Chronic traumatic encephalopathy - confusion and controversies
Open accessAbstract
The term chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has recently entered public consciousness via media reports and even a Hollywood movie. However, in contrast to general impressions, the incidence of CTE is unknown, the clinical diagnostic criteria have not been agreed upon and the current neuropathological characterization of CTE is acknowledged as preliminary. Additionally, few studies have compared the pathologies of CTE with those of other neurodegenerative disorders or of age-matched controls. Consequently, disagreement continues about the neuropathological aspects that make CTE unique. Furthermore, CTE is widely considered to be a consequence of exposure to repeated head blows, but evidence suggests that a single moderate or severe traumatic brain injury can also induce progressive neuropathological changes. These unresolved aspects of CTE underlie disparate claims about its clinical and pathological features, leading to confusion among the public and health-care professionals alike.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The term chronic traumatic encephalopathy describes sports head injury, which is not yet fully characterised and covers a broad range of neuropathologies and outcomes, with current views largely conjecture.
“The term chronic traumatic encephalopathy describes sports head injury, which is not yet fully characterised and covers a broad range of neuropathologies and outcomes, with current views largely conjecture.73”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020) · cites this paper as [73]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Neumann, M., Sampathu, D. M., Kwong, L. K., Truax, A. C., Micsenyi, M. C., Chou, T. T., Bruce, J., Schuck, T., Grossman, M., Clark, C. M., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1134108 · Cited by 6,576 · see citing works
Self-citationChronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: Progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury
McKee, A. C., Cantu, R. C., Nowinski, C. J., Hedley-Whyte, E. T., Gavett, B. E., Budson, A. E., Santini, V. E., Lee, H.-S., Kubilus, C. A., & Stern, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e3181a9d503 · Cited by 2,295 · see citing works
The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy
McKee, A. C., Stein, T. D., Nowinski, C. J., Stern, R. A., Daneshvar, D. H., Alvarez, V. E., Lee, H.-S., Hall, G., Wojtowicz, S. M., Baugh, C. M., et al. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws307 · Cited by 2,098 · see citing works
Clinicopathological evaluation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in players of American football
Mez, J., Daneshvar, D. H., Kiernan, P. T., Abdolmohammadi, B., Alvarez, V. E., Huber, B. R., Alosco, M. L., Solomon, T. M., Nowinski, C. J., McHale, L., et al. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.8334 · Cited by 1,098 · see citing works
Inflammation and white matter degeneration persist for years after a single traumatic brain injury
Johnson, V. E., Stewart, J. E., Begbie, F. D., Trojanowski, J. Q., Smith, D. H., & Stewart, W. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws322 · Cited by 1,045 · see citing works
Self-citationGoldstein, L. E., Fisher, A. M., Tagge, C. A., Zhang, X.-L., Velisek, L., Sullivan, J. A., Upreti, C., Kracht, J. M., Ericsson, M., Wojnarowicz, M. W., et al. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003716 · Cited by 958 · see citing works
Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
Plassman, B. L., Havlik, R. J., Steffens, D. C., Helms, M. J., Newman, T. N., Drosdick, D., Phillips, C., Gau, B. A., Welsh–Bohmer, K. A., Burke, J. R., et al. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.55.8.1158 · Cited by 896 · see citing works
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player
Omalu, B. I., DeKosky, S. T., Minster, R. L., Kamboh, M. I., Hamilton, R. L., & Wecht, C. H. (2005) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000163407.92769.ed · Cited by 894 · see citing works
the TBI/CTE group, McKee, A. C., Cairns, N. J., Dickson, D. W., Folkerth, R. D., Dirk Keene, C., Litvan, I., Perl, D. P., Stein, T. D., Vonsattel, J.-P., et al. (2016) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1515-z · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Corsellis, J. A. N., Bruton, C. J., & Freeman-Browne, D. (1973) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700049588 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
MARTLAND, H. S. (1928) · Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1928.02700150029009 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
Fleminger, S. (2003) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.7.857 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Chronic neuropathologies of single and repetitive TBI: substrates of dementia?
