Cell death by phagocytosis
Abstract
Cells can die as a consequence of being phagocytosed by other cells - a form of cell death that has been called phagotrophy, cell cannibalism, programmed cell removal and primary phagocytosis. However, these are all different manifestations of cell death by phagocytosis (termed 'phagoptosis' for short). The engulfed cells die as a result of cytotoxic oxidants, peptides and degradative enzymes within acidic phagolysosomes. Cell death by phagocytosis was discovered by Metchnikov in the 1880s, but was neglected until recently. It is now known to contribute to developmental cell death in nematodes, Drosophila and mammals, and is central to innate and adaptive immunity against pathogens. Cell death by phagocytosis mediates physiological turnover of erythrocytes and other leucocytes, making it the most abundant form of cell death in the mammalian body. Immunity against cancer is also partly mediated by macrophage phagocytosis of cancer cells, but cancer cells can also phagocytose host cells and other cancer cells in order to survive. Recent evidence indicates neurodegeneration and other neuropathologies can be mediated by microglial phagocytosis of stressed neurons. Thus, despite cell death by phagocytosis being poorly recognized, it is one of the oldest, commonest and most important forms of cell death.
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Overactive microglial phagocytosis of stressed but viable neurons leads to neuronal loss and neurodegeneration.
“Moreover, overactive microglial phagocytosis of stressed but viable neurons leads to neuronal loss and neurodegeneration.97”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [97]
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Self-citationNeuronal Loss after Stroke Due to Microglial Phagocytosis of Stressed Neurons
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Sea Urchin Gametogenesis – Structural, Functional and Molecular/Genomic Biology
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Persistent DNA damage associated with ATM kinase deficiency promotes microglial dysfunction
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Dendritic Cells Take up and Present Antigens from Viable and Apoptotic Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
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Self-citationDiversity of Eukaryotic Translational Initiation Factor eIF4E in Protists
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Self-citationThe phagocytic cyst cells in Drosophila testis eliminate germ cell progenitors via phagoptosis
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A role for phagocytosis in inducing cell death during thymocyte negative selection
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Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases
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Sialylation as a checkpoint for inflammatory and complement-related retinal diseases
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GATA factor Serpent promotes phagocytosis in non-professional phagocytes during Drosophila oogenesis
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- Authors
- Brown, G. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Brown, Guy C.
- ORCID
- Brown, Guy C.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2023-08-21
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 91-102
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- OpenAlex
- W4386026077
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 26
- FWCI
- 3.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Keywords
- phagocytosis, cell death, phagolysosomes, erythrocyte turnover, developmental cell death, neurodegeneration, innate immunity, adaptive immunity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Macrophages, Mammals, Neurons, Phagocytosis, Cell Death, Microglia
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