The DOI matches its Crossref record; 122 of the 122 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Axon degeneration mechanisms: commonality amid diversity
Abstract
A wide range of insults can trigger axon degeneration, and axons respond with diverse morphology, topology and speed. However, recent genetic, immunochemical, morphological and pharmacological investigations point to convergent degeneration mechanisms. The principal convergence points - poor axonal transport, mitochondrial dysfunction and an increase in intra-axonal calcium - have been identified by rescuing axons with the slow Wallerian degeneration gene (Wld(S)) and studies with blockers of sodium or calcium influx. By understanding how the pathways fit together, we can combine our knowledge of mechanisms, and potentially also treatment strategies, from different axonal disorders.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Another important factor might be the disruption of fast axonal transport, resulting in focal swellings filled with various organelles, as seen in the vicinity but also distant from plaques in several AD transgenic models [27,28,29,30], resembling Wallerian degeneration [31].”
From Neuron Loss in Alzheimer’s Disease: Translation in Transgenic Mouse Models (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“The principal mechanisms of axon degeneration are metabolic stress, disturbed axonal transport, and mitochondrial dysfunction [301].”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [301]
Citations
Cites
Alzheimer's Disease Is a Synaptic Failure
Selkoe, D. J. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1074069 · Cited by 4,420
Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis
Trapp, B. D., Peterson, J., Ransohoff, R. M., Rudick, R., Mörk, S., & Bö, L. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801293380502 · Cited by 4,029
Imaging Neuronal Subsets in Transgenic Mice Expressing Multiple Spectral Variants of GFP
Feng, G., Mellor, R. H., Bernstein, M., Keller-Peck, C., Nguyen, Q. T., Wallace, M., Nerbonne, J. M., Lichtman, J. W., & Sanes, J. R. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00084-2 · Cited by 3,042
Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions
Ferguson, B. (1997) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/120.3.393 · Cited by 1,532
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a distal axonopathy: evidence in mice and man
Fischer, L. R., Culver, D. G., Tennant, P., Davis, A. A., Wang, M.-S., Castellano-Sanchez, A. A., Khan, J., Polak, M. A., & Glass, J. D. (2004) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2003.10.004 · Cited by 1,383
Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy
Edinger, A. L., & Thompson, C. B. (2004) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2004.09.011 · Cited by 1,362
Axonopathy and Transport Deficits Early in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Stokin, G. B., Lillo, C., Falzone, T. L., Brusch, R. G., Rockenstein, E., Mount, S. L., Raman, R., Davies, P., Masliah, E., Williams, D. S., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1105681 · Cited by 1,214
Increased Nuclear NAD Biosynthesis and SIRT1 Activation Prevent Axonal Degeneration
Araki, T., Sasaki, Y., & Milbrandt, J. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1098014 · Cited by 1,060
Disruption of Cnp1 uncouples oligodendroglial functions in axonal support and myelination
Lappe-Siefke, C., Goebbels, S., Gravel, M., Nicksch, E., Lee, J., Braun, P. E., Griffiths, I. R., & Nave, K.-A. (2003) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1095 · Cited by 1,036
Erythropoietin prevents neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia and metabolic stress
Sirén, A., Fratelli, M., Brines, M. L., Goemans, C. G., Casagrande, S., Lewczuk, P., Keenan, S., Gleiter, C. H., Pasquali, C., Capobianco, A., et al. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.051606598 · Cited by 1,019
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Wishart, T. M. et al. Transcriptional regulation of pituitary tumour transforming gene-1 by the neuroprotective WldS gene in mouse cerebellar granule cells and HEK293 cell lines. J. Physiol. 565P, C74 (2004).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 811
Oxidative signaling thresholds shape vulnerability in the central and peripheral nervous systems
Wakatsuki, S., & Araki, T. (2026) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3004032 · Cited by 1
A Neurite Quality Index and Machine Vision Software for Improved Quantification of Neurodegeneration
Romero, P. L., Miller, T., & Garakani, A. (2009) · BioTechniques · doi:10.2144/000113305 · Cited by 1
