Cited by 715Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ResearchGenetic Neurodegenerative DiseasesAlzheimer's disease research and treatments

C9orf72-mediated ALS and FTD: multiple pathways to disease

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Balendra, Rubika, Isaacs, Adrian M.·2018·Nature Reviews Neurology

Abstract

The discovery that repeat expansions in the C9orf72 gene are a frequent cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has revolutionized our understanding of these diseases. Substantial headway has been made in characterizing C9orf72-mediated disease and unravelling its underlying aetiopathogenesis. Three main disease mechanisms have been proposed: loss of function of the C9orf72 protein and toxic gain of function from C9orf72 repeat RNA or from dipeptide repeat proteins produced by repeat-associated non-ATG translation. Several downstream processes across a range of cellular functions have also been implicated. In this article, we review the pathological and mechanistic features of C9orf72-associated FTD and ALS (collectively termed C9FTD/ALS), the model systems used to study these conditions, and the probable initiators of downstream disease mechanisms. We suggest that a combination of upstream mechanisms involving both loss and gain of function and downstream cellular pathways involving both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous effects contributes to disease progression.

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  • Experimental results support RNA toxicity, dipeptide repeat toxicity, and C9orf72 haploinsufficiency as causes of disease in C9orf72 repeat expansion ALS and frontotemporal dementia.

    “Experimental results support toxicity of RNAs containing the expanded repeat, as well as toxicity of dipeptide repeat translated from these RNAs, but also to haploinsufficiency of the C9orf72 protein as a cause of disease6.”

    From CRISPR-based functional genomics for neurological disease (2020) · cites this paper as [6]

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Authors
Balendra, R., & Isaacs, A. M.
Affiliations
  • UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
  • UK Dementia Research Institute (GB)
Corresponding author
Isaacs, Adrian M.
Venue
Nature Reviews Neurology
Published
2018-08-17
Volume
14
Issue
9
Pages
544-558
ISSN
  • 1759-4758 (ISSN-L)
  • 1759-4766
OpenAlex
W2887838825
Cited by
715
References
223
Citations by year
2026: 62 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2
FWCI
10.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nature Reviews Neurology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Wellcome Trust (107196, 107196/Z/14/Z)
  • National Institute for Health and Care Research (ACF-2011-17-018)
  • Motor Neurone Disease Association (ISAACS/APR15/834-791)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Keywords
C9orf72, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, repeat expansion, loss of function, gain-of-function, dipeptide repeat proteins, repeat-associated non-ATG translation, disease mechanisms, model systems
MeSH terms
C9orf72 Protein, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Frontotemporal Dementia

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