The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 5 of the 53 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy
Open accessAbstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy efficiency can be influenced by the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract. Compared with traditional intervention, prebiotics delivery into the gut is a more controllable method for gut microbiota modulatory therapy. Capecitabine (Cap), the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for CRC, lacks a carrier that can prolong its half-life. Here, we construct a Cap-loaded nanoparticle using the prebiotic xylan-stearic acid conjugate (SCXN). The oral administration of SCXN delays the drug clearance in the blood and increases the intra-tumoral Cap concentration in the CRC mouse model. SCXN also facilitates the probiotic proliferation and short chain fatty acid production. Compared with free Cap, SCXN enhances the anti-tumor immunity and increases the tumor inhibition rate from 5.29 to 71.78%. SCXN exhibits good biocompatibility and prolongs the median survival time of CRC mice from 14 to 33.5 d. This prebiotics-based nanoparticle provides a promising CRC treatment by combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper constructs SCXN, an oral capecitabine-loaded nanoparticle made from a xylan–stearic acid conjugate, to combine chemotherapy with gut microbiota modulation for colorectal cancer. In mouse CRC models, SCXN improved drug pharmacokinetics, tumor inhibition, anti-tumor immunity, probiotic abundance, short-chain fatty acid production, and survival compared with free capecitabine.
Key findings
- SCXN had a capecitabine drug loading of 9.49% and encapsulation efficiency of 87.59%, with a mean size of 152.37 ± 1.88 nm and zeta potential of −22.17 ± 0.69 mV. It released less than 7% of Scap in PBS over 48 h but up to 75% in mouse caecal content medium, and delayed small-intestinal Cap absorption (53.1% at 4 h vs. >80% for free Cap).
- SCXN increased Cap AUC(0-∞) and T1/2 to 2.31 and 2.73 times those of free Cap, respectively, and reduced plasma clearance to 43.18% of free Cap. It also maintained higher intratumoral 5-Fu at 8–24 h.
- In CT26-luc tumor-bearing mice, SCXN achieved a tumor inhibition rate of 71.78%, compared with 5.29% for Scap and 8.24% for Cap, and prolonged median survival to 33.5 d versus 14–15 d for saline, xylan, and Sxy groups. In MC38 tumors, SCXN achieved a TIR of 87.33%, with tumor volumes controlled below 500 mm³ versus 1547 mm³ for saline and 1111 mm³ for free Cap.
- SCXN increased matured dendritic cells by 1.44× versus xylan+Cap and 2.64× versus Cap, increased intratumoral CD8+ T cells by 2.13× versus Cap, reduced Tregs to 56.6% of saline, and increased the CD8+ T cell/Treg ratio to 3.60× and 2.30× those of Cap and xylan+Cap, respectively. Fecal SCFA content increased by at least 37%, and butyric acid was 3.53× and 3.27× that of saline and Cap groups; beneficial taxa including Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Akkermansia, and Faecalibaculum increased, while Desulfovibrio decreased.
Methods
- The authors synthesized amphiphilic xylan–stearic acid (Sxy) and capecitabine–stearic acid (Scap) conjugates, prepared SCXN by film dispersion, and characterized it using NMR, MALDI-TOF MS, TEM, DLS, and HPLC.
- In vitro release was tested in PBS, artificial gastric juice, and mouse caecal content medium. In vivo studies used CT26, CT26-luc, and MC38 mouse tumor models for biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, biocompatibility, anti-tumor efficacy, survival, immune cell analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing, and GC-MS SCFA measurement.
- Mice were orally treated with 50 mg/kg Cap and 500 mg/kg xylan daily for three weeks. Statistical analyses included unpaired two-sided t-tests, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test, and log-rank tests, with n = 3–9 mice per group depending on the experiment.
Limitations
- The paper does not include a dedicated limitations section. It states that no statistical method was used to predetermine sample size and that investigators were not blinded to allocation during experiments and outcome assessment.
- Evident from the text: all efficacy and safety data come from mouse models (CT26, CT26-luc, MC38), sample sizes are small (often n = 3–9), and survival evaluation ended at Day 45. The anti-tumor dose of 50 mg/kg/day is less than a tenth of the clinical 61 mg/kg/day, so the free Cap comparison was at a low dose.