Smith, D. H., Johnson, V. E., & Stewart, W. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2013.29 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Self-citationCHRONIC TRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY IN A NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE PLAYER: PART II
Omalu, B. I., DeKosky, S. T., Hamilton, R. L., Minster, R. L., Kamboh, M. I., Shakir, A. M., & Wecht, C. H. (2006) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000245601.69451.27 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player
Kelly, D. F. (2006) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1097/00006123-200605000-00037 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
TDP-43 proteinopathy and motor neuron disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy
McKee, A. C., Gavett, B. E., Stern, R. A., Nowinski, C. J., Cantu, R. C., Kowall, N. W., Perl, D. P., Hedley-Whyte, E. T., Price, B., Sullivan, C., et al. (2010) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e3181ee7d85 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Widespread tau and amyloid-beta pathology many years after a single traumatic brain injury in humans
Johnson, V. E., Stewart, W., & Smith, D. H. (2012) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00513.x · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Self-citationThe chronic and evolving neurological consequences of traumatic brain injury
Wilson, L., Stewart, W., Dams-O'Connor, K., Diaz-Arrastia, R., Horton, L., Menon, D. K., & Polinder, S. (2017) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30279-x · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Traumatic brain injury and amyloid-β pathology: a link to Alzheimer's disease?
Johnson, V. E., Stewart, W., & Smith, D. H. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2808 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Self-citationRoberts, G. W., Gentleman, S. M., Lynch, A., Murray, L., Landon, M., & Graham, D. I. (1994) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.4.419 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
The occult aftermath of boxing.
Roberts, G. W., Allsop, D., & Bruton, C. (1990) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.53.5.373 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Head injury and the risk of AD in the MIRAGE study
Guo, Z., Cupples, L. A., Kurz, A., Auerbach, S. H., Volicer, L., Chui, H., Green, R. C., Sadovnick, A. D., Duara, R., DeCarli, C., et al. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.6.1316 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele is associated with deposition of amyloid β-protein following head injury
Nicoll, J. A. R., Roberts, G. W., & Graham, D. I. (1995) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0295-135 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 in neurodegenerative disease
Chen‐Plotkin, A. S., Lee, V. M. ‐., & Trojanowski, J. Q. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.18 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Self-citationDementia Risk After Traumatic Brain Injury vs Nonbrain Trauma: The Role of Age and Severity
Gardner, R. C., Burke, J. F., Nettiksimmons, J., Kaup, A., Barnes, D. E., & Yaffe, K. (2014) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.2668 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
βA4 amyloid protein deposition in brain after head trauma
Roberts, G., Gentleman, S., Lynch, A., & Graham, D. I. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)92724-g · Cited by 440 · see citing works
RECURRENT DISLOCATION OF THE SHOULDER
British Medical Journal Publishing Group (1929) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3589.732 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Alzheimer's pathology in human temporal cortex surgically excised after severe brain injury
Ikonomovic, M. D., Uryu, K., Abrahamson, E. E., Ciallella, J. R., Trojanowski, J. Q., Lee, V. M.-Y., Clark, R. S., Marion, D. W., Wisniewski, S. R., & DeKosky, S. T. (2004) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.06.011 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Self-citationEmerging histomorphologic phenotypes of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in American athletes
Omalu, B., Bailes, J., Hamilton, R. L., Kamboh, M. I., Hammers, J., Case, M., & Fitzsimmons, R. (2011) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/neu.0b013e318212bc7b · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Neuronal cytoskeletal changes are an early consequence of repetitive head injury
Geddes, J. F., Vowles, G. H., Nicoll, J. A. R., & Révész, T. (1999) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s004010051066 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Effects of Vestibular Rehabilitation on Dizziness and Imbalance
Horak, F. B., Jones-Rycewicz, C., Black, F. O., & Shumway-Cook, A. (1992) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1177/019459989210600220 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Beta-amyloid deposition in chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Stein, T. D., Montenigro, P. H., Alvarez, V. E., Xia, W., Crary, J. F., Tripodis, Y., Daneshvar, D. H., Mez, J., Solomon, T., Meng, G., et al. (2015) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1435-y · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Medical Aspects of Boxing, Particularly from a Neurological Standpoint
Critchley, M. (1957) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5015.357 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Chen, X.-H., Siman, R., Iwata, A., Meaney, D. F., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Smith, D. H. (2004) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63303-2 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Self-citationAcute and chronic traumatic encephalopathies: pathogenesis and biomarkers