Kilpatrick, T. J., Ransohoff, R. M., & Wesselingh, S. L. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139195805.006 · Cited by 1
Lee, F. S., Nguyen, U. N., Munns, E. J., & Wachs, R. A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300254 · Cited by 1
High-Field 3 T Imaging of Alzheimer Disease
Luccichenti, G., Péran, P., Cherubini, A., Giugni, E., Scarabino, T., Hagberg, G. E., & Sabatini, U. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-31776-7_17 · Cited by 1
Morphological Assessments Following Spinal Cord Injury
Walker, C. L., & Xu, X. (2012) · Springer protocols handbooks/Springer protocols · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-782-8_36 · Cited by 1
Degenerative and Regenerative Events in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Dennis, K., & Valentine, W. M. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.02189-9 · Cited by 1
High-Field 3 T Imaging of Alzheimer’s Disease
Caligiuri, M. E., Cherubini, A., Scarabino, T., & Sabatini, U. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44174-0_18 · Cited by 1
Aging and Parkinson’s Disease: Pathological Insight on Model Mice
Sato, S., & Hattori, N. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-7977-3_23 · Cited by 1
Increased concentration of tumour necrosis factor alpha in the plasma of glaucoma patients
Trenkić-Božinović, M., Jevtović−Stoimenov, T., Bašić, J., Vasilijević, J., Ristić, D., Trenkić, M. S., Veselinovic, A., & Cvetanović, M. (2023) · Vojnosanitetski pregled · doi:10.2298/vsp230725062t · Cited by 1
Kinetic and statistical mechanical modeling of DNA unzipping and kinesin mechanochemistry
Herskowitz, L. (2011) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico) · Cited by 1
Luiro, K. (2006) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 1
How to repair an ischemic brain injury? Value of experimental models in search of answers
Prieto, R., Pascual, J. M., González-Llanos, F., & Roda, J. M. (2011) · Neurología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/s2173-5808(11)70016-5 · Cited by 1
Richard, N. M. (2013) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
Deep learning to decipher the progression and morphology of axonal degenerationPreprint
Palumbo, A., Grüning, P., Landt, S. K., Heckmann, L., Bartram, L., Pabst, A., Flory, C., Ikhsan, M., Pietsch, S., Schulz, R., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.269092 · Cited by 1
Brun, N. R., Panlilio, J. M., Zhang, K., Zhao, Y., Ivashkin, E. G., Stegeman, J. J., & Goldstone, J. V. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.430009 · Cited by 1
Wiltschko, W., Kramer, B., Winklhofer, M., Lohmann, K. J., Lohmann, C. M. F., Fransson, P., Ioannides, A. A., Boeke, H., Salcedo, E., Restrepo, D., et al. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_13 · Cited by 1
Clerx, L. (2014) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20140516lc · Cited by 1
Zebrafish as a Model for the Study of Parkinson’s Disease
Xi, Y. (2011) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-4585
Schwann Cell–Axon Interactions: The Molecular and Metabolic Link Between Schwann Cells and Axons
Ohno, N., Sakoh, T., Saitoh, Y., Terada, N., & Ohno, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-54764-8_4
The interplay of JNK and SCG10 during cortical development and in excitotoxic responses in brain
Zdrojewska, J. (2014) · Doria (University of Helsinki)
The Role of Schwann Cell Mitochondrial Metabolism in Schwann Cell Biology and Axonal Survival
Viader, A. (2011) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k7319sxj
Traumatic brain injury with particular reference to diffuse traumatic axonal injury subpopulations
al-Hasani, O. H. (2011) · ERA
Proteomic Approaches to Axon Injury – Postgenomic Approaches to a Posttranscriptional Process
Michaelevski, I., & Fainzilber, M. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527622467.ch7
Axonal Regression in Corticospinal Slice Coculture
Yoshioka, N., Murabe, N., & Sakurai, M. (2013) · The Brain & Neural Networks · doi:10.3902/jnns.20.19
Mechanisms of Axonopathy in Krabbe Disease
Cantuti‐Castelvetri, L. (2012) · Figshare
Mouse embryonic stem cells as a new discovery tool in neurobiology
Plachta, N. (2006) · edoc (University of Basel) · doi:10.5451/unibas-004130499
Microdevices for Isolating Single Axons for the Study of Axonal Transport in Dopaminergic Neurons
Lu, X. (2013) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k7ft8j1n
Fainzilber, M. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012373994-0.50004-x
Jindahra, P. (2011) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Untersuchungen zu synaptischen Proteinen in einem Tiermodell für die Alzheimer-Krankheit