- Evident from the text: microbiota and SCFA analyses are limited to fecal samples and 16S rDNA/GC-MS measurements, and the causal link between specific microbial taxa and tumor control is not fully established.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Cites
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
5 of 53 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Therefore, regulation of gut microbiota is a promising approach to improving the efficacy of CRC therapy10.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [10] McQuade, J. L., Daniel, C. R., Helmink, B. A. & Wargo, J. A. Modulating the microbiome to improve therapeutic response in cancer. Lancet Oncol. 20, e77–e91 (2019). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Conclusion support microbiome modulation as a promising way to improve cancer therapy, citing enhanced responses in preclinical models. The Chemotherapy section links a bacterium to treatment resistance in colorectal cancer, but the review does not establish that regulating gut microbiota improves the efficacy of colorectal cancer therapy specifically. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Several probiotics or their products can inhibit tumor development by suppressing inflammation and promoting anti-tumor immune responses6,7.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] Sun, S. et al. Bifidobacterium alters the gut microbiota and modulates the functional metabolism of T regulatory cells in the context of immune checkpoint blockade. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 27509–27515 (2020). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports that Bifidobacterium attenuated intestinal inflammation in mice without impairing the antitumor function of CTLA-4 blockade. The Discussion (page unavailable) describes enhanced suppressive function of intestinal regulatory T cells. The paper does not establish that several probiotics or their products inhibit tumor development by promoting antitumor immune responses. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [7] Griffin, M. E. et al. Enterococcus peptidoglycan remodeling promotes checkpoint inhibitor cancer immunotherapy. Science 373, 1040–1046 (2021). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The study text indexed under Abstract (page unavailable) reports that SagA-expressing bacteria and synthetic muropeptides improved anti–PD-L1 antitumor efficacy in mice, with evidence of an enhanced tumor-specific immune response. It does not show that they suppress inflammation, and the reported tumor inhibition occurred alongside checkpoint-inhibitor treatment rather than from probiotics or their products alone. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there was no difference in the blood biochemical index between the saline and SCXN groups”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Biocompatibility
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“almost equal DiR signals appeared in the abdomens of the two groups at 1 h post administration”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN increases the intra-tumoral drug accumulation
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a contrast, the release of free Scap was rapid and complete (nearly 85%) in both media.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Construction and characterization of SCXN
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Plasma clearance of the SCXN group was 43.18% of that of the free Cap group.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN increases the intra-tumoral drug accumulation
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SCXN also facilitates the probiotic proliferation and short chain fatty acid production.”
- Also stated in: § SCXN enhances the proliferation of probiotics · plain
“the SCFA content in the feces of mice treated with SCXN was increased by 37% at least”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § SCXN enhances the proliferation of probiotics · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with free Cap, SCXN enhances the anti-tumor immunity and increases the tumor inhibition rate from 5.29 to 71.78%.”
- Also stated in: § SCXN enhances the in vivo anti-tumor effects · plain
“reaching a TIR of 71.78%”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § SCXN enhances the in vivo anti-tumor effects · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The oral administration of SCXN delays the drug clearance in the blood and increases the intra-tumoral Cap concentration in the CRC mouse model.”
