Increased Nuclear NAD Biosynthesis and SIRT1 Activation Prevent Axonal Degeneration
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is an active program of self-destruction that is observed in many physiological and pathological settings. In Wallerian degeneration slow ( wld s ) mice, Wallerian degeneration in response to axonal injury is delayed because of a mutation that results in overexpression of a chimeric protein (Wld s ) composed of the ubiquitin assembly protein Ufd2a and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthetic enzyme Nmnat1. We demonstrate that increased Nmnat activity is responsible for the axon-sparing activity of the Wld s protein. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SIRT1, a mammalian ortholog of Sir2, is the downstream effector of increased Nmnat activity that leads to axonal protection. These findings suggest that novel therapeutic strategies directed at increasing the supply of NAD and/or Sir2 activation may be effective for treatment of diseases characterized by axonopathy and neurodegeneration.
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In mammals, over-expressing NMNATs significantly delays Wallerian degeneration of peripheral nerves.
“In mammals, over-expressing NMNATs significantly delays Wallerian degeneration of peripheral nerves (28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33).”
Increased SIRT1 activity protects against axon degeneration after injury in the Wallerian degeneration slow mouse mutant.
“Evidence for the benefits of SIRT1 in brain ageing includes the finding that increased SIRT1 activity protects against axon degeneration after injury in a mouse mutant known as Wallerian degeneration slow (87).”
From Neural mechanisms of ageing and cognitive decline (2010) · cites this paper as [87]
Wlds mice are protected from axonal degeneration, show absence of SARM1 expression and higher neuronal NAD+ levels due to overexpression of a chimeric NMNAT1 fusion protein that redistributes to the axon and substitutes for NMNAT2.
“Wallerian degeneration slow (Wlds) mice, which are protected from axonal degeneration, showing absence of SARM1 expression144 and higher neuronal NAD+ levels, owing to the overexpression of a chimeric fusion protein of NMNAT1, which allows its redistribution from the nucleus to the axon, where it can substitute for the activity of NMNAT2 (REFS145,146).”
From NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing (2021) · cites this paper as [145]
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Self-citationGene therapy targeting SARM1 blocks pathological axon degeneration in mice
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- Authors
- Araki, T., Sasaki, Y., & Milbrandt, J.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Milbrandt, Jeffrey
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2004-08-13
- Volume
- 305
- Issue
- 5686
- Pages
- 1010-1013
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2073988218
- Cited by
- 1,060
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 28.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG 13730, AG 05681, P50AG005681)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS040745, NS40745)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Sirtuins and Resveratrol in Medicine
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Keywords
- axonal degeneration, Wallerian degeneration, NMNAT1, NAD biosynthesis, SIRT1, Sir2, axonopathy, neurodegeneration, axonal injury
- MeSH terms
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors, Resveratrol, Animals, Axons, Benzamides, Cell Line, Cell Nucleus, Cell Survival, Cells, Cultured, Ganglia, Spinal, Humans, Mutation, NAD, Naphthols, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Nicotinamide-Nucleotide Adenylyltransferase, Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases, Stilbenes, Vincristine, Wallerian Degeneration, Lentivirus, 3T3 Cells, Neuroprotective Agents, Axotomy, RNA, Small Interfering, Sirtuins, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, Mice, Sirtuin 1
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