Nezami, H. S., & Shah, N. P. (2019) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2019.103571 · Cited by 14
Recent insights into the integration of the intestinal epithelium within the mucosal environment in health and disease
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Reverse Engineering the Febrile System
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“coli, have a long coevolutionary history with humans (Artis 2008) and may have evolved resistance to febrile defenses.”
Background
Cholinergic Signaling Attenuates Pro-Inflammatory Interleukin-8 Response in Colonic Epithelial Cells
Müller, I., Kym, U., Galati, V., Tharakan, S. J., Subotic, U., Krebs, T. F., Stathopoulos, E., Schmittenbecher, P., Cholewa, D., Romero, P., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.781147 · Cited by 14
“org 2 sense intestinal signals via pattern-recognition receptors and coordinate the underlying immune system towards tolerance or activation (30).”
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Administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strain BB-12® in healthy children: characterization, functional composition, and metabolism of the gut microbiome
Vizioli, C., Jaime-Lara, R. B., Daniel, S. G., Franks, A. T., Diallo, A. F., Bittinger, K. L., Tan, T., Merenstein, D. J., Brooks, B., Joseph, P. V., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1165771 · Cited by 16
“…adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells (Plaza-Diaz et al., 2019) improve GI barrier (Srutkova et al., 2015; Schroeder et al., 2018), promoting the formation of mucous layers maintaining of intestinal immune homeostasis (Artis, 2008), and lower inflammatory cytokines (Xue et al., 2017).”
Gut microbiome diversity and function during hibernation and spring emergence in an aquatic frog
Lee, J., Park, J., & Do, Y. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0298245 · Cited by 14
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Probiotics and Prebiotics for Promoting Health
Kumar, M., Nagpal, R., Rajkumar, H., Yadav, H., & Marotta, F. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802189-7.00006-x · Cited by 15
NKR-P1B expression in gut-associated innate lymphoid cells is required for the control of gastrointestinal tract infections
Abou-Samra, E., Hickey, Z., Aguilar, O. A., Scur, M., Mahmoud, A. B., Pyatibrat, S., Tu, M. M., Francispillai, J., Mortha, A., Carlyle, J. R., et al. (2018) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-018-0169-x · Cited by 14
MicroRNA-orchestrated pathophysiologic control in gut homeostasis and inflammation
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“cretion), tuft cells (opioid release), enteroendocrine cells (endocrine signaling), and microfold (M) cells (antigen sampling) (2, 3).”
Background
Bovine lactoferrin and Crohn’s disease: a case study
Alexander, D. B., Iigo, M., Abdelgied, M., Ozeki, K., Tanida, S., Joh, T., Takahashi, S., & Tsuda, H. (2016) · Biochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1139/bcb-2016-0107 · Cited by 14
Anti-Inflammatory Activities of a Chinese Herbal Formula IBS-20In VitroandIn Vivo
Yang, Z., Grinchuk, V., Ip, S., Che, C., Fong, H. H. S., Lao, L., Wu, J. C. Y., Sung, J. J. �., Berman, B., Shea‐Donohue, T., et al. (2012) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2012/491496 · Cited by 14
“The gut harbors the largest immune system in the body and the mucosa is considered to be the initial site of interaction with commensal and pathogenic organisms [15].”
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Davies, J. M., Sheil, B., & Shanahan, F. (2009) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03086.x · Cited by 14
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Exposure to okadaic acid could disrupt the colonic microenvironment in rats
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Reciprocal Effects of Toll-Like Receptors and miRNAs on Biological Processes in Human Health and Disease: A Systematic Review
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Xela DS2 and Xela VS2: Two novel skin epithelial-like cell lines from adult African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) and their response to an extracellular viral dsRNA analogue
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Differential involvement of LUBAC ‐mediated linear ubiquitination in intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages during intestinal inflammation
Sakamoto, Y., Sasaki, K., Omatsu, M., Hamada, K., Nakanishi, Y., Itatani, Y., Kawada, K., Obama, K., Seno, H., & Iwaï, K. (2022) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.6042 · Cited by 13
Engineering the Microbiome: a Novel Approach to Immunotherapy for Allergic and Immune Diseases