- Also stated in: § SCXN increases the intra-tumoral drug accumulation · plain
“The concentrations of 5-Fu, the active metabolite of Cap, in tumors of the SCXN group were kept at a relatively high level at 8–24 h”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § SCXN increases the intra-tumoral drug accumulation · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The accumulative Cap release rates of both formulations reached approximately 90% at 24 h.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Construction and characterization of SCXN
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 23
- It may state two separate claims as one. 55
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, and Roseburia have been associated with improved tumor immunotherapy in clinic34–37.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [34] Sivan, A. et al. Commensal Bifidobacterium promotes antitumor immunity and facilitates anti-PD-L1 efficacy. Science 350, 1084–1089 (2015). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Routy, B. et al. Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD−1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors. Science 359, 91–97 (2018). source
- Partly supportedcites [36] Matson, V. et al. The commensal microbiome is associated with anti-PD−1 efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients. Science 359, 104–108 (2018). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the passages labeled Abstract, Bifidobacterium species were more abundant in patients who responded to anti–PD-1 therapy. Akkermansia muciniphila was detected in four patients, all responders, though the paper says that was too few for a cohort-wide statistical analysis. Roseburia intestinalis, by contrast, was more abundant in nonresponders, so this source does not support including Roseburia among bacteria associated with improved clinical response. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [37] Lee, K. A. et al. Cross-cohort gut microbiome associations with immune checkpoint inhibitor response in advanced melanoma. Nat. Med. 28, 535–544 (2022). source
The Results section identifies a panel of species associated with ICI responders that includes Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, Roseburia spp. and Akkermansia muciniphila. These are clinical associations in patients with advanced melanoma, not evidence that the bacteria cause improved response; the paper also cautions that no single bacterium was a fully consistent biomarker across cohorts. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The molecular ratios of Sa:xylan and Sa:Cap in Sxy and Scap were calculated to be 1:1 and 2:1, respectively.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Construction and characterization of SCXN
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than 60% of the free Cap was absorbed into the small intestine within 1 h, and more than 80% in 4 h”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Construction and characterization of SCXN
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the MCC-containing medium, Scap was gradually released from SCXN, with an accumulative release rate of up to 75% at 48 h”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Construction and characterization of SCXN
Tests? Asserted: unclear✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The zeta potentials of BXN and SCXN were −20.40 ± 4.13 and −22.17 ± 0.69 mV, respectively”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Construction and characterization of SCXN
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean particle sizes of BXN and SCXN determined via dynamic light scattering (DLS) were 112.83 ± 1.26 and 152.37 ± 1.88 nm, respectively”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Construction and characterization of SCXN
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When delivered by SCXN, Cap showed a much slower absorption rate in the small intestine than the free drug, with only 53.1% detected at 4 h.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Construction and characterization of SCXN
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The signals of Sxy-DiR were stronger than those of free DiR in the small intestine within 4 h and in the large intestine, where CT26 tumors were located, from 8 to 24 h”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN increases the intra-tumoral drug accumulation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with the free Cap group, SCXN showed an enlarged area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of Cap, with increased half-life (T1/2) and decreased plasma clearance”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN increases the intra-tumoral drug accumulation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the DiR signal intensity of the free DiR group weakened and could hardly be detected in the mice after 24 h. In contrast, the high signal intensity lasted for 24 h in the Sxy-DiR group.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN increases the intra-tumoral drug accumulation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with free DiR, the distribution of Sxy-DiR in tumors was obviously higher after 8 h, maintaining a strong fluorescence intensity at 24 h.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN increases the intra-tumoral drug accumulation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Particle size of SCXN decreased to approximately 120 nm after incubation with the artificial gastric juice (AGJ) for 30 min, but remained stable without any significant size change in the following 7.5 h”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Construction and characterization of SCXN
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AUC(0-∞) and T1/2 of Cap of the SCXN group were 2.31 and 2.73 times of those of the free Cap group, respectively.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN increases the intra-tumoral drug accumulation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At 2 h, the fluorescence of free Scap-PBA became brighter, and SCXN-PBA started to diffuse.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Construction and characterization of SCXN
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The transport of free Scap-PBA across the villi was nearly complete at 4 h, exhibiting concentrated fluorescence at the base and a negligible signal in the villi.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Construction and characterization of SCXN
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The drug loading (DL) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of Cap in SCXN were 9.49 and 87.59%, respectively”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Construction and characterization of SCXN
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BXN and SCXN investigated via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) appeared as spherical and homogeneous particles”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Construction and characterization of SCXN
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“none of healthy mice receiving various formulations showed obvious body weight loss, and almost no pathological variation in the main organs was observed according to the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Biocompatibility