DeKosky, S. T., Blennow, K., Ikonomović, M. D., & Gandy, S. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2013.36 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Microglial neuroinflammation contributes to tau accumulation in chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Cherry, J. D., Tripodis, Y., Alvarez, V. E., Huber, B., Kiernan, P. T., Daneshvar, D., Mez, J., Montenigro, P., Solomon, T. M., Alosco, M., et al. (2016) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-016-0382-8 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Smith, D. H., Chen, X.-H., Nonaka, M., Trojanowski, J. Q., Lee, V.-Y., Saatman, K. E., Leoni, M. J., Xu, B.-N., Wolf, J. A., & Meaney, D. F. (1999) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199909000-00008 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-citationLing, H., Morris, H. R., Neal, J. W., Lees, A. J., Hardy, J., Holton, J. L., Revesz, T., & Williams, D. D. R. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-017-1680-3 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Josephs, K. A., Dickson, D. W., Tosakulwong, N., Weigand, S. D., Murray, M. E., Petrucelli, L., Liesinger, A. M., Senjem, M. L., Spychalla, A. J., Knopman, D. S., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30284-3 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Omalu, B. I., Hammers, J., Bailes, J. E., Hamilton, R. L., Kamboh, M. I., Webster, G., & Fitzsimmons, R. P. (2011) · Neurosurgical FOCUS · doi:10.3171/2011.9.focus11178 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Traumatic brain injury and young onset dementia: a nationwide cohort study
Nordström, P., Michaëlsson, K., Gustafson, Y., & Nordström, A. (2014) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24101 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
TDP-43 Proteinopathy in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Neumann, M., Kwong, L. K., Sampathu, D. M., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Lee, V. M. ‐. (2007) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.64.10.1388 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationAmyloid β accumulation in axons after traumatic brain injury in humans
Smith, D. H., Chen, X.-H., Iwata, A., & Graham, D. (2003) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2003.98.5.1072 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationChronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: The Neuropathological Legacy of Traumatic Brain Injury
Hay, J. R., Johnson, V. E., Smith, D. H., & Stewart, W. B., Jr. (2016) · Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044116 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citationAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia and beyond: the TDP-43 diseases
Geser, F., Martinez‐Lage, M., Kwong, L. K., Lee, V. M. ‐., & Trojanowski, J. Q. (2009) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5069-7 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationPopulation based study on patients with traumatic brain injury suggests increased risk of dementia
Wang, H.-K., Lin, S.-H., Sung, P.-S., Wu, M.-H., Hung, K.-W., Wang, L.-C., Huang, C.-Y., Lu, K., Chen, H.-J., & Tsai, K.-J. (2012) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2012-302633 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Neurological disease in boxers
Mawdsley, C., & Ferguson, F. R. (1963) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(63)90498-7 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Dementia pugilistica mit anatomischem Befund
Brandenburg, W., & Hallervorden, J. (1954) · Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin · doi:10.1007/bf00955101 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Neuropathological observations in a case of autism presenting with self-injury behavior
Hof, P. R., Knabe, R., Bovier, P., & Bouras, C. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00308819 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
King, A., Sweeney, F., Bódi, I., Troakes, C., Maekawa, S., & Al‐Sarraj, S. (2010) · Neuropathology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1789.2009.01085.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Suicide mortality among retired National Football League players who played 5 or more seasons
Lehman, E. J., Hein, M. J., & Gersic, C. M. (2016) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546516645093 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Tau immunohistochemistry in acute brain injury
Smith, C., Graham, D. I., Murray, L. S., & Nicoll, J. A. R. (2003) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2990.2003.00488.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Ling, H., Holton, J. L., Shaw, K., Davey, K., Lashley, T., & Revesz, T. (2015) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1496-y · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a potential late and under recognized consequence of rugby union?
Stewart, W. B., Jr., McNamara, P. H., LAWLOR, B. A., Hutchinson, S., & Farrell, M. (2015) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcv070 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
SPILLANE, J. D. (1962) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5314.1205 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Frontal Cortex Neuropathology in Dementia Pugilistica
Saing, T., Dick, M. B., Nelson, P. T., Kim, R. C., Cribbs, D. H., & Head, E. (2011) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2011.1957 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Johnson, V. E., Stewart, W., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Smith, D. H. (2011) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-011-0909-9 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Payne, E. (1968) · min - Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery · doi:10.1055/s-0028-1095326 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Cerebral atrophy associated with boxing
NEUBUERGER, K. T. (1959) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1959.02340160001001 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
A Neprilysin Polymorphism and Amyloid-β Plaques after Traumatic Brain Injury
Johnson, V. E., Stewart, W. B., Jr., Graham, D. I., Stewart, J. E., Praestgaard, A. H., & Smith, D. H. (2009) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2008.0843 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationBioaccumulation of cadmium in marine organisms.
Frazier, J. M. (1979) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.792875 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Grahmann, H., & Ule, G. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Evaluation of fixation methods in cruciate ligament replacement.