Wente, S. (2011) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-1037
Cellular Interactions During Motor Nerve Regeneration
Rosenberg, A. F. (2014) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania)
Marques, S. A., Mostacada, K., & Martinez, A. M. B. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.045
Axon Death Prevented: Wlds and Other Neuroprotective Molecules: A Dissertation
Avery, M. A. (2010) · eScholarship@UMassChan · doi:10.13028/ejya-6w71
Yue, Z., Wang, Q. J., & Komatsu, M. (2008)
Knuesel, I. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800228-5.00004-2
Molecular mechanisms of acute axonal degeneration in the rat optic nerve
Zhang, J.-N. (2015) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-5410
Wakatsuki, S., & Araki, T. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-54541-5_8
Aerobic capacity exercise effect on axon density and g-ratio during nerve regeneration
Park, J., 김종식, & 김동현 (2013) · Exercise Science · doi:10.15857/ksep.2013.22.2.163
Development of magnetic resonance imaging techniques for mouse models of Alzheimer's Disease
O’Callaghan, J. M. (2015) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Baldwin, K. R. (2015) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Amnesi og herpes simplex encefalitt : en studie med diffusion tensor imaging og hjernemorfometri
Grydeland, H. (2009) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
The molecular intersection between axon-specific pruning and neuronal apoptosis
Cusack, C. L. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/rrx2-2p18
Mechanisms of axonal pathology in the context of traumatic brain injury
Dastgheyb, R. M., & Barbee, K. A. (2014) · doi:10.17918/etd-6332
Zaninotto, A. L. (2016) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2016.tde-06102016-095056
Kurdakova, A. (2016) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-5882
Paiva, W. S., & Paulo, S. (2016)
Eaton, S. (2016) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/28532
Jansen, J. (2017) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-6353
Understanding Injury, Health, and Adaptations of the Musculoskeletal System
O'Donnell, M. (2012) · Orthopaedic Section, APTA, Inc. eBooks · doi:10.17832/isc.2012.22.1.1
Cellular pathology and apoptosis in experimental and human acute and chronic compressive myelopathy.
Newcombe, R. (2010) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)
New Approaches in Glial Biology
Nikić, I., Misgeld, T., & Kerschensteiner, M. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397265-1.00093-9
Insight into the Cargo Recognition Mechanism of Kinesin Light Chain 1
Lee, H. Y. (2011) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
A DLK And JNK Dependent Axon Self-Destruction Program Promotes Wallerian Degeneration
Miller, B. R. (2011) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k79k4889
Nali, L. H. D. S. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.99.2018.tde-26042018-115451
Elucidating regulators and biomarkers of synaptic stability during neurodegeneration
Hurtado, M. L. (2018)
WHITE MATTER AT VARIOUS STAGES OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Karami, V., Nittari, G., & Amenta, F. (2019) · EPH - International Journal of Applied Science · doi:10.53555/eijas.v5i1.85
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma, Trans-Lamina Cribrosa Pressure Difference, and Central Nerve System
Fan, N., Liu, G., Zhang, X., & Liu, X. (2019) · Advances in visual science and eye diseases · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2137-5_5
Barrette, B. (2008) · Corpus Université Laval (Université Laval)
Miguel, V. T. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2019.tde-08082019-100009
Гридин, В. Н., Андреевич, П. В., Солодовников, В. И., & Yakhno, N. N. (2019) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1368/5/052042
Investigating cellular stress in industry and medicine
Hyland, R. A. (2012)
Tagg, N. T., & Kardon, R. H. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-2983-7.00044-9
On the neurobiology of apathy and depression in cerebral small vessel disease
Tay, J. (2019) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.56769
Osaki, Y., Sako, W., Harada, M., & Izumi, Y. (2021) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2020
Pathogenic impact of immune cells in mouse models of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
Groh, J. (2013) · Online Publication Service of Würzburg University (Würzburg University)
González, A. C., Irwin, D. J., Alcolea, D. A., McMillan, C. T., Chen‐Plotkin, A. S., Wolk, D. A., Sirisi, S., Dols‐Icardo, O., Querol‐Vilaseca, M., Illán‐Gala, I., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-885718/v1