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Maintaining intestinal structural integrity is a potential protective mechanism against inflammation in goose fatty liver
Gu, W., Wen, K., Yan, C., Li, S., Liu, T., Cheng, X., Liu, L., Zhao, M., Zhang, J., Geng, T., et al. (2020) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.052 · Cited by 13
“Intestinal histological integrity and no inflammation are conducive to maintaining the digestive and absorptive capacity of intestine for nutrients, promoting the formation of goose fatty liver, avoiding the harmful effects caused by invasion of intestinal microbes and metabolites, and maintaining the normal function…”
Background
Management of familial Mediterranean fever by colchicine does not normalize the altered profile of microbial long chain fatty acids in the human metabolome
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Background
Alginate's ability to prevent metabolic illnesses, the degradation of the gut's protective layer, and alginate‐based encapsulation methods
Ahmad, A., Riaz, S., & Desta, D. T. (2024) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.4455 · Cited by 14
Cell surface polysaccharides in the gut microbiota: occurrence, structure and role
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“223,224 The EPS from Leu. mesenteroides NTM048 strain has been shown to induce total and antigen-specific IgA production by Peyer’s patch cells and modulate Th1 and Th2 cell-mediated responses in splenocytes in vitro .”
Intestinal immune activation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Arvonen, M. (2013) · Cited by 12
Clostridium butyricum affects nutrition and immunology by modulating gut microbiota
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The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Hematological Cancers
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“Increased proportion of gram-negative bacteria [43] Increased production of lipopolysaccharide which is an endotoxin, leading to increased delivery to the liver and resultant steatohepatitis [44].”
Background
Microbiome-derived metabolite effects on intestinal barrier integrity and immune cell response to infection
Adams, L., Li, X., Burchmore, R., Goodwin, R. J. A., & Wall, D. M. (2024) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.001504 · Cited by 12
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Enteric Microbiota and Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
O’Mahony, S., & Shanahan, F. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6189-2.00102-5 · Cited by 12
Role of SIRPα in regulation of mucosal immunity in the intestine
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“…immune system of mammals is responsible for maintaining immunologic tolerance to food antigens and commensal organisms as well as for the recognition of harmful pathogens and their elimination by humoral or cellular immune responses (Xavier & Podolsky 2007; Artis 2008; Garrett et al. 2010).”
Background
An ancillary study of participants in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial suggests that ingestion of bovine lactoferrin promotes expression of interferon alpha in the human colon
Alexander, D. B., Iigo, M., Hamano, H., Kozu, T., Saito, Y., Saito, D., Kakizoe, T., Xu, J., Yamauchi, K., Takase, M., et al. (2014) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2014.06.028 · Cited by 12

Authors: Artis, D.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author: Artis, David
ORCID: Artis, David
Venue: Nature reviews. Immunology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-06
Volume: 8
Issue: 6
Pages: 411-420
ISSN: 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
1474-1741
DOI: 10.1038/nri2316
OpenAlex: W2025114863
Cited by: 1,136
References: 167
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 92 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 81
FWCI: 6.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (T32CA009140, T32-CA09140-30)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (F31-GM82187, F31GM082187)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI74878, T32AI007532, R01AI074878, F32-AI72943, F32AI072943, R01AI061570, AI 61570)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords: intestinal epithelial cells, commensal bacteria, immune homeostasis, mucosal immunity, host-microbe interactions, epithelial barrier function, antigen presentation, lymphocytes, pathogen discrimination, gut microbiota
MeSH terms: Animals, Bacteria, Gastric Mucosa, Homeostasis, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa

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Epithelial-cell recognition of commensal bacteria and maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut

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