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conjugate stearic acid (Sa) with xylan and Cap to synthesize their amphiphilic derivatives, termed Sxy and Scap, respectively.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of Sxy and Scap measured by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) were 1299.5 and 904.3, respectively”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Construction and characterization of SCXN
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Free Scap-PBA was distributed throughout the villi, while SCXN-PBA mainly aggregated around the villi surface.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Construction and characterization of SCXN
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The concentrations of 5-Fu, the active metabolite of Cap, in tumors of the SCXN group were kept at a relatively high level at 8–24 h, while those of the free Cap group decreased rapidly over time”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN increases the intra-tumoral drug accumulation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For SCXN-PBA, the spreading in the villi continued, showing stronger fluorescence than that at 2 h.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > Construction and characterization of SCXN
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the Tregs numbers in the tumors were significantly reduced, which was only 56.6% of that of the saline group”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN promotes the anti-tumor immune responses
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SCXN achieved the a TIR of 87.33%, with a high rate of cell apoptosis in tumor sections examined by TUNEL”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN enhances the in vivo anti-tumor effects
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The tumor volumes were controlled at less than 500 mm3 by SCXN, while those in the saline and free Cap groups grew to 1547 mm3 and 1111 mm3”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN enhances the in vivo anti-tumor effects
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the CD8+ T cells to Tregs ratio of the SCXN group was 3.60 and 2.30 times of those of the Cap and xylan+Cap groups, respectively”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN promotes the anti-tumor immune responses
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results were further confirmed by linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN enhances the proliferation of probiotics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cap or Sxy+Scap-treated mice exhibited a continuous increase in Turicibacter, Rikenella, and Odoribacter, while SCXN hardly induced a similar change.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN enhances the proliferation of probiotics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the relative abundance of the probiotics Bifidobacterium and Blautia increased at the middle therapy stage with Cap, it decreased to a comparatively low level at the end of treatment.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN enhances the proliferation of probiotics
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In the paper
“The concentration of butyric acid, one of the most concerned beneficial SCFA for stimulating CD8+ T cells, in the fecal samples of the SCXN group was 3.53 and 3.27 times of those in the saline and Cap groups, respectively”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN enhances the proliferation of probiotics
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In the paper
“In contrast, SCXN achieved fine modulation without causing an increase of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria, and maintained Bifidobacterium.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
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In the paper
“The improved anti-tumor immune responses and tumor growth-suppressing efficacy of xylan+Cap compared with xylan”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
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In the paper
“At the genus level, the abundance of Roseburia and Bifidobacterium decreased in the saline group throughout the therapy period but increased in the SCXN group”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN enhances the proliferation of probiotics
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In the paper
“Once mice were treated with co-delivered Sxy and Scap in the nanoparticle form, the ascites decreased, and the bioluminescence emitted from tumor cells was maintained at a low level during the therapy period, reaching a TIR of 71.78%.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN enhances the in vivo anti-tumor effects
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In the paper
“and that of Sxy+Scap vs. Sxy”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
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In the paper
“SCXN promoted the growth of various SCFAs producers, among which Roseburia (Lachnospiraceae) and Ruminococcaceae belong to the main butyrate-producing taxa, Clostridia, and Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides are the main acetate and propionate producers52–54.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [52] Al-Qadami, G. H., Secombe, K. R., Subramaniam, C. B., Wardill, H. R. & Bowen, J. M. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids: impact on cancer treatment response and toxicities. Microorganisms 10, 2048 (2022). source
- Check pendingcites [53] Duncan, S. H. et al. Contribution of acetate to butyrate formation by human faecal bacteria. Br. J. Nutr. 91, 915–923 (2004). source
- Check pendingcites [54] Liu, T. et al. A More Robust Gut microbiota in calorie-restricted mice is associated with attenuated intestinal injury caused by the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide. mBio 10, e02903–e02918 (2019). source
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SCXN also induced a significant increase in the abundance of beneficial Akkermansia and Faecalibaculum and a decrease in the proportion of harmful Desulfovibro.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN enhances the proliferation of probiotics
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In the paper
“Capecitabine (Cap), an inactive oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate, is metabolized via a three-step cascade after absorption, and converts into 5-fluorouracil predominantly in the tumor tissues23.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Schuller, J. et al. Preferential activation of capecitabine in tumor following oral administration to colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 45, 291–297 (2000). source
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In the paper
“Prebiotics are a group of substances that can be used by host bacteria to enhance the proportion of beneficial species to improve the anti-tumor immunity13–15.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Zheng, D. W. et al. Phage-guided modulation of the gut microbiota of mouse models of colorectal cancer augments their responses to chemotherapy. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 3, 717–728 (2019). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Zheng, D. W. et al. Prebiotics-encapsulated probiotic spores regulate gut microbiota and suppress colon cancer. Adv. Mater. 32, e2004529 (2020). source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Han, K. et al. Generation of systemic antitumour immunity via the in situ modulation of the gut microbiome by an orally administered inulin gel. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 5, 1377–1388 (2021). source
A check is scheduled.