Dl, B. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player: Part II
Cantu, R. C. (2007) · Yearbook of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0162-0908(08)70028-x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Stability of zearalenone in naturally contaminated corn during Nigerian traditional brewing
Okoye, Z. S. C. (1987) · Food Additives & Contaminants · doi:10.1080/02652038709373615 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Drachman, D. A., & Newell, K. L. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199904223401609 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Dementia in a retired world boxing champion: case report and literature review.
Nowak, L., Smith, G. G., & Reyes, P. F. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Anxiety, Type A personality and endocrine responses to surgery
Salmon, P., Pearce, S. A., Smith, C., Manyande, A., Heys, A. D., Peters, N., & Rashid, J. (1989) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb01378.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Concentration of ampicillinin exudate from acute otitis media
Coffey, J. D. (1968) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(68)80017-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Schöen, F. J. (1987) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/0091-6749(87)90066-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Blood Changes and Diagnosis of Infectious Mononucleosis
Collee, J. G., & Shubert, S. (1952) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4795.1205 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Drachman, D. A., & Newell, K. L. (1999) · The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Glycosyltransferase activities in liver mitochondria
Ardail, D., Gateau, O., Morelis, R., et al. (1985) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08952.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Inhibition of N-linked glycosylation in Dictyostetium discoideum: Effects of aggregate formation
Sadeghi, H., & Klein, C. (1988) · Differentiation · doi:10.1111/j.1432-0436.1988.tb00203.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Dass, P. D., Lawson, L. R., Delaney, et al. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Postdoctoral endodontic education: curricular objectives
Schilder, H. (1974) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/j.0022-0337.1974.38.11.tb00837.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Acute Psychiatric Disturbances in the Elderly and their Treatment
Young, J. P. R. (1972) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.1972.tb05064.x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mason, P. F. (1992) · Injury · doi:10.1016/s0020-1383(05)80023-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A quantitative analysis of triple fluorochrome labeling in the coronoid process of lathyritic rats
Hawkins, B. F., Soni, N. N., & Fraleigh, C. M. (1973) · Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology · doi:10.1016/0030-4220(73)90127-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
[Individual and typological behavioral characteristics of rats following mild mechanical injury].
Shanin, I. N., Vn, T., Aleksandrova, Z. G., et al. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sl, S. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
R.N. refresher courses become a part of the junior college community service program.
Rp, S. (1970) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tg, K. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
FELLENIUS, E., Nissbeth, U., Kh, K., et al. (1972) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
[The psychologic study of patients during orthodontic treatment].
Cămpeanu, M., & Coaşan, A. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Shevchenko, I. T., Kp, G., Vn, K., et al. (1969) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
[Infusion urography in the diagnosis of changes of the adrenal glands].
Bukhman, A. I. (1969) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Benecke, J. E. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [45]Drachman D & Newall K Case 1 2–1999 —a 67-year-old man with three years of dementia. N. Engl. J. Med 340, 1269– 1277 (1999). 10210712
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Brayne, C., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30367-6 · Cited by 10,430 · see citing works
“73 The evidence has subsequently been strengthened by a study on Scottish former soccer players reporting that they are more likely than controls to have Alzheimer’s disease specified on their death certificates (HR 5·1, 95% CI 2·9–8·8) and to have been prescribed any dementia-related medications…”
RetractedNeurodegenerative disease mortality among former professional soccer players
Mackay, D. F., Russell, E. R., Stewart, K., MacLean, J. A., Pell, J. P., & Stewart, W. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1908483 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Tauopathies: new perspectives and challenges
Zhang, Y., Wu, K.-M., Yang, L., Dong, Q., & Yu, J.-T. (2022) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-022-00533-z · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Lee, E. B., Kinch, K., Johnson, V. E., Trojanowski, J. Q., Smith, D. H., & Stewart, W. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-019-02030-y · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationLoBue, C., Munro, C., Schaffert, J., Didehbani, N., Hart, Batjer, H., & Cullum, C. M. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190028 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Filippi, L., Schillaci, O., & Palumbo, B. (2022) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2022.2035723 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Smith, D. H., Johnson, V. E., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Stewart, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Douglas H.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neurology
- Published
- 2019-01-21
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 179-183
- ISSN
- 1759-4758 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-4766
- PMC
- PMC6532781
- OpenAlex
- W2913684613
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 14
- FWCI
- 3.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG010124, P01AG017586)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS038104, R01NS092398, R01NS094003)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
- Keywords
- chronic traumatic encephalopathy, repetitive head impacts, traumatic brain injury, neuropathology, clinical criteria, incidence, neurodegenerative diseases, public misconceptions
- MeSH terms
- Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