Regulation of Calcium Influx in Drosophila Motorneuron Axon Degeneration
Carson, R. (2014) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
ten Donkelaar, H. J., Doorduin, J., Catani, M., & van den Heuvel, M. P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41878-6_3
Vahsen, B. F. (2021) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-8894
Miesbach, T. A. (2021) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-8730
Retrograde trans-synaptic axonal degeneration in post-geniculate lesions
Mohammed, R. V., Sujithra, H., Pillai, G. S., & Greeshma, C. R. (2022) · Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.18231/j.ijceo.2022.022
Multiple Sclerosis: Macrophages and Axonal Loss
Vereyken, E. J. F., Dijkstra, C. D., & Teunissen, C. E. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_3645
Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary
Schüle, R., & Schöls, L. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_1645
Morgan, B. P. (2018) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.733645134.793552279
Sundermeyer, J. (2022) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-9423
Епифанова, М. В., Kostin, A. A., Gameeva, E. V., Грицкевич, А. А., Artemenko, S., & Epifanov, А. А. (2023) · Andrology and Genital Surgery · doi:10.17650/2070-9781-2023-24-2-41-48
Risner, M. L., Ribeiro, M., McGrady, N. R., Kagitapalli, B. S., Chamling, X., Zack, D. J., & Calkins, D. J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24465162
Bakhtiary, Z., Shahrooz, R., Hobbenaghi, R., Azizi, S., Soltanalinejad, F., & Khoshfetrat, A. B. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2312324/v1
Sanna, M. (2025) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202501.1054.v1
Bridging the Gap: Contemporary Paradigms in Nerve Scaffolds and Regeneration
Hwang, C. D., Caragher, S. P., Bihun, R. J., & Eberlin, K. R. (2025) · Advances in Wound Care · doi:10.1089/wound.2024.0074
Degenerative and Regenerative Events in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Dennis, K., & Valentine, W. M. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95488-4.14003-3
APLP1 Interacts with SARM1 and Regulates Axonal Maintenance and Post-Injury Degeneration
Kang, M., Kim, H., Jeon, Y., Shin, Y. K., Park, H. T., & Shin, J. E. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05408-0
Vidal, J. M. (2012) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Canty, A. J., Jackson, J., Huang, L., Trabalza, A., Bass, C., Little, G. E., Tortora, M., Khan, S., & Paola, V. D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13257797
Canty, A. J., Jackson, J., Huang, L., Trabalza, A., Bass, C., Little, G. E., Tortora, M., Khan, S., & Paola, V. D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13257803
Canty, A. J., Jackson, J., Huang, L., Trabalza, A., Bass, C., Little, G. E., Tortora, M., Khan, S., & Paola, V. D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13257800
Canty, A. J., Jackson, J. S., Huang, L., Trabalza, A., Bass, C., Little, G. E., Tortora, M., Khan, S., & Paola, V. D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13257794
Hong, N., Kim, H. J., Kang, K., Park, J. O., Mun, S., Kim, H.-G., Kang, B. H., Chung, P.-S., Lee, M. Y., & Ahn, J.-C. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22610494
Liang, Y., Chi, J., Sun, Y.-J., Li, Y.-Z., Li, G.-Y., & Li, G.-Y. (2026) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-026-02733-2
Hassouna, I. A., Hassanein, O., El-Elaimy, I. A., & Ibrahim, H. M. (2026) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-026-04715-9
Sulukan, E. (2026) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110523
Metadata
- Authors
- Coleman, M.
- Affiliations
- Babraham Institute (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Coleman, Michael
- ORCID
- Coleman, Michael
- Venue
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience
- Published
- 2005-10-14
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 889-898
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2042991032
- Cited by
- 819
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 2.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Hereditary Neurological Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Keywords
- axonal degeneration, Wallerian degeneration, axonal transport, mitochondrial dysfunction, intracellular calcium, sodium influx, calcium influx
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Axons, Axonal Transport, Central Nervous System, Humans, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Wallerian Degeneration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review