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In the paper
“However, systematically administrated chemotherapeutic agents exhibit insufficient curative efficacy and severe side effects, indicating the necessity to develop rational alternatives22.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Ribeiro, R. A. et al. Irinotecan- and 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis: insights into pathogenesis and therapeutic perspectives. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 78, 881–893 (2016). source
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In the paper
“Intriguingly, xylan remains intact in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and is only degraded by microbes in the lower GIT, making it suitable for intestine-targeting drug delivery18.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Dos Santos, A. M. et al. Oral delivery of micro/nanoparticulate systems based on natural polysaccharides for intestinal diseases therapy: challenges, advances and future perspectives. J. Control. Release 334, 353–366 (2021). source
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In the paper
“Xylan is a polysaccharide prebiotic that exhibits favorable water solubility, good biocompatibility, and probiotic-boosting capacity, suggesting its potential for biomedical applications16,17.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Sun, X. F., Wang, H. H., Jing, Z. X. & Mohanathas, R. Carbohydr. Polym. 92, 1357–1366 (2013). source
- Check pendingcites [17] Zeybek, N., Rastall, R. A. & Buyukkileci, A. O. Utilization of xylan-type polysaccharides in co-culture fermentations of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides species. Carbohydr. Polym. 236, 116076 (2020). source
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In the paper
“Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is the most direct approach for gut microbiota modulation in the treatment of several digestive diseases11,12.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [11] Littmann, E. R. et al. Host immunity modulates the efficacy of microbiota transplantation for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection. Nat. Commun. 12, 755 (2021). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Borody, T. J., Eslick, G. D. & Clancy, R. L. Fecal microbiota transplantation as a new therapy: from Clostridioides difficile infection to inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and colon cancer. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 49, 43–51 (2019). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Cap is the first-line treatment regimen for metastatic CRC24.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Cassidy, J. et al. First-line oral capecitabine therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a favorable safety profile compared with intravenous 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin. Ann. Oncol. 13, 566–575 (2002). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Currently, chemotherapy is the predominant anti-CRC therapeutic regimen21.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [21] Gustavsson, B. et al. A review of the evolution of systemic chemotherapy in the management of colorectal cancer. Clin. Colorectal Cancer 14, 1–10 (2015). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Despite its tumor-specific toxicity and high response rate, the blood plasma half-life of Cap is too short (0.5–1 h), therefore, a high-dose administration is necessary twice daily, but it may cause dose-related toxicity25,26.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Upadhyay, M., Adena, S. K. R., Vardhan, H., Yadav, S. K. & Mishra, B. Locust bean gum and sodium alginate based interpenetrating polymeric network microbeads encapsulating Capecitabine: improved pharmacokinetics, cytotoxicity &in vivo antitumor activity. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. Mater. Biol. Appl. 104, 109958 (2019). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Kevadiya, B. D. et al. Evaluation of montmorillonite/poly (L-Lactide) microcomposite spheres as ambidextrous reservoirs for controlled release of Capecitabine (Xeloda) and assessment of cell cytotoxic and oxidative stress markers. Compos. Sci. Technol. 90, 193–201 (2014). source
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“thus, both are essential for treatment.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
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In the paper
“No samples were excluded from the analyses.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Methods > Statistics and reproducibility
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SCXN relieved the immune escape and efficiently promoted the anti-tumor immune response.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SCXN ensured a high Cap concentration in the blood for a longer time, thus promoting the drug accumulation in tumors.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
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In the paper
“Desulfovibrio is an endotoxin/H2S-producing proteobacteria that is probably related to inflammation40.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [40] Zhang, H., Hui, D., Li, Y., Xiong, G. & Fu, X. Canmei formula reduces colitis-associated colorectal carcinogenesis in mice by modulating the composition of gut microbiota. Front. Oncol. 9, 1149 (2019). source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SCXN was quite stable in the upper GIT, and the Scap release rate might be dependent on the degree to which Sxy was decomposed by the microbiota in the intestine.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
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In the paper
“Investigators were not blinded to allocation during experiments and outcome assessment”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Methods > Statistics and reproducibility
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“the free drug was quickly eliminated from the body, while the systemic distribution and metabolic process of SCXN in the blood slowed down, which demonstrated that the controlled release of Scap from the Sxy nanoparticle prevented premature drug clearance.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
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In the paper
“The negative impact probably resulted in the damage to the gut barrier and poor control of tumor progression at an advanced stage50.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [50] Aarnoutse, R. et al. The Role of intestinal microbiota in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with capecitabine. Clin. Colorectal Cancer 21, e87–e97 (2022). source
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In the paper
“The maximal tumour size did not exceed this limit in this research.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Methods > Anti-tumor effect
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In the paper
“All animal studies were performed in accordance with the regulations approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS (Approval number: 2020-04-LYP-40).”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Methods > Animals
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In the paper
“No statistical method was used to predetermine sample size.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Methods > Statistics and reproducibility
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In the paper
“Bifidobacterium is a widely recognized probiotic that exerts protective functions in the digestive tract, and Roseburia exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in colitis pathology33.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Shen, Z. et al. Insights into Roseburia intestinalis which alleviates experimental colitis pathology by inducing anti-inflammatory responses. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 33, 1751–1760 (2018). source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, cooperation with tumor-killing agents or supplementation with exogenous probiotics is essential for the action of xylan in CRC therapy.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
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In the paper
“This research complies with all relevant ethical regulations approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Methods
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In the paper
“The anti-tumor effect of Fecalibaculum has been discovered38,39.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [38] Zagato, E. et al. Endogenous murine microbiota member Faecalibaculum rodentium and its human homologue protect from intestinal tumour growth. Nat. Microbiol. 5, 511–524 (2020). source
- Check pendingcites [39] McKee, A. M. et al. Antibiotic-induced disturbances of the gut microbiota result in accelerated breast tumor growth. iScience 24, 103012 (2021). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, the development of CRC was inhibited, and the lifespan of mice was prolonged.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
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In the paper
“Mice were assigned randomly to experimental groups.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Methods > Statistics and reproducibility
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In the paper
“All in vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out with at least 3 biological replicates for each experimental group.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Methods > Statistics and reproducibility
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which contributed to the enhanced anti-tumor immunity”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN enhances the proliferation of probiotics
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SCFAs are the main products of anaerobic fermentation of indigestible polysaccharides and contribute to immunomodulation in inflammatory diseases and cancer.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mice treated with SCXN displayed a different gut microflora composition from those receiving xylan only, probably due to the cooperation between xylan and Cap and the optimized delivery effect in vivo by this nano-system.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the analyses were based on objectively measurable data.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Methods > Statistics and reproducibility
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results suggest that nanotechnology can aid in the development of more precise and controllable prebiotic-based delivery systems to treat different cancer types.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The mouse CRC models used in this study are predictive of human CRC therapy outcomes.
In the paper
“Xylan is a well-known prebiotic, whose health-promoting functions have been validated and linked with its effect of increasing the abundance or activity of probiotics55.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] Zhao, S. N., Dien, B. S., Lindemann, S. R. & Chen, M. H. Controlling autohydrolysis conditions to produce xylan-derived fibers that modulate gut microbiota responses and metabolic outputs. Carbohyd Polym. 271, 118418 (2021). source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the increase in body weights caused by ascites of the SCXN group was not as dramatic as that in the other groups, which revealed that SCXN could delay tumor progression”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Results > SCXN enhances the in vivo anti-tumor effects
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared to the acetate production pathway, which is common to most species, butyrate and propionate production is restricted to a much smaller group of bacterial types51,52.”
§ Combining gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy by capecitabine-loaded prebiotic nanoparticle improves colorectal cancer therapy > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Pryde, S. E., Duncan, S. H., Hold, G. L., Stewart, C. S. & Flint, H. J. The microbiology of butyrate formation in the human colon. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 217, 133–139 (2002). source
- Check pendingcites [52] Al-Qadami, G. H., Secombe, K. R., Subramaniam, C. B., Wardill, H. R. & Bowen, J. M. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids: impact on cancer treatment response and toxicities. Microorganisms 10, 2048 (2022). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Prebiotic delivery into the gut is a more controllable method for gut microbiota modulatory therapy than traditional intervention.
“Compared with traditional intervention, prebiotics delivery into the gut is a more controllable method for gut microbiota modulatory therapy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Capecitabine lacks a carrier that can prolong its half-life.
“Capecitabine (Cap), the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for CRC, lacks a carrier that can prolong its half-life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Large-scale application of FMT is limited by the lack of management standards and risk of serious infection.
“However, large-scale application of FMT is limited by the lack of management standards and risk of serious infection.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The specific prebiotic role of xylan in treating cancer remains unknown.
“The specific prebiotic role of xylan in treating cancer remains unknown.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The negative charge of SCXN is beneficial to avoid clearance by the monocyte-phagocyte system.
“This charge was beneficial to avoid the clearance by the monocyte-phagocyte system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The mouse CRC models used in this study are predictive of human CRC therapy outcomes.
“In conclusion, we demonstrated the potential of the combination of gut microbiota modulation and chemotherapy in CRC therapy via a single drug delivery system using prebiotics.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The gut microbiota of mice is representative of human gut microbiota for the purpose of xylan metabolism and CRC therapy.
“The reason might be that the SCFA-producing probiotics, which can degrade xylan, represented by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium56, had a much lower abundance in the intestines of colon tumor-bearing mice than that in the normal ones.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Abstract assigns Scap's tumor inhibition rate to free Cap
MinorThe abstract attributes a 5.29% tumor inhibition rate to free Cap, but the Results assign 8.24% to Cap and 5.29% to Scap. This changes the comparison used to describe SCXN's treatment effect.
“Compared with free Cap, SCXN enhances the anti-tumor immunity and increases the tumor inhibition rate from 5.29 to 71.78%.”
“The tumor inhibition rates (TIR) of Cap and Scap alone were only 8.24 and 5.29%, respectively”
Citations
Cites
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Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors
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The Microbial Metabolites, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Regulate Colonic T reg Cell Homeostasis
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Colorectal cancer statistics, 2020
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The commensal microbiome is associated with anti-PD-1 efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients
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Commensal Bacteria Control Cancer Response to Therapy by Modulating the Tumor Microenvironment
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Self-citationInsights into the Role of Erysipelotrichaceae in the Human Host
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
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Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: Pathogenesis, Diseases, Prevention, and Therapy
Shen, Y., Fan, N., Ma, S., Cheng, X., Yang, X., & Wang, G. (2025) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.70168 · Cited by 404
Fan, Y., Ye, J., Kang, Y., Niu, G., Shi, J., Xue, Y., Li, R., Han, J., & Ji, X. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adm9561 · Cited by 126
Li, L., He, S., Liao, B., Wang, M., Lin, H., Hu, B., Lan, X., Shu, Z., Zhang, C., Yu, M., et al. (2024) · Research · doi:10.34133/research.0364 · Cited by 79
Gut microbiota as a new target for anticancer therapy: from mechanism to means of regulation
Sun, J., Song, S., Liu, J., Chen, F., Li, X., & Wu, G. (2025) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-025-00678-x · Cited by 78
Bautista, J., Maceiras, M. L., Hidalgo‐Tinoco, C., Guerra-Guerrero, A., Betancourt-Velarde, A., & López‐Cortés, A. (2026) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-025-00883-8 · Cited by 74
Metadata
- Authors
- Lang, T., Zhu, R., Zhu, X., Yan, W., Li, Y., Zhai, Y., Wu, T., Huang, X., Yin, Q., & Li, Y.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (CN)
- Nanjing Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Yu
- Yin, Qi
- Li, Yaping
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2023-08-07
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4746-4746
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10406894
- OpenAlex
- W4385638731
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 7.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (31930066, 32130058, 32171315)
- Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2019ZD25)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- colorectal cancer, capecitabine, gut microbiota modulation, oral drug delivery, drug half-life extension, short-chain fatty acids, antitumor immunity
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Capecitabine, Animals, Colorectal Neoplasms, Mice, Nanoparticles, Prebiotics